solution supply chains jack greenfield. overview learning from other industries mass customization...

Solution Supply Chains

Jack Greenfield

Overview

• Learning from Other Industries

• Mass Customization in Software Development

• Implementing Supply Chains

Learning from Other Industries

• The role of independent software vendors and systems integrators in bridging the gap between generic platforms and custom solutions

• Benefits of mass customization in other industries

• Issues that make it difficult to integrate products and components from different suppliers using current software development practices

• The problems of development by assembly in software compared to other industries

The Customer Dilemma

GAPGAP

1 Market of1 Million

A few platform vendors build rich but generic platforms

Hundreds of ISVs build industry and/or segment specific products

Thousands of SIs customize and integrate products from multiple platforms and ISVs

1 MillionMarkets of 1

Millions of customers want individualized solutions

Techniciandetermines pumpavailability and estimates downtime

Assign inspectiontask totechnician

Start inspectionand document items

Technician orders pump, instantiates work process and submits inspectionDocumentation to the portal

Engineer and technician determine course of action consult with Production Planning

Open newinspectionform

Identifiespump is outof operatingparameters

Engineer consultsequipmentmanufacturerwith problem -online

Get P&ID from portalto find specificInstrument to inspect

Requestonline supportfrom theengineer via IM

Production Planningconfers with trading andProduct commitments

Read emailwith taskassignment Technician

determines pumpavailability and estimates downtime











Read emailwith taskassignment Technician

determines pumpavailability and estimates downtime











Read emailwith taskassignment

Bridgingthe gap

Other Industries Employ Mass CustomizationUbiquitous Integration is a Ubiquitous Integration is a mustmust to to the Automotive Businessthe Automotive Business……

Source: Automotive News 2003

Copyright © 2003,Automotive News

The BMW factory The BMW factory produces 800 cars and produces 800 cars and 1250 engines a day – 1250 engines a day – each one built to ordereach one built to order

The BMW factory The BMW factory produces 800 cars and produces 800 cars and 1250 engines a day – 1250 engines a day – each one built to ordereach one built to order

The number of possible The number of possible variants of is approximately variants of is approximately 10 to the 1310 to the 13

The number of possible The number of possible variants of is approximately variants of is approximately 10 to the 1310 to the 13

On average, no more than On average, no more than a handful of cars are a handful of cars are produced with exactly the produced with exactly the same features in a yearsame features in a year

On average, no more than On average, no more than a handful of cars are a handful of cars are produced with exactly the produced with exactly the same features in a yearsame features in a year

Why Can’t We Do This Why Can’t We Do This With Software?With Software?Why Can’t We Do This Why Can’t We Do This With Software?With Software?

The Alignment Problem

• Different suppliers take different approachesto development• Different ways of defining requirements

• Different ways of partitioning systems into components

• Different ways of using platform technologies

• Different ways of deploying system componentsonto platform technologies

• Different ways of testing system components

• Different ways of customizing system features

The Alignment Problem

• Different approaches make it hard to integrate their products to create solutions• Hard to verify solutions assembled across

multiple suppliers

• Hard to determine impact of changes in requirements

• Hard to determine what customizations were madefor a given customer

• Hard to migrate customizations to new versionsof the solution

• Hard to coordinate activities to deliver custom features

Mass Customization in Software Development

• Evolution from ad-hoc development to globally optimized supply chains

• Ad-hoc vs. industrialized software development

• The importance of standardized metadata in building a supply chain

• Vertical partitioning in a supply chain

• Horizontal partitioning in a supply chain

• Local vs. global optimization

The Road to Mass CustomizationGlobally Optimized Supply Chains

Aligned Suppliers

Suppliersas Services

SoftwareFactories

Ad Hoc Development

IndustrializeDevelopmentIndustrializeDevelopment

PublishFactory Metadata

PublishFactory Metadata

Form Supply ChainsForm Supply Chains

MassCustomizeMassCustomize

Industrialize Development

• Development is labor intensive• Mistakes are repeated and lessons

are relearned• Every project starts from scratch• Requirements are poorly defined

• Model key work products, processes and assets

• Accelerate development with model driven tools and other resources

• Develop solutions by assembly and customization

Ad Hoc Development Software Factories

Publish Factory Metadata

• Different suppliers use different factories

• No easy way to share factory metadata

• Standardize externally facing processes and artifacts

• Publish factory metadata using web services

Opaque Suppliers Suppliers As Services

Form Supply Chains

• Different suppliers use different products and technologies

• Products from multiple suppliers require ad hoc integration

• Aligned suppliers use the same products and technologies

• Products from those suppliers integrate in known ways

Misaligned Suppliers Aligned Suppliers

creates

From Factories To Supply Chains

Tools, Process, Tools, Process, ContentContentTools, Process, Tools, Process, ContentContent

creates

uses

Requirements, Requirements, DefectsDefectsRequirements, Requirements, DefectsDefects

uses

creates

Product Product DevelopmentDevelopmentProduct Product DevelopmentDevelopment

Factory Factory DevelopmentDevelopmentFactory Factory DevelopmentDevelopment

BusinessBusinessBusinessBusinesscreates uses

ProductsProductsProductsProducts

usesRequirements, Requirements, DefectsDefectsRequirements, Requirements, DefectsDefects



VerticalVerticalPartitionPartition

VerticalVerticalPartitionPartition

HorizontalHorizontalPartitionPartition

Horizontal Partitioning

• Separate factory and product development

• Outsource product development using factories developed in-house• Example: a factory built by Big Vendor is used by an

offshore services company

• Use factories supplied by a third party to develop products in-house • Example: Financial Services Firm uses a factory built by Big

Vendor

Vertical Partitioning

• Partition factory development

• Purchase assets from upstream suppliers • Example: Financial Services Firm uses assets

from CRM Vendor

• Sell assets to downstream suppliers • Example: Financial Services Firm supplies assets to

be used by Systems Integration Corp.

• Creates B2B relationships when assets areservice based• Suppliers deliver stubs to hosted services

not embedded components

Mass Customize

• Local optimization creates bottlenecks

• Suppliers respond individually as changes propagate

• Optimize globally to eliminate bottlenecks

• Suppliers respond collectively to changes based on market conditions

Locally optimizedsupply chains

Globally optimizedsupply chains

Implementing Supply Chains

• Groups of software factories you might find in a solution supply chain and understand their roles

• Examples of specific types of software factories you would find in each group

• Product Lifecycle Management as an example industry domain

• Prerequisites to building solution supply chains

Finite ElementFinite ElementAnalysisAnalysisFactoryFactory


SoftwareSoftwareFactoryFactoryPlatformPlatform

SoftwareSoftwareFactoryFactoryPlatformPlatform

Architectural Architectural FactoriesFactories

2D Engine2D EngineFactoryFactory


StorageStorageFactoryFactory

ViewingViewingEngineEngineFactoryFactory

WorkflowWorkflowFactoryFactory

CollaborationCollaborationFactoryFactory

PortalPortalFactoryFactory

specializespecialize

useuse

An architectural factory An architectural factory defines architectural style defines architectural style and deployment topology and deployment topology for a familyfor a family

An architectural factory An architectural factory defines architectural style defines architectural style and deployment topology and deployment topology for a familyfor a family

Software factory Software factory platform is used to build platform is used to build architectural factoriesarchitectural factories

Software factory Software factory platform is used to build platform is used to build architectural factoriesarchitectural factories

useusecreatecreate


DiscreteDiscretePLMPLMFactoryFactory

DiscreteDiscretePLMPLMFactoryFactory

AerospaceAerospacePLMPLMFactoryFactory

AerospaceAerospacePLMPLMFactoryFactory

Finite ElementFinite ElementAnalysisAnalysisFactoryFactory

SoftwareSoftwareFactoryFactoryInfrastructureInfrastructure

SoftwareSoftwareFactoryFactoryInfrastructureInfrastructure

CADCADFactoryFactoryCADCADFactoryFactory

EDMEDMFactoryFactoryEDMEDMFactoryFactory

PDMPDMFactoryFactoryPDMPDMFactoryFactory

Architectural Architectural FactoriesFactories

CAMCAMFactoryFactoryCAMCAMFactoryFactory



PLMPLMSolutionSolutionFactoryFactory

PLMPLMSolutionSolutionFactoryFactory

AutomotiveAutomotivePLMPLMFactoryFactory

AutomotiveAutomotivePLMPLMFactoryFactory

Functional FactoriesFunctional Factories

IndustryIndustryFactoriesFactories

StorageStorageFactoryFactory

ViewingViewingEngineEngineFactoryFactory

WorkflowWorkflowFactoryFactory

CollaborationCollaborationFactoryFactory

PortalPortalFactoryFactory

CIMCIMFactoryFactoryCIMCIMFactoryFactory

ProcessProcessPLMPLMFactoryFactory

ProcessProcessPLMPLMFactoryFactory


useuse

talkstalks

useuse

ERPERPFactoryFactory

SCMSCMFactoryFactory

CRMCRMFactoryFactory

ManufacturingManufacturingPLMPLMFactoryFactory

ManufacturingManufacturingPLMPLMFactoryFactory

useuse


useuse

useuse

createcreate

useuse

Functional factories begin Functional factories begin to appear as supply chain to appear as supply chain maturesmatures

Functional factories begin Functional factories begin to appear as supply chain to appear as supply chain maturesmatures

ERP, SCM, CRM are ERP, SCM, CRM are functional factories that functional factories that interact closely with interact closely with industry factoriesindustry factories

ERP, SCM, CRM are ERP, SCM, CRM are functional factories that functional factories that interact closely with interact closely with industry factoriesindustry factories

Industry factories Industry factories are used to deliver are used to deliver end customer end customer solutionssolutions

Industry factories Industry factories are used to deliver are used to deliver end customer end customer solutionssolutions

Supply Chain Prerequisites

• Feature based requirements engineering• Required for reasoning about variability and

inter-dependencies among requirements

• Unambiguous architecture specification• Required for systematic development

by assembly with adaptation

• Maturation of service oriented technologies• Required for reasoning about operational qualities

of component assemblies and for assembly by orchestration and generative adaptation

Next Level

• Mass Customization: The New Frontier in Business Competition• Joseph Pine; Harvard Business School Press; ISBN: 0-87584-

946-6

• Build-to-Order & Mass Customization• David Anderson; CIM Press; ISBN: 1-878072-30-7

• Software Factories: Assembling Applications with Patterns, Models, Frameworks, and Tools• http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dn

bda/html/softfact3.asp

• Jack Greenfield, Keith Short, Steve Cook, Stuart Kent; Wiley; ISBN: 0-471-20284-3

http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dnbda/html/softfact3.asp

http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dnbda/html/softfact3.asp

Summary

• Supply chains and mass customization work well in other mature industries

• Misalignment between software suppliers and consumers precludes this in contemporary software development

• Software factories provide a step on the road to supply chains and mass customization in software

• Publishing key life cycle metadata using standard formats is a prerequisite to supply chain formation

• Supply chains can be partitioned horizontally or vertically

Homework

• Are you a supplier, consumer or both?

• Do you form part of a supply chain?• How easy or difficult is it for you to

integrate 3rd party software into your product...

• ...or have your software integrated by others?

• What would make it easier, why, and what changes would be needed to make it happen?

solution supply chains jack greenfield. overview learning from other industries mass customization...

Documents

supply chainlocal

optimized supply chainsad

software developmentevolution

componentsdifferent

developmentdifferent

factory metadatastandardize

assetsaccelerate development

platform vendors