solkane 227 pharma and solkane 134a pharma
TRANSCRIPT
SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma
HFA Propellants for Medical Use
SOLKANE®
Solvay Special Chemicals 3Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Contents
SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharmaHFA Propellants for Use in Medical Sprays 4
History of the Pharmaceutical Propellants HFA 227 and HFA 134a – IPACT I, IPACT II, and the Role of Solvay 6
Quality Control and Specifications 8
Manufacture of SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma by Solvay 11
Physical PropertiesNomenclature and Description 13
Physical Data, Thermal Stability, Refractive Index 14
Vapour Pressure, Density Tables and Graphs 16
Viscosity and Surface Tension 20
Solubility Parameters/ CharacteristicsSolubility Values, Characteristics 21
Solubility of Water 22
Moisture Uptake and Solubility of Oxygen and Nitrogen 23
Influence of Ethanol on HFA 227 and HFA 134a 25
Chemical Behaviour Material Compatibility, Classification of Materials for Use in MDIs 26
Evaluation Criteria for Material Compatibility 27
Toxicological ProfilesToxicological Profile of HFA 227 28
Toxicological Profile of HFA 134a 31
InstructionsSafety Instructions 32
Handling and Storage Instructions 34
Container Closure System Packaging 35
Classification and Transport Information 36
International Standards for Valves, Connectors and Adapters 37
Technical Service ITA 38
Product Stewardship 39
Fluorine Compounds from Solvay Fluor 40
Product range of fluorine compounds 41
Bibliography 42
Solvay Special Chemicals4 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma
HFA Propellants for Use in Medical Sprays
SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOL-KANE® 134a pharma, also known as:
HFA 227, HFC 227 or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane and
HFA 134a, HFC 134a or 1,1,1,2,-tetrafluoroethane respectively,
are used in medical sprays such as:
MDIs (Metered Dose Inhalers, also called asthma sprays or pharmaceuti-cal aerosols inhaled by the patient),
nasal sprays
foam sprays and
other oral / topical sprays
to propel the active ingredient which is dispersed or solubilised in the hydrofluo-roalkane (hereinafter referred to as HFA propellant).
Neither HFA 227 nor HFA 134a contain chlorine and are thus non-ozone deplet-ing. Furthermore, they are non flammable and chemically inert. This makes them (from a safety and toxicological point of view) ideal candidates for use in medical products. Moreover, because HFA 227 and HFA 134a have thermodynamic and physical properties closely resembling the chlorofluorocarbons CFC 11, CFC 12 and CFC 114 traditionally used in medi-cal sprays, they were proposed to replace the ozone-depleting CFCs currently being phased out under the terms of the Mon-treal Protocol.
Accordingly, Solvay developed HFA 227 and HFA 134a in a special pharmaceutical grade as SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOL-KANE® 134a pharma specifically for use in medical products. They are of the highest quality as required for sensitive routes of administration – in the case of MDIs, via inhalation to the lung.
SOLKANE® pharma – Special Pharmaceutical Grade
Highest purity guaranteed by manufacture in dedicated facilities according to cGMP
High-level quality control
Specifically developed sophisticated analytical methods
Worldwide Regulatory Affairs sup-port in accordance with drug active substances
HFA Propellant
Additive
Valve
Can Mouth-piece
API
Fig. 1: The world of pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers
Solvay Special Chemicals 5Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
SOLKANE® pharma – HFA Propellants for Medical Sprays
Including MDIs (Metered Dose Inhalers) also known as pharmaceutical aerosols or asthma sprays for the treatment of asthma, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder) and respiratory infections
nasal sprays for the treatment of allergic rhinitis
foam sprays
oral and topical sprays (e.g. nerve sensitisation, tooth vitality, pain relaxation)
to replace the fully halogenated ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons
CFC 11, CFC 12 and CFC 114
traditionally used in medical sprays which are being phased out under the terms of the Montreal Protocol by the non-ozone depleting hydrofluoroalkanes
HFA 227, or blends thereof
and HFA 134a.
The main differences to ordinary “tech-nical grade” SOLKANE® 227 and SOL-KANE® 134a – predominately used as re-frigerants and fire extinguishing agents – are:
(i) the higher purity obtained by addi-tional manufacturing processes specif-ically developed and applied to meet the stringent specifications set out for pharmaceutical grade products,
(ii) manufacturing in dedicated facilities according to the current good manu-facturing practice guidelines,
(iii) high-level quality control using analyt-ical methods specifically developed to screen more than 60 impurities in the propellants at levels below one part per million,
(iv) registration of the manufacturing processes and quality control systems according to the standards for drug active substances, although both HFA 227 and HFA 134a are classed as exipients.
Fig. 2: Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI)
Aerosol container
Seal
ValveMouthpiece
Spray mist
Active ingredient suspension or solution with propellant
Solvay Special Chemicals6 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
History of the Pharmaceutical Propellants HFA 227 and HFA 134a – IPACT I, IPACT II, and the Role of Solvay
SOLKANE® pharma – History of the Pharmaceutical Propellants HFA 227 and HFA 134a – IPACT I, IPACT II and the Role of Solvay
1989 / 1990 Formation of two consortia: IPACT I for the toxicological testing of HFA 134a IPACT II for the toxicological testing of HFA 227
1990 – 1993 / 4 Main toxicological studies carried out with former Hoechst AG, now Solvay, as sole supplier of the pharmaceutical grade HFA 227
July 1994 CPMP positive opinion for HFA 134a with published specifications
September 1995 CPMP positive opinion for HFA 227 “at the specification applied” for Hoechst, now Solvay-quality; specifications not disclosed
July 1998 / April 2001 CPMP reviews of the Solvay SOLKANE® 227 pharma DMFs/Amendments
Dec. 1998 / June 2001 Final assessments and CPMP “approval” of all changes received with the final conclusion:
“HFA 227 produced by Solvay, SOLKANE® 227 pharma, is a suitable alternative to CFCs currently used in the for-mulation of medicinal products, including metered dose inhalers for the treatment of asthma.” [3]
IPACT I International Pharmaceutical Aerosol Consortium for Toxicity Testing of HFA 134aIPACT II International Pharmaceutical Aerosol Consortium for Toxicity Testing of HFA 227CPMP Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products
When it was confirmed in the 1980s that fully halogenated CFCs harm the ozone layer in the upper stratosphere, extensive investigations were carried out to identify suitable CFC replacement components for various applications including MDIs.
In 1989, a consortium by the name of IPACT I formed to investigate HFA 134a as a potential CFC replacement candidate for use in medical sprays. This was followed by IPACT II for HFA 227 in 1990. Both, IPACT I and IPACT II (International Phar-maceutical Aerosol Consortium for Toxic-ity Testing) comprise major pharmaceutical
aerosol manufacturers sponsoring the ex-tensive toxicological tests for HFA 227 and HFA 134a to confirm their use for medical products including MDIs.
The main studies – carried out from 1990 to 1993/4 and laid down in IPACT I/II dos-siers submitted to all major countries for support of medical product applications containing HFA 227 and HFA 134a – were reviewed by the European Health Authori-ties (CPMP – Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products) and received positive opinions as cited below:
Solvay Special Chemicals 7Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
“The Committee considers that HFA 134a of the specified quality (in annex) could be a suitable alternative to the CFCs currently used in the formulation of medicinal prod-ucts, incl. metered dose inhalers for the treatment of asthma.” [1]. In this report, the specifications for HFA 134a were disclosed in the annex.
The positive opinion for HFA 227 was simi-lar, but did not publish the specifications. Instead, it referred to “the specification as applied for” as follows: “The Committee considers that HFA 227 at the specifica-tion applied for is a suitable alternative to the CFCs currently used in the formulation of medicinal products, incl. metered dose inhalers for the treatment of asthma.” [2].
Thus, both HFA 277 and HFA 134a can be used in medical products when they com-ply with the quality assessed by Health Au-thorities. In the case of HFA 227 it must comply with Solvay’s quality standards be-cause all the IPACT II toxicological studies were carried out with Solvay’s (formerly Hoechst AG) support as the sole suppli-er of HFA 227. Solvay (formerly Hoechst AG) submitted its Drug Master File for the manufacture and quality control of HFA 227 as part of the IPACT II dossier.
In the case of HFA 134a, the quality must comply with the quality standards as dis-closed in Europe by the CPMP as referred to above, or for the US market as pro-posed by the FDA CDER October 1998 Draft Guidance for Industry on MDIs and DPIs [3].
Since then, Solvay has optimised its manu-facturing processes and quality with many DMF updates, and finally initiated an in-dependently coordinated CPMP review of all amendments. These were finally “ap-proved” in December 1998 and June 2001 with the following conclusion:
”Conclusion
The toxicological properties of HFA 227 were previously assessed to an adequate extent (CPMP/391/97).
Comparing the purity of SOLKANE® 227 pharma with that of the Hoechst test batches used to perform the toxicity tests reported by IPACT II, it can be concluded that SOLKANE® 227 pharma complies with the pharmaceutical grade specifica-tions for this compound and that it con-tains less concentrations of the compa-rable impurities than the Hoechst tox test batches. [...]
Overall Conclusion
HFA 227 produced by Solvay, SOLKANE® 227 pharma, is a suitable alternative to the CFCs currently used in the formula-tion of medicinal products, including me-tered dose inhalers for the treatment of asthma.” [6]
The approved DMFs were subsequently submitted to all countries for customer support.
As such a review is unique in the case of HFA 227, Solvay is setting the standard for HFA 227 in the medical world.
In the case of SOLKANE® 134a pharma, Solvay submitted its Drug Master Files in Canada in 2001, in the USA in 2002, and to the rest of the world, including all Eu-ropean countries in 2003. Hereby Solvay fully complies with all specifications pub-lished by the CPMP [1, 4, 5] as mentioned above and the FDA [3].
Solvay Special Chemicals8 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
To date, no monographs have been estab-lished for either HFA 227 or HFA 134a in the USA or Europe, so that the specifica-tions are still supplier-related. This is ex-pected to be the status for the next years, although first USP and EU proposals for a HFA 134a monograph have been pub-lished [7,8].
In the case of HFA 134a, two quality stan-dards have already been published: one by the CPMP as mentioned before [1], and one proposed by the FDA in a draft guideline [3]; accordingly, the quality shall comply with these standards.
As seen from the table which lists all im-purities mentioned in these standards, so-phisticated analytical methods are required to identify and detect all impurities with-out interference from the others. Solvay has developed a GC-MS method especially for this purpose which allows the control of each of the listed impurities at limits of detection (LODs) below 1 ppm (v/v).
Quality Control and Specifications
Fig. 3: Cleaning cylinders prior to use for SOLKANE® 134a pharma according to SOPs in the area designated for SOLKANE® pharma products only
Solvay Special Chemicals 9Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
FDA CPMP Volatile Related Substance (October 98 (July 94 typical values draft guidance) press release) (ppm (m/m))
CFC 114a ≤ 25 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
HCC 40 ≤ 5 ≤ 50 n.d.
HCFC 1122 ≤ 5 – < 0.4
HCFC 124 ≤ 100 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
HCFC 133a ≤ 5 ≤ 5 n.d.
HCFC 22 ≤ 50 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
HCFC 31 ≤ 5 ≤ 5 n.d.
HFC 125 ≤ 5 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
HFC 134 ≤ 1000 ≤ 1000 (1) 15
HFC 143a ≤ 10 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
HFC 152a ≤ 300 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
CFC 114 ≤ 5 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
HFC 1234yf ≤ 5 – n.d.
HFC 1225ye ≤ 5 – n.d.
HFC 1243zf ≤ 5 – 1
CFC 217ba ≤ 5 – 1
HFC 134a (assay) ≥ 99.9 ≥ 99.8 > 99.99
CFC 115 ≤ 5 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
CFC 12 ≤ 100 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
HCFC 1122a ≤ 5 – n.d.
HFC 245cb ≤ 5 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
HFC 23 ≤ 5 – n.d.
HFC 32 ≤ 5 –. n.d.
HFC 152 ≤ 5 ≤ 5 n.d.
HFC 1123 ≤ 5 – n.d.
FC 1318my-cis ≤ 5 – n.d.
FC 1318my-trans ≤ 5 – n.d.
HFC 1132 ≤ 5 – n.d.
HFC 1336mzz ≤ 5 – n.d.
HCFC 123 ≤ 5 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
HCFC 123a ≤ 5 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
HCFC 124a ≤ 5 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
HCFC 132b ≤ 5 ≤ 5 n.d.
HCFC 161 ≤ 30 – n.d.
HCFC 1121 ≤ 5 – n.d.
CFC 11 ≤ 5 ≤ 1000 (1) n.d.
CFC 12B1 ≤ 5 – n.d.
CFC 13 ≤ 5 – n.d.
CFC 113 ≤ 5 – n.d.
CFC 1112a ≤ 5 – n.d.
Total unsaturates ≤ 5 ≤ 5 1
Sum of others ≤ 50 ≤ 50 n.d.
Individual unidentified impurities ≤ 5 – n.d.
Total unidentified impurities ≤ 10 – n.d.
Any other identified saturated impurity ≤ 5 – n.d.
Total impurities ≤ 1000 – 17(1) Not more than 1000 ppm alone or in combination; n.d.: not detected
Fig. 4: Comparison of the FDA draft proposal for impurity limits in pharmaceutical HFA 134a and CPMP specifications with the Solvay SOLKANE® 134a pharma quality from six production batches
SOLKANE® pharma – Impurities of HFA 134a Proposed by CPMP/FDA in Comparison to Solvay Quality Norflurane
Production Batches
Limit (ppm)
Solvay Special Chemicals10 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Fig. 6: Analytical laboratory of the Solvay Fluor Frankfurt works for the routine quality control of SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma
Fig. 5: Electronic bar code scanning of SOLKANE® 134a pharma cylinders for identification and traceability
The Solvay specifications for SOL-KANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma are listed as follows:
Solvay Fluor SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma Specifications
Contents ≥99.99%vol. ≥99.9%vol.
Identification ComplieswithMSlibrary ComplieswithMSlibrary
Water ≤10µg/g ≤10µg/g
Non-volatile Matter ≤20ppm(m/m) ≤50ppm(m/m)
Volatile Related DescribedintheSolvay DescribedintheSolvaySubstances DMFforapaflurane DMFfornorflurane(Impurity Profile) (HFA227) (HFA134a)
Acidity ≤0.1µg/g(asHF) ≤0.1µg/g(asHCl)
Solvay Special Chemicals 11Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Manufacture of SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma by Solvay
Fig. 7: Visual inspection of dedicated SOLKANE® 134a pharma cylinders as part of Solvay’s quality control
The production of SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma adhere to the stringent good manufacturing prac-tice guidelines and continuously updated quality standards. For example, the small steel cylinders are thoroughly inspected and flushed according to SOPs prior to fill-ing, and an electronic bar code system is used which allows every consignment to be traced throughout the world.
Solvay’s analytical laboratories are state-of-the-art and new analytical methods have been developed and validated for both SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOL-KANE® 134a pharma to meet the latest standards. Routine quality controls are carried out at levels of less than 1 ppm for more than 60 impurities in line with CPMP / FDA Guidelines.
Solvay has filed Drug Master Files for both products in all countries for cross-refer-ence to support drug applications contain-ing SOLKANE® 227 pharma or as of SOL-KANE® 134a pharma.
Solvay can look back on more than 20 years of experience in the manufacture and supply of the propellants HFA 227 and HFA 134a for pharmaceutical aerosols and is considered as a center of compe-tence in this field – providing support for its customers in all technical, analytical and regulatory areas.
Solvay Special Chemicals12 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
SOLKANE® pharma – Solvay’s Center of Competence
Extensive experience in pharmaceutical propellants, supplying the pharmaceutical industry with HFAs since 1989
New validated production facilities established in 1996/2001 in Frankfurt (Germa-ny) meeting the highest quality standards according to cGMP
Highly qualified staff – continuous personnel training
Traceability of each consignment via computer-controlled filling operations
Manufacture of SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma in highest purity using patented processes
Product handling according to SOPs in SOLKANE® pharma-designated areas only
All equipment dedicated to SOLKANE® pharma
Availability of analytical GC-MS methods to screen more than 60 impurities at LODs < 1 ppm (in-house development)
Active customer support for technical, analytical, and regulatory issues
Maintenance of DMFs worldwide with active submission of variation procedures with CPMP/FDA for the establishment of specifications/analytical methods
Active support of the EDQM/USP working groups and the HFA 227/134a consortia for the establishment of harmonized test methods and specifications
Fig. 9: Electronic bar code scanning of SOLKANE® 227 pharma one tonne cylinders for identifi-cation and traceability
Fig. 8: Well-trained Solvay personnel at the Solvay production site in Frankfurt: Solvay’s key to success
Solvay Special Chemicals 13Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Physical Properties
SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma
Structural Formula
Molecular Formula C3HF7 C2H2F4
Chemical Name 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
Chemical Family FluorinatedHydrocarbon FluorinatedHydrocarbon
ASHRAE* Nomenclature/ HFA227,HFA227ea HFA134a(HydroFluoroAlkane)Laboratory Codes HFC227,HFC227ea HFC134a(HydroFluoroCarbon) R227,R227ea R134a*AmericanSocietyofHeating,Refrigerating
andAirConditioningEngineers
International Nonproprietary Apaflurane NorfluraneName (INN)
Brand Name: SOLKANE®227pharma SOLKANE® 134apharma HFA227pharma HFA134apharma
SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE®134a pharma
Physical Form at 25 °C Gaseous Gaseous
Colour Colourless Colourless
Odor Faintetherealodor Faintetherealodor
Flammability Non-flammable Non-flammable
Toxicity Noappreciabletoxiceffect Noappreciabletoxiceffect
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Zero Zero
Global Warming Potential (GWP) [9] 2,900 1,300
relatedtoCO2=1.0(100yearsITH*)
*ITH=integratedtimehorizon
Atmospheric Lifetime [9] 33years 13.8years
Storage Liquefiedgasunder Liquefiedgasunder pressureinsteelcylinder pressureinsteelcylinder
Nomenclature
Description
Solvay Special Chemicals14 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma
Chemical Name 1,1,1,2,3,3,3- 1,1,1,2- Heptafluoropropane Tetrafluoroethane
Chemical Formula CF3–CFH–CF3 CF3–CH2F
Molar Mass g/mol 170.03 102.03
Boiling Point at 1.1013 bar [10] °C –16.5 –26.3
Freezing Point [10] °C –131 –101
Critical Data:HFA227[12];HFA134a[11]
Critical Temperature °C 101.90 101.15
Critical Pressure bar 29.52 40.64
Critical Density kg/l 0.592 0.507
Critical Volume l/kg 1.69 1.97
Temperature 0°C 20°C 40°C 0°C 20°C 40°C
Pressure of the Vapour bar 1.96 3.90 7.03 2.93 5.72 10.16
Density of the Liquid kg/dm3 1.482 1.408 1.322 1.296 1.226 1.148
Density of the Saturated Vapour kg/dm3 0.0159 0.0310 0.0564 0.01450.02800.0504
Specific Heat Capacity of the Liquid kJ/(kg·K) 1.096 1.148 1.222 1.337 1.402 1.505
Thermal Conductivity of the Liquid mW/(m·K) 65.05 59.45 53.85 94.2 85.7 77.1
Dynamic Viscosity of the Liquid mPa·s 0.346 0.267 0.210 0.273 0.211 0.162
Surface Tension of the Liquid mN/m 9.31 6.96 4.80 11.49 8.69 6.06
Dielectric Constant Liquid Phase HFA227[14];HFA134a[13] 4.6 4.1 3.6 11.3 9.8 8.3
Physical Data [SI Units]
SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma
Temperature Below Which no 475°C[15] 368°C[16]Evident Degradation Occurs
Thermal Stability
SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma
n20 °C [17] calculatedvalue 1.2207 1.1746
n20 °C [18] measuredvalue 1.2207 n.d.
Refractive Index
Solvay Special Chemicals 15Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma
Chemical Name 1,1,1,2,3,3,3- 1,1,1,2- Heptafluoropropane Tetrafluoroethane
Chemical Formula CF3–CFH–CF3 CF3–CH2F
Molar Mass g/mol 170.03 102.03
Boiling Point at 1 atm[10] °F 3.9 –15.3
Freezing Point [10] °F –203.8 –149.8
Critical Data:HFA227[12];HFA134a[11]
Critical Temperature °F 215.4 214.1
Critical Pressure psia 424.7 589.4
Critical Density lb/ft3 38.77 31.65
Critical Volume ft3/lb 0.026 0.032
Temperature 32°F 68°F 104°F 32°F 68°F 104°F
Pressure of the Vapour psia 28.43 56.56 101.96 42.50 82.96 147.36
Density of the Liquid lb/ft3 92.518 87.898 82.530 80.907 76.537 71.667
Density of the Saturated Vapour lb/ft3 0.993 1.935 3.521 0.905 1.748 3.146
Specific Heat Capacity of the Liquid Btu/lb °F 0.262 0.274 0.292 0.319 0.335 0.359
Thermal Conductivity of the Liquid Btu/hr·ft °F 0.0346 0.0316 0.0287 0.0532 0.0482 0.0432
Dynamic Viscosity of the Liquid lbf/ft2 2.3E–04 1.8E–04 1.3E–04 1.8E–04 1.4E–04 1.1E–04
Surface Tension of the Liquid lbf/ft 6.4E–04 4.8E–04 3.3E–04 7.9E–04 5.9E–04 4.2E–04
Dielectric Constant Liquid PhaseHFA227[14];HFA134a[13] 4.6 4.1 3.6 11.3 9.8 8.3
Physical Data [US/UK Units]
Thermal Stability
SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma
n20 °C [17] calculatedvalue 1.2207 1.1746
n20 °C [18] measuredvalue 1.2207 n.d.
SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma
Temperature Below Which no 887°F[15] 694°F[16]Evident Degradation Occurs
Refractive Index
Solvay Special Chemicals16 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Vapour Table Wet Vapour Range SOLKANE® 227 pharma [19] [SI Units]
t p rho´ rho´´ v´ v´´ h´ h´´ r s´ s´´ [°C] [bar][kg/dm3] [kg/m3][dm3/kg] [dm3/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/kg][kJ/(kg·K)][kJ/(kg·K)]
–60 0.10 1.652 0.94 0.605 1068.06 137.91 285.75 147.84 0.7447 1.4383 –55 0.13 1.641 1.27 0.610 786.40 142.68 288.86 146.18 0.7669 1.4370 –50 0.18 1.628 1.70 0.614 588.58 147.53 292.01 144.49 0.7888 1.4363 –45 0.25 1.616 2.24 0.619 447.16 152.45 295.18 142.74 0.8106 1.4362 –40 0.32 1.603 2.90 0.624 344.47 157.44 298.38 140.93 0.8322 1.4367 –35 0.42 1.589 3.72 0.629 268.78 162.52 301.59 139.07 0.8537 1.4377 –30 0.54 1.575 4.71 0.635 212.21 167.66 304.81 137.15 0.8751 1.4391 –25 0.69 1.561 5.90 0.641 169.39 172.87 308.05 135.17 0.8963 1.4410 –20 0.87 1.546 7.32 0.647 136.57 178.16 311.29 133.13 0.9173 1.4432 –15 1.08 1.531 9.00 0.653 111.14 183.52 314.54 131.02 0.9382 1.4458 –10 1.33 1.515 10.96 0.660 91.22 188.95 317.79 128.84 0.9590 1.4486 –5 1.62 1.499 13.25 0.667 75.46 194.44 321.03 126.59 0.9796 1.4517 0 1.96 1.482 15.90 0.675 62.88 200.00 324.27 124.27 1.0000 1.4550 5 2.35 1.465 18.96 0.683 52.74 205.64 327.50 121.86 1.0204 1.4585 10 2.80 1.446 22.47 0.691 44.51 211.33 330.71 119.38 1.0406 1.4622 15 3.32 1.428 26.48 0.700 37.77 217.10 333.91 116.81 1.0606 1.4660 20 3.90 1.408 31.05 0.710 32.21 222.93 337.08 114.14 1.0806 1.4700 25 4.56 1.388 36.24 0.720 27.59 228.84 340.22 111.38 1.1004 1.4740 30 5.29 1.367 42.15 0.732 23.73 234.82 343.32 108.50 1.1201 1.4780 35 6.11 1.345 48.84 0.744 20.48 240.87 346.37 105.50 1.1397 1.4821 40 7.03 1.322 56.43 0.756 17.72 247.01 349.37 102.36 1.1593 1.4861 45 8.04 1.298 65.05 0.771 15.37 253.24 352.30 99.06 1.1788 1.4901 50 9.16 1.272 74.85 0.786 13.36 259.58 355.15 95.57 1.1982 1.4940 55 10.40 1.246 86.03 0.803 11.62 266.02 357.90 91.87 1.2177 1.4977 60 11.75 1.217 98.85 0.822 10.12 272.60 360.52 87.92 1.2373 1.5012 65 13.24 1.187 113.64 0.843 8.80 279.34 362.99 83.65 1.2570 1.5044 70 14.87 1.154 130.87 0.867 7.64 286.26 365.25 78.99 1.2769 1.5071
Fig. 10: Density of liquid of SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma [19] including a 50:50 blend depending on temperature in compari-son to CFC blends (CFC 11/12 as 40:60 and CFC 11/12/114 as 18:22:60) [20]
Density in g/l
Solvay Special Chemicals 17Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Vapour Table Wet Vapour Range SOLKANE® 134a pharma [19] [SI Units]
Fig. 11: Vapour pressure of SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma [19] including a 50:50 blend depending on temperature in compari-son to CFC blends (CFC 11/12 as 40:60 and CFC 11/12/114 as 18:22:60) [20]
Vapour Pressure in bar
t p rho´ rho´´ v´ v´´ h´ h´´ r s´ s´´ [°C] [bar] [kg/dm3] [kg/m3] [dm3/kg] [dm3/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/kg] [kJ/(kg·K)] [kJ/(kg·K)]
–60 0.16 1.475 0.93 0.678 1078.97 123.16 361.37 238.21 0.6859 1.8012 –55 0.22 1.461 1.25 0.684 802.33 129.49 364.53 235.04 0.7135 1.7904 –50 0.29 1.447 1.65 0.691 606.16 135.75 367.70 231.95 0.7409 1.7808 –45 0.39 1.433 2.15 0.698 464.67 141.98 370.86 228.89 0.7681 1.7722 –40 0.51 1.418 2.77 0.705 361.01 148.21 374.02 225.81 0.7950 1.7645 –35 0.66 1.404 3.52 0.712 283.94 154.47 377.17 222.70 0.8217 1.7576 –30 0.84 1.389 4.43 0.720 225.87 160.77 380.31 219.54 0.8480 1.7515 –25 1.06 1.374 5.51 0.728 181.55 167.13 383.42 216.29 0.8741 1.7460 –20 1.33 1.359 6.79 0.736 147.33 173.56 386.51 212.95 0.8999 1.7412 –15 1.64 1.343 8.29 0.744 120.61 180.06 389.56 209.51 0.9254 1.7369 –10 2.01 1.327 10.05 0.753 99.54 186.63 392.58 205.95 0.9505 1.7331 –5 2.43 1.311 12.08 0.763 82.76 193.27 395.56 202.29 0.9754 1.7297 0 2.93 1.295 14.43 0.772 69.28 200.00 398.49 198.49 1.0000 1.7267 5 3.50 1.278 17.14 0.782 58.35 206.79 401.37 194.58 1.0243 1.7241 10 4.15 1.261 20.23 0.793 49.43 213.65 404.19 190.54 1.0484 1.7217 15 4.88 1.243 23.76 0.804 42.08 220.58 406.94 186.35 1.0723 1.7196 20 5.72 1.225 27.78 0.816 35.99 227.59 409.61 182.02 1.0960 1.7176 25 6.65 1.206 32.35 0.829 30.91 234.67 412.20 177.53 1.1195 1.7158 30 7.70 1.187 37.53 0.842 26.65 241.83 414.69 172.86 1.1429 1.7141 35 8.87 1.167 43.40 0.857 23.04 249.08 417.07 168.00 1.1663 1.7124 40 10.17 1.146 50.06 0.872 19.98 256.43 419.33 162.90 1.1897 1.7107 45 11.60 1.125 57.62 0.889 17.36 263.90 421.44 157.54 1.2132 1.7090 50 13.18 1.102 66.21 0.908 15.10 271.52 423.38 151.86 1.2367 1.7071 55 14.92 1.078 76.03 0.928 13.15 279.32 425.12 145.80 1.2605 1.7049 60 16.82 1.053 87.28 0.950 11.46 287.33 426.63 139.30 1.2845 1.7024 65 18.90 1.026 100.27 0.975 9.97 295.60 427.84 132.24 1.3089 1.6994 70 21.17 0.996 115.42 1.004 8.66 304.18 428.70 124.52 1.3337 1.6957
Solvay Special Chemicals18 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Fig. 12: Density of liquid SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma [19] including a 50:50 blend depending on temperature in comparison to CFC blends (CFC 11/12 as 40:60 and CFC 11/12/114 as 18:22:60) [20]
Density in lb/ft3
Vapour Table Wet Vapour Range SOLKANE® 227 pharma [19] [US/UK Units]
t P rho´ rho´´ v´ v´´ h´ h´´ r s´ s´´ [°F] [psia] [lb/ft3] [lb/ft3] [ft3/lb] [ft3/lb] [Btu/lb] [Btu/lb] [Btu/lb] [Btu/R·lb] [Btu/R·lb]
–76 1.45 103.13 0.06 0.0097 17.041 59.28 122.85 63.57 0.1778 0.3435 –67 1.89 102.44 0.08 0.0098 12.613 61.34 124.19 62.85 0.1831 0.3432 –58 2.61 101.63 0.11 0.0098 9.423 63.42 125.54 62.12 0.1884 0.3431 –49 3.63 100.88 0.14 0.0099 7.151 65.54 126.90 61.36 0.1936 0.3430 –40 4.64 100.07 0.18 0.0100 5.524 67.69 128.28 60.59 0.1988 0.3431 –31 6.09 99.20 0.23 0.0101 4.306 69.87 129.66 59.79 0.2039 0.3434 –22 7.83 98.32 0.29 0.0102 3.401 72.08 131.04 58.96 0.2090 0.3437 –13 10.01 97.45 0.37 0.0103 2.715 74.32 132.44 58.11 0.2141 0.3442 –4 12.62 96.51 0.46 0.0104 2.188 76.59 133.83 57.24 0.2191 0.3447 5 15.66 95.58 0.56 0.0105 1.780 78.90 135.23 56.33 0.2241 0.3453 14 19.29 94.58 0.68 0.0106 1.462 81.23 136.62 55.39 0.2291 0.3460 23 23.50 93.58 0.83 0.0107 1.209 83.59 138.02 54.42 0.2340 0.3467 32 28.43 92.52 0.99 0.0108 1.007 85.98 139.41 53.43 0.2388 0.3475 41 34.08 91.46 1.18 0.0109 0.845 88.41 140.80 52.39 0.2437 0.3484 50 40.61 90.27 1.40 0.0111 0.713 90.86 142.18 51.32 0.2485 0.3492 59 48.15 89.15 1.65 0.0112 0.605 93.34 143.55 50.22 0.2533 0.3501 68 56.56 87.90 1.94 0.0114 0.516 95.84 144.92 49.07 0.2581 0.3511 77 66.14 86.65 2.26 0.0115 0.442 98.38 146.27 47.88 0.2628 0.3521 86 76.73 85.34 2.63 0.0117 0.380 100.95 147.60 46.65 0.2675 0.3530 95 88.62 83.97 3.05 0.0119 0.328 103.55 148.91 45.36 0.2722 0.3540 104 101.96 82.53 3.52 0.0121 0.284 106.19 150.20 44.01 0.2769 0.3549 113 116.61 81.03 4.06 0.0123 0.246 108.87 151.46 42.59 0.2816 0.3559 122 132.85 79.41 4.67 0.0126 0.214 111.60 152.69 41.09 0.2862 0.3568 131 150.84 77.79 5.37 0.0129 0.186 114.37 153.87 39.50 0.2908 0.3577 140 170.42 75.97 6.17 0.0132 0.162 117.20 154.99 37.80 0.2955 0.3586 149 192.03 74.10 7.09 0.0135 0.141 120.09 156.06 35.96 0.3002 0.3593 158 215.67 72.04 8.17 0.0139 0.122 123.07 157.03 33.96 0.3050 0.3600
Solvay Special Chemicals 19Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Vapour Table Wet Vapour Range SOLKANE® 134a pharma [19] [US/UK Units]
Fig. 13: Vapour pressure of SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma [19] including a 50:50 blend depending on temperature in compar-son to CFC blends (CFC 11/12 as 40:60 and CFC 11/12/114 as 18:22:60) [20]
Vapour Pressure in psia
t p rho´ rho´´ v´ v´´ h´ h´´ r s´ s´´ [°F] [psia] [lb/ft3] [lb/ft3] [ft3/lb] [ft3/lb] [Btu/lb] [Btu/lb] [Btu/lb] [Btu/R·lb] [Btu/R·lb]
–76 2.32 92.08 0.06 0.0109 17.224 52.96 155.39 102.43 0.1639 0.4305 –67 3.19 91.21 0.08 0.0110 12.814 55.68 156.75 101.07 0.1705 0.4279 –58 4.21 90.34 0.10 0.0111 9.708 58.37 158.11 99.74 0.1771 0.4256 –49 5.66 89.46 0.13 0.0112 7.450 61.05 159.47 98.42 0.1836 0.4236 –40 7.40 88.53 0.17 0.0113 5.783 63.73 160.83 97.10 0.1900 0.4217 –31 9.57 87.65 0.22 0.0114 4.551 66.42 162.18 95.76 0.1964 0.4201 –22 12.18 86.72 0.28 0.0115 3.616 69.13 163.53 94.40 0.2027 0.4186 –13 15.37 85.78 0.34 0.0117 2.907 71.87 164.87 93.00 0.2089 0.4173 –4 19.29 84.84 0.42 0.0118 2.359 74.63 166.20 91.57 0.2151 0.4161 5 23.79 83.84 0.52 0.0119 1.932 77.43 167.51 90.09 0.2212 0.4151 14 29.15 82.84 0.63 0.0121 1.594 80.25 168.81 88.56 0.2272 0.4142 23 35.24 81.85 0.75 0.0122 1.326 83.11 170.09 86.98 0.2331 0.4134 32 42.50 80.85 0.90 0.0124 1.110 86.00 171.35 85.35 0.2390 0.4127 41 50.76 79.79 1.07 0.0125 0.935 88.92 172.59 83.67 0.2448 0.4121 50 60.19 78.72 1.26 0.0127 0.792 91.87 173.80 81.93 0.2506 0.4115 59 70.78 77.60 1.48 0.0129 0.674 94.85 174.98 80.13 0.2563 0.4110 68 82.96 76.48 1.73 0.0131 0.577 97.86 176.13 78.27 0.2619 0.4105 77 96.45 75.29 2.02 0.0133 0.495 100.91 177.25 76.34 0.2676 0.4101 86 111.68 74.10 2.34 0.0135 0.427 103.99 178.32 74.33 0.2732 0.4097 95 128.65 72.86 2.71 0.0137 0.369 107.10 179.34 72.24 0.2787 0.4093 104 147.51 71.54 3.13 0.0140 0.320 110.26 180.31 70.05 0.2843 0.4089 113 168.25 70.23 3.60 0.0142 0.278 113.48 181.22 67.74 0.2900 0.4085 122 191.16 68.80 4.13 0.0145 0.242 116.75 182.05 65.30 0.2956 0.4080 131 216.40 67.30 4.75 0.0149 0.211 120.11 182.80 62.69 0.3013 0.4075 140 243.96 65.74 5.45 0.0152 0.184 123.55 183.45 59.90 0.3070 0.4069 149 274.13 64.05 6.26 0.0156 0.160 127.11 183.97 56.86 0.3128 0.4062 158 307.05 62.18 7.21 0.0161 0.139 130.80 184.34 53.54 0.3188 0.4053
Solvay Special Chemicals20 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Fig. 14: Dynamic viscosity of liquid SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma depending on temperature [19]
Fig. 15: Surface tension of SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma depending on temperature [19]
Viscosity in mPa·s
Surface Tension in mN/m2
Solvay Special Chemicals 21Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Solubility Values
Solubility Characteristics
Solubility Parameters / Characteristics
Dipole Momentmeasuredvalueliquidphase debye 0.93[14] 2.058[26]
Dipole Momentcalculatedvaluegasphase[14] debye 1.46 n.d.
Octanol-Water-Coefficient [20] logPow 2.05 1.06
Kauri-Butanol-Index 13[21] 9.2[27]
Solubility Parametercalculatedvalue[19] 5.4 6.8
Solubility in SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma
Water [21] at20°C,68°F ppm 58 193
Octanol [21] at20°C,68°F ppm 5.070 2.140
Solubility in HFA 227 and HFA 134a of
Oxygen [22] atatmosphericconditions: g/kg approx.0.08 approx.0.10 at25°C(77°F),inliquidphase
Nitrogen [23] atatmosphericconditions: g/kg 0.55 0.15 at25°C(77°F),inliquidphase
Water [21] Measured values at 25 °C in liquid phase g/kg 0.61 2.20
Experimental results in liquid phase at 25 °C [24] g/kg n.d. 1.21
Ethanol [21] Miscible Miscible
Silicone Oil [25] highviscosityoil(V1000) ppm(wt.) 149 317
Silicone Oil [25] lowviscosityoil(V300) ppm(wt.) 585 505
Solvay Special Chemicals22 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
There is a notable difference in water solu-bility between HFA 227 and HFA 134a. As shown in Fig. 17, the moisture uptake of HFA 134a is six times higher compared to HFA 227 (measured values) due to its high-er polarity. Therefore HFA 227 is preferred for formulations which might change due to water uptake during the MDI shelf life,
e.g. for drugs such as sodium cromogly-cate, cromoglycic acid, nedocromil so-dium, nedocromil, ipratropium bromide, salbutamol sulfate, terbutaline hemisul-fate or formoterol. In general, the HFAs are more polar than CFCs and thus more hygroscopic.
Fig. 16: Illustration of the experimental results for water solubility in HFA 134a in liquid phase [23, 17]
3
17
Water Solubility in HFA 134a
Dipole Moments [20]
HFA 134a 2.06
H2O 1.85
Ethanol 1.68
HFA 227 1.46;(0,93)[14]
CFC114 0.66
CFC12 0.51
CFC11 0.45
Solubility of Water
Solvay Special Chemicals 23Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Sources of Moisture Uptake in MDIs:
Due to partial pressure differences inside and outside of the MDI, moisture uptake takes place by diffusion.
Possible Effects of Moisture Uptake:
Improves solubility of polar substances in the propellants
Reduces the solubility of lipophile, hydrophobic substances
Increases probability that sensitive substances become oxidised during shelf live
Increases the corrosion risk of aluminium cans over the shelf life
Agglomeration of suspended drug substances
Influences the discharge behaviour of the active substances
Moisture Uptake
SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma Adsorption Number Q Adsorption Number Q Oxygen**Experimentalresultsconvertedto g/kg approx.0.08 approx.0.10atmosphericconditions*intheliquidphase[22]
Experimentalresultsconvertedtothe g/kg approx.0.36[22] approx.0.70[22]conditions:partialpressureofO2=1.0bar, g/kg 0.21[20] 0.34[20]temperature25°Cintheliquidphase
Nitrogen**Experimentalresultsconvertedbylinear g/kg n.d. 0.51[23]fittingtotheatmosphericconditions* g/kg 0.55[20] 0.15[20](seeillustrationbelow)
Experimentalresultsattheconditions: g/kg n.d. 0.63[23]partialpressureofN2=1.0bar, g/kg 0.69[20] 0.19[20]temperature25°C
* Atmospheric conditions: 25 °C, 1 bar, partial pressure of O2 = 0.2 bar, partial pressure of N2 = 0.8 bar** All values are indicative values due to dependence on the filling factor (different distribution and equilibrium in gaseous and liquid phase)
Solubility of Oxygen and Nitrogen
Fig. 17: Solubility of water in HFAs compared to CFCs
Solvay Special Chemicals24 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Fig. 19/20: Typical content of oxygen and nitrogen in SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma
Solubility of Oxygen
During the manufacture of MDIs (metered dose inhalers), organic molecules (for ex-ample active substances e.g. sodium cro-moglycate), tensides (e.g. oleic acid) and solubilisers (e.g. ethanol) are suspended or solubilised in HFA 227 and /or HFA 134a. Because organic molecules can be oxi-dised by oxygen, it is important for the manufacture of MDIs to know the solubil-ity of oxygen in the propellant being used (such as SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOL-KANE® 134a pharma).
Gases like oxygen and nitrogen always form equilibria with pressurised lique-fied gases in the gas phase and the liq-uid phase. These equilibria depend on temperature, filling factor and total pres-sure. Therefore, the figures show precisely determined values but only for one tem-perature, one filling factor and a specific amount of gas. The most important result is that there is a big difference between the oxygen and nitrogen content in the gas phase compared to the liquid phase.
Fig. 18: Illustration of experimental results for solubility of N2 in SOLKANE® 134a pharma at 25 °C as a function of the partial pressure of nitrogen [23]
Solubility of Nitrogen in HFA 134a
Solvay Special Chemicals 25Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Fig. 21: Illustration of experimental results: pressure versus mixture curve of HFA 227 and HFA 134a with ethanol 99.8 % [wt.]
Influence of Ethanol on HFA 227 and HFA 134a
Fig. 22: Density of HFA 227 and HFA 134a in mixtures with ethanol 99.8 % at 20 °C and 50 °C
[% by w]70
30
80
20
90
10
100
0
Density [kg/l]1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
Ethanol
HFA 227HFA 134a
HFA 227/Ethanol at 50 °C (122 °F)HFA 227/Ethanol at 20 °C (68 °F)
HFA 134a/Ethanol at 50 °C (122 °F)HFA 134a/Ethanol at 20 °C (68 °F)
[% by w]
Ethanol is widely used as an exipient in pharmaceutical formulations for MDIs because of its miscibility with the HFA pro-pellant and the positive influence on the solubility of organic molecules due to the higher polarity. The addition of ethanol in-creases the polar / hydrophobic character-istics of a formulation.
However the addition of ethanol also in-creases the moisture uptake capacity of the MDI formulation which might have an impact on the shelf life.
Furthermore, in the case of HFA 134a the addition of ethanol slightly reduces the pressure of the propellant. Adding ethanol
to a formulation also reduces the density of the mixture.
The pressure versus mixture curves (Fig. 21) were derived from measured data (Hoechst 90/91).
Solvay Special Chemicals26 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
The material compatibility is tested to determine the specifications for materi-als suitable for the manufacture of phar-maceutical aerosols (e.g. composition of seals, metering chambers, gaskets, seats or stems).
Aspects analysed include changes in weight, volume, length, width, shore hard-ness, appearance (e.g. bubble formation), permeability of water and amount of ex-tractables.
HFA 227 HFA 227 and HFA 134a HFA 134a
Sealing CR,NBR,NR, PTFE(6),IRR HNBR,Material EPDM(5), POM,PET
PVC(6),PCTFE(6), PA(6),PBT(6),PP(6)
General NBR,IRR,POM PTFE,PCTFE, HNBRUse PBT,PA,CR,NR
Partly HNBR(4) FPM(1),PE(3) NBR(2),EPDM(2)
Use
Classification of Materials for Use in MDIs
(1) Strong swelling behaviour and presence of bubbles(2) Permeability of water(3) Bubble formation on material surface(4) Strong swelling
(5) Recommended in the absence of mineral oil or alkyl benzene(6) If technical specification designs allow, e.g. PTFE used in connection with metal joints
Chemical Behaviour
Fig. 23: Extractables from plastics: 1.) Polyethylene (PE), 2.) Polyamide 6.6 (PA), 3.) Polyacetal (POM), 4.) Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), and 5.) Polypropylene (PP) after immersion in HFA 227/ 5 wt % EtOH and HFA 134a / 5 wt % EtOH for 500 h at 80 °C; Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) produced zero extractables
Fig. 24: Extractables from elastomers 7.) Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), 8.) Ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) and 9.) Chloroprene rubber (CR) after immersion in HFA 227/ 5 wt % EtOH and HFA 134a / 5 wt % EtOH for 500 h at 80 °C
Material Compatibility
Solvay Special Chemicals 27Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma
1. Metals/Valves/Fittings/Vessels/Cans HFA227andHFA134aarecompatiblewithmildsteel,stainless steel,CuBe2membranes,brassandaluminium,blacksheetiron, copperandgalvanisedsheetmetalwhenthepresenceofwater canbeexcluded.Watercontentmightleadtoanincreasein corrosion,withtheexceptionof1.4551V2A–steel.
MaterialISO1629 ChemicalTradename Compability Compability Abbr.
2. Elastomers 1
Chlorobutadienerubber CR Neoprene® + +
Hydrated HNBR Perbunan® + + acrylonitrilene- Bayprene® butadienerubber Tomac®
Naturalrubber NR Dynaprene® + +
Butylrubber IIR Europrene® + +
Fluorinatedrubber FPM Viton®,Fluorel®, – – Tecnoflon®
Acrylonitrile- NBR Perbunan®N + + butadienerubber Krynal®,Hycar®, Chemigum®
Ethylene- EPDM Nordel® + + propylenedienerubber
3. Plastics
Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE Hostaflon®TFM, + + Algoflon®
Highdensity HDPE Alathon®,Eltex® o o polyethylene
Polyacetal POM Hostaform® C9021 + +
Polyphenylenesulfide PPS Fortron®,Rylon® * +
Liquidcrystalpolymers LCP Vectra® * +
Polyesterfibre PET Trevira®, * + Hostaplast®, Hostaphan®
Polyvinylchloride PVC Hostalit®,Solvin® + +
Polychlorotrifluoro PCTFE + + ethylene
Polyamide PA Isonamid® + +
Polybutylene- PBT Celanex®X5002, + + terephtalate Valox®,Arnite®
Polypropylene PP Adell®,A-Fax®, + + EltexP®, Hostalen®
Polystyrene PS Styron® * o
1AccordingtoASTMD1418-01 +compatible /oborderline /– incompatible /*no information, tests required
Evaluation Criteria for Material Compatibility
There is a large range of elastomers and plastics on the market with different trade names which are made of similar raw ma-terials and which are only distinguished by
certain additives. These additives may af-fect the thermal and mechanical stability, the swelling properties, as well as the resis-tance to aging of elastomers and plastics.
When assessing complete systems, it is necessary to include the compability char-acteristics of the drug formulation.
Solvay Special Chemicals28 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Toxicological Profiles
HFA 227 is a colourless gas with an ethe-real odor at ambient temperature. If has a very low acute toxicity. No deaths occurred when rats and mice were exposed by in-halation once to 300,000 and 500,000 ppm respectively. Signs of narcosis were observed from 100,000 ppm.
HFA 227 released into the eyes of rabbits did not induce any sign of irritation. Long term exposure of the airways of different test species (rats, dogs) at experimentally high concentrations of HFA 227 caused no
irritation nor any untoward effect on the integrity of the respiratory tract function.
HFA 227 can induce cardiac sensitisation in dogs at concentrations from 100,000 ppm (10% v/v) and higher after an exogenous epinephrine challenge.
In long term studies in which rats and dogs were exposed via inhalation to HFA 227 at concentrations up to 240,000 ppm (1 hour per day for 6 months), no treatment related effects of toxicological significance were observed.
Toxicity Test HFA 227
Recommendedworkplaceguidevalue[10] 1,000ml/m3
AcuteinhalationtoxicityLC50* 800,000ppm[28]
CardiacsensitisationLOAEL** 100,000ppm[28]
Effectson:pulse,bloodpressure,ECG, Noadverseeffectsafterexposurelungfunction[29]inhumanvolunteers levelsupto8,000ppm
Reversemutationassay Non-mutagenic
Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogenic
Teratogenicity Non-teratogenic
Irritationofeyes,rabbit[10] Nonirritant
Degradation Bio-transformedatverylowrates tohexafluoroacetonetrihydrate[30]
* LC50, lethal concentration for 50 % of the population of rats, 4h exposure** LOAEL: Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level
Toxicological Profile of HFA 227
Solvay Special Chemicals 29Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
In several fertility studies in male and fe-male rats in which animals were exposed for 1 to 6 hours per day to HFA 227 concentrations up to 150,000 ppm, no effects of toxicological signifi-cance were observed when mea-sured on the fertility and pregnancy index. Concentrations of up to 150,000 ppm HFA 227 had no embryotoxic nor fetotoxic effects in rats or rabbits. Similar concentrations had no significant effect on the development and behaviour of the off-spring of exposed rats.
Different in vitro and in vivo mutagenic-ity tests were performed with HFA 227. No geneotoxic potential was observed. The in vitro chromosomal aberration test per-formed on human lymphocytes showed effects that were considered to be related to oxygen deprivation in the test system.
When rats and mice were exposed by in-halation to concentrations of 0, 60,000, 120,000 and 240,000 ppm for 2 years at a regimen of 1 hour per day, no increased incidence of benign or malign neoplasms were observed when compared to con-trols.
Some alveolar histiocytosis was observed in the lungs of rats exposed to high doses of HFA 227. In view of its normal incidence
in this strain of animals and its only very slightly increased severity compared to controls, this effect was considered of no biological significance.
In human volunteers exposed to concen-trations up to 8,000 ppm for one hour, no treatment related effects on cardiac per-formance, pulse rate, blood pressure and lung function were observed when com-pared to air control and CFC-12 reference conditions.
Pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that blood levels of HFA 227 increased in an ex-posure related pattern. In males, blood lev-els were higher than in females.
HFA 227 showed a biphasic elimination from the body after exposure. (mean T1/2: approx. 6.5 minutes and 44.5 minutes). These values appeared to be independent of the exposure concentration.
Acute toxicity to aquatic organisms is very low (LC0 fish = or > 30 mg/l; EC0 bacte-rial activity = or > 173 mg/l). Although no significant biodegradation has been ob-served, the high volatility and low bio-ac-cumulation potency makes any impact of heptafluoropropane on the aquatic envi-ronment highly unlikely.
Solvay Special Chemicals30 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
* LC50, lethal concentration for 50 % of the population of rats, 4h exposure** LOAEL: Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level
HFA 134a is a non-flammable, colourless gas with a faint ethereal odor.
HFA 134a has a very low order of acute toxicity. Concentrations over 700,000 ppm in inhaled air are required to produce le-thal effects. The symptoms of acute intoxi-cation are characterised by central nervous system effects due to narcotic properties seen only at extremely high exposure con-centrations.
When HFA 134a is in contact with cu-taneous or ocular mucosal membranes
it causes slight irritation possibly due to evaporation. It does not sensitise the skin.
HFA 134a can induce cardiac sensitisation in dogs at levels of 80,000 ppm (8% v/v) and higher following exogenous epineph-rine challenge.
The chronic toxicity of HFA 134a was stud-ied in rats at inhalation exposure levels up to 50,000 ppm. No significant toxicologi-cal effects were observed in these studies.
HFA 134a showed no adverse effects on
Toxicological Profile of HFA 134a
Toxicity Test HFA 134a
Recommendedworkplaceguidevalue[8] 1,000ml/m3
AcuteinhalationtoxicityLC50* 500,000ppm[31]
CardiacsensitisationLOAEL** 80,000ppm[32]
Effectson:pulse,bloodpressure,ECG, Noadverseeffectsafterexposurelungfunction[29]inhumanvolunteers levelsupto8,000ppm
Reversemutationassay Non-mutagenic
Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogenic
Teratogenicity Non-teratogenic
Irritationofeyes,rabbit[10] Slightlyirritant
Degradation Degradationintroposphereto trifluoroacetic,formicand hydrofluoricacidandcarbon dioxide[29]
Solvay Special Chemicals 31Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
fertility in mice. It was not teratogenic in rats or rabbits. Only non-specific effects on fetal maturation, in the form of delayed fetal ossification in rats were observed at 50,000 ppm and above.
HFA 134a was not genotoxic in vitro or in vivo as shown in a large variety of studies, including all important end points.
In a limited study in rats involving daily oral administration of 300 mg / kg body weight HFA 134a dissolved in corn oil over a pe-riod of 1 year, and a 16 month post-treat-ment observation phase, no tumorigenic effects were seen.
In a two year inhalation study with expo-sures up to 50,000 ppm, HFA 134a only produced some benign changes in the tes-tes of rats exposed to the highest concen-trations. These changes are considered of limited relevance to humans.
In human volunteers exposed to concen-trations up to 8,000 ppm for one hour, no treatment related effects on cardiac per-formance, pulse rate, blood pressure and lung function were observed when com-pared to air control and CFC-12 reference conditions.
Pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that blood levels of HFA 134a increased in an exposure related pattern. In males, blood levels were higher than in females. HFA 134a showed biphasic elimination from the body after the end of exposure. (T1/2: approx. 10 minutes and 43 min-utes). These values appeared to be inde-pendent of the exposure concentration.
Acute toxicity to aquatic organisms is very low. Although no significant biodegrada-tion has been observed, the high volatility and low bio-accumulation potency makes any impact on the aquatic environment highly unlikely.
Solvay Special Chemicals32 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOL-KANE® 134a pharma are liquefied com-pressed gases.
According to pressure vessel regulations, compressed gases are substances whose vapour pressure at 50 °C is above 3 bar. In line with the regulations governing pres-sure vessels, these may only be transferred to approved and labelled gas-tight gas cyl-inders or containers.
Recommended Safety Procedure
HFA 227 and HFA 134a are non-flamma-ble gases. But, wherever they are handled, there must be no open flames or heat sources (e.g. hot metallic surfaces) or reac-tive products. The propellants can decom-pose and the decomposition products are corrosive, irritate the mucous membranes and are poisonous when inhaled.
The decomposition compound, hydrogen fluoride, is highly toxic. However, it is easily recognised by its odor. Even small amounts, below the danger limit for humans, are noticeable in the ambient air. Also, the de-composition product vapours should be prevented from contacting hot spots and electric arcs (welding). Containers that have been exposed to fire should not be approached until sufficiently cooled (e.g. by large quantities of water).
HFA 227 and HFA 134a should only be used with the equipment and materials which are compatible with the products. Contact with alkaline and alkaline-earth metals may provoke violent reactions or explosions.
Storage and work areas must be well ven-tilated. In particular, ventilation must be effective at ground level because the pro-
pellant vapour is heavier than air and dis-places available oxygen.
Instructions
Safety Instructions
Recommended Working Conditions
When inhaled at high concentrations (for inhalation limits see page 28), there is a danger of narcosis, cardiac arrhythmia or asphyxia through lack of oxygen. There-fore, all products should be handled in a ventilated, cool area. An important pre-condition is strict adherence to the thresh-old limit value (TLV).
Respiratory Protection:
Minimal need if the local exhaust ven-tilation is adequate
Self-contained breathing apparatus should be used when insufficient oxygen is present (large uncontrolled emissions) and in all circumstances when the mask and cartridge do not give adequate protection
Use only respiratory protection that conforms to international and/or na-tional standards
HFA 227 and HFA 134a as vapours have little or no effect on the skin or eyes. To avoid the cold irritation and frostbite from exposure to the liquid propellants, certain precautions have to be followed during handling. Skin frequently exposed to the propellant can become dry and chapped and there is a risk of developing chronic dermatitis.
Severe eye irritation, watering, redness and swelling of the eyelids, burns (frost-bite) can occur as a result of contact with liquefied propellant.
Solvay Special Chemicals 33Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Skin Protection:
Handle only with impervious apron/ boots if there is a risk of splashing
Gloves, overalls and boots should be double layered (protection against cold)
Hand Protection:
Protective gloves (recommended material for HFA 227 and HFA 134a is polyvinylalcohol)
Eye Protection:
Wear protective goggles for all industrial operations
If risk of splashing: chemical-proof goggles/face shield are required
Flammability
HFA 227 and HFA 134a are non-flamma-ble gases and do not form explosive mix-tures with air at any mixing ratio under ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. However, all propellants contain-ing hydrogen may form explosive mixtures with air under certain conditions.
HFA 134a vapour may form explosive mix-tures with air under increased pressure. At atmospheric pressure, an HFA 134a phar-ma vapour/air mixture is not explosive at temperatures below 280 °C [33]. The pres-sure limit for the formation of explosive mixtures in air is dependent on the tem-perature.
During leak detection or pressure testing, compressed gas must never be used with propellants which contain hydrogen.
SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Hydrogen fluoride, fluorophosgene (HFA 227), carbon monoxide (HFA 134a)
Packaging Material: Ordinary steel, aluminium
Flammability Limits in Air at Normal Conditions: None
Solvay Special Chemicals34 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
SOLKANE® 227 pharma (HFA 227) and SOLKANE® 134a pharma (HFA 134a) are liquefied compressed gases.
According to pressure vessel regulations, compressed gases are substances whose vapour pressure at 50 °C is above 3 bar. In line with the regulations governing pressure vessels these may only be trans-ferred to approved and labelled gas-tight gas cylinders or containers. HFA 227 and HFA 134a are non-flammable gases. But, wherever they are handled, there must be no open flames or heat sources (e.g. hot metallic surfaces) or reactive products.
An important precondition is strict adher-ence to the threshold limit value (TLV).
Handling
Be sure to close all cylinder valves when not in use. The valves of empty cylinders should also be closed.
Ensure that gas cylinders are transported so that they do not tip, fall or roll. Gas cyl-inders should be secured to the cylinder trucks or carts. Regulators should be re-moved and valve protection caps should be secured in place before moving cylin-ders.
Also, cylinder valves should be closed be-fore moving cylinders.
Appropriate lifting devices, such as cradles or nets, must be used when using a crane, hoist or derrick to transport gas cylinders. Do not use magnets or slings to lift gas cylinders. Do not use the valve protection cap to lift a gas cylinder.
It is necessary to take precautions to pre-vent gas cylinders being dropped or strik-ing each other or other objects. Dropping or striking may damage the cylinder valve, which could turn the cylinder into a dan-gerous torpedo with the potential to de-stroy property and / or injure personnel.
Handling and Storage Instructions
Storage
Gas cylinders should be properly secured at all times to prevent tipping, falling or rolling. They can be secured with straps or chains connected to a wall bracket or other fixed surface, or by using a cylinder stand. Store cylinders in a cool, dry, well-ventilated, fire-resistant area in accordance with local regulations.
A cylinder storage area should be located in an area where the cylinders will not be knocked over or damaged by falling ob-jects. When a cylinder is not being used, the valve should be closed and the valve protector secured in place.
Inspection
Gas cylinders should be visually inspected to ensure that they are in a safe condition. If necessary, a cylinder can be tested ultra-sonically for hidden defects. Leaking regu-lators, cylinder valves or other equipment should be taken out of service. A cylinder’s contents should be identified at all times. Cylinder status should also be identified; for example, whether the cylinder is full, empty or in service.
Emptying
The safest and best way to empty larger amounts of HFAs from a container, e.g. one tonne cylinder, is to use an oil-free pump.
MSDS
Consult the appropriate MSDS for de-tailed information on the chemical con-tained in the gas cylinder. Specific chemi-cal handling and storage precautions will be outlined in the MSDS. The MSDS will also have specifications for appropriate personal protective equipment for worker protection. [31]
Solvay Special Chemicals 35Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Fig. 25: 900 l container on a steel palette ready for transport
Packaging
Supply of SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma
Global deliveries of SOLKANE 227 phar-ma grades and SOLKANE 134a pharma grades take place using dedicated ISO tank containers in quantities of 15,000 to 19,000 kg. Both SOLKANE pharma quali-ties are also available in 10 l, 60 l or 900 l steel cylinders. All our cylinders have an additional safety device, which prevents the cylinders from accidental backflow of the material.
Applied Tests
All Solvay Fluor GmbH pressure containers (steel cylinders, ISO containers) are tested by the local authority before they are re-leased for use. Steel cylinders have to be re-certified every ten years.
Container Closure System
Solvay Special Chemicals36 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Unit
SOLKANE® 227 pharma kg/lb 12/26 70/154 1,050/2,314
SOLKANE® 134a pharma kg/lb 10/22 60/132 900/1,984
Capacity approx. l 10 61 910
Height incl. protection cap approx. cm 100 106 –
Height excl. protection cap approx. cm 81 92.5 –
Length approx. cm – – 223
Diameter across beads approx. cm 14 32 86
Tare weight approx. kg 13 30 500–550
Test pressure bar(abs) 300 43 44
SOLKANE® 227 pharma SOLKANE® 134a pharma
Chemical Name 1,1,1,2,3,3,3,- 1,1,1,2- Heptafluoropropane Tetrafluoroethane
Chemical Formula CF3–CFH–CF3 CF3–CH2F
CAS-No. 431-89-0 811-97-2
EG-No. (EINSEC) 207-079-2 212-377-0
UN No. 3296 3159
Hazardous good Label Compressedgas,non-flammable, Compressedgas,non-flammable Class2,Figure2 Class2,Figure2
GHS-Label Gascylinder,GHS04 Gascylinder,GHS04
Classification and Transport Information
Returnable Cylinders
ISO Tank Containers
ISO Tank Container
SOLKANE® 227 pharma: approx. 17,000 kg/37,478 lb
SOLKANE® 134a pharma: approx. 16,500 kg/36,333 lb
Solvay Special Chemicals 37Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Cylinders for SOLKANE® 227 pharma or SOL-KANE® 134a pharma are equipped with a Y-valve including a dip tube for product withdrawal as vapour or liquid depending on the side adapter used (Connector No. 6, according to DIN 477).
The valves, connectors and fittings used with HFA 227 or HFA 134a should be manufactured in brass or stainless steel. Seals and gaskets are tested as described on pages 20 / 27.
Fig. 28: Arta® coupling for bulk off-loading
Fig. 26: Y-Valve adapter (red) liquid phase Fig. 27: Y-Valve adapter (blue) vapour phase
Possible Side Adapters depending on the Standards:
Cylinder Valves
meeting the DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normen) Standard DIN 477 Part 1; connector No. 6, thread size W 21.8 x 1/14”, side adapter A, valve screw in hole 28.8 or 19.8
meeting the CGA (Compressed Gas Association) Standard; connector CGA No. 660, thread size 1.030”, 14 threads per inch, right handed external thread
meeting the BS (British Standard) BS 341 No. 6 (BS6); thread size G 5/8”, right handed external thread
900 l Cylinder Cylinder Valves
meeting the DIN Standard DIN 4676; thread size W 11⁄4”, 31.8 ° 7
Adapter for ISO Container:
Leakage-free dry Arta® coupling system, sterile connection elements are used, male and female, material 1.4435 electropolished, available in the following nominal diameters: DN 25, DN 40, DN 50, DN 80, DN 100, DN 150
International Standards for Valves, Connectors and Adapters
The adapters listed below are suitable for both SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma
Solvay Special Chemicals38 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Planning, Installation and Maintenance of Storage Tank Farms for SOLKANE®
Our technical service has been active since 1963. It has installed approx. 1,500 tank plants, 50 small tank plants and 3,000 MTC facilities. Support has been provided during around 5,000 technical inspector-ate tests. Vessels up to 100 m3 volume can be installed.
Full Service
Consulting Information exchange with clients on site and via other communications tools
Targets Economical solutions compliant with standards and regulations
Tank Farm Planning and Construction Sourcing of component, erection and foundation drawings, enquiries, procurement, forwarding, installation in consultation with the client, final check, documentation
Assistance During Technical Approval Tank evacuation, opening, measuring oxygen concentration, support of-ficials, closing, leak testing, refilling, commissioning: without product loss-es and environmental contamination
Conversion Converting existing tanks to new SOLKANE types
Pipe Installation Expanding, modifying, repairing, installing new fittings
Emptying / Disposal, Shut Down During shut down: disposal of residual volumes with certificates in coopera-tion with our partner company
Spare part storage Forwarding of spare parts from stock, procurement of equipment like pumps, valves and fitting
Operations Assistance Fast rectification of operational dif-ficulties, minimization of shut down periods
Fig. 30: SOLKANE storage tank farm in the Frankfurt works, planned and installed by ITA
Fig. 29: By ITA projected storage facility at costumer site
Technical Service ITA
Solvay Special Chemicals 39Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Chemical manufacturers have a duty to minimise any health, safety and environ-mental risks related to their products. At the same time, they must meet the needs of their customers and the public for safely usable and environmentally compatible products. In the framework of the Respon-sible Care initiative, the concept of Prod-uct Stewardship has become an important building block in the attainment of sus-tainable development. [34]
Environmental Protection
The commitments of Solvay Fluor und De-rivate GmbH to protect people and the en-vironment are demonstrated in many prac-tical ways by SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma.
Environmental consulting includes re-sponding to questions from customers and the public directed to Solvay Fluor und De-rivate as the producer of SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma.
Recovery/Reclamation
Recovery is performed when a system re-quires maintenance. There are several re-covery devices on the market. These devic-es contain a compressor and a condenser, and may be used for liquid and vapour re-covery.
The pharmaceutical propellants are includ-ed in a reclamation programme, however, reclaimed propellants can never be reused in pharmaceutical products or manufac-ture.
Recycling
The producer guarantees to take back and reutilize used single compo-nent propellants, commercial blends and mixtures of different propel-lants. The procedure is called second-ary recycling and enables valuable raw materials for the chemical industry (hy-drofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid) to be reprocessed from either CFC, HCFC or HFC propellants by thermal decomposi-tion. These substances are reused as raw
materials in chemical production or other applications.
Propellants containing active pharmaceu-tical ingredients undergo secondary recy-cling.
The decomposition products are reused in other processes. Solid wastes for landfill disposal and toxic waste gases are avoid-ed. At the heart of the process, an H2/O2 flame with a temperature of 2,000 °C thermally decomposes CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs. The degree of separation under the given conditions was found to be greater than 99.99 %. Using O2 instead of air to feed the flame avoids forming additional nitrous oxides. [35]
Fig. 31: Reprocessing of HF and HCl from CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs by thermal decomposition
Product Stewardship
Solvay Special Chemicals40 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Solvay Special Chemicals
Solvay Special Chemicals is active in a range of markets: Energy Conservation and Storage, Semicon/Electronics, Agro & Food, and Performance Materials. It is a world leader in Fluorine Chemistry and maintains this position through innova-tion, utilising its distinct knowledge for high-end applications such as heat ex-changers and Li-ion batteries. The GBU has a global presence: more than 35 sites, HQ in Seoul and 2,300 employees spread across four continents.
Professional Fluorochemistry
Solvay Fluor stands for a professional team of experienced chemists and a sales staff committed to taking on any chal-lenge and to solving problems in close co-operation with our clients. With our state-of-the-art application technologies we offer a full range of fluorochemicals, using fluorspar produced in-house. In line with our commitment to managing challenges we further focus our Fluor business on high value-added specialty products to bring value to our customers.
Solvay – The Specialists for Fluorides
Fig. 32 Plant Frankfurt, Germany
Solvay Special Chemicals 41Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
Product range of fluorine compounds
Product Range Hydrofluoroalkanes SOLKANE® 227 pharma
SOLKANE® 134a pharma
SOLKAFLAM® 125
SOLKAFLAM® 227
SOLKANE® 125
SOLKANE® 134a
SOLKANE® 143a
SOLKANE® 227 tech
SOLKANE® 365/227
SOLKANE® 365mfc
SOLKANE® 404A
SOLKANE® 407C
SOLKANE® 410
SOLKANE® 507
SOLKANE® 22L
SOLKANE® 22M
SOLKANE® 141b
SOLKANE® 142b
SOLKATHERM® SES36
SOLVOKANE®
SOLVOKANE® S
SOLVOKANE® E1.5
Brominated Polyols IXOL® B251
IXOL® M125
HF and Inorganic Fluorides Ammonium hydrogenfluoride
Barium fluoride
Calcium fluoride
Cryolite, synth powder
Fluoroboric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen fluoride
Lithium cryolite
Potassium cryolite
Potassium fluoroaluminate
Potassium fluoride solution
Potassium fluoroborate
Potassium hydrogenfluoride
Sodium hydrogenfluoride
Aluminium Brazing Fluxes
NOCOLOK® Flux
NOCOLOK® CB Flux
NOCOLOK® Cs Flux
NOCOLOK® Sil Flux
NOCOLOK® Zn Flux
NOCOLOK® Flux Drystatic
NOCOLOK® Li Flux
NOCOLOK® Li Flux Drystatic
NOCOLOK® Binder
NOCOLOK® System Binder
NOCOLOK® Flux-binder mixture
NOCOLOK® Thickener
Cesium fluoroaluminates
Potassium fluoroaluminates
ANTAROX BL-225
NOCOLOK® Ultra Flux Paste
NOCOLOK® Braze Paste
Fluorine Specialties Carbonyl difluoride COF2
Elemental Fluorine (F2)
Elemental Fluorine (F2), electronic grade
Iodine pentafluoride (IF5)
SIFREN® 46, electronic grade
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6)
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6), electronic grade
Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries Monofluoroethylene carbonate (F1EC)
Organic Intermediates CF3 Molecules:
4-Ethoxy-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-buten-2-one (ETFBO)
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)
Trifluoroacetylchloride (TFAC)
Trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAH)
Trifluoroacetic acid ethylester (TFAEt)
1,1,1-Trifluoroacetone (TFK)
Trifluoroacetic acid methylester (TFAMe)
Trifluoroacetic acid isopropylester (TFAiP)
CF2 Molecules:
1H-Pyrazole-4-carboxylic- 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-ethylester (DFMMP)
Solvay Special Chemicals42 Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
[1] CPMP Result of the Co-ordinated Review of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane HFA 134a Meeting of 12-13 July 1994; Brussels, 13 July, 1994
[2] CPMP/503/95 CPMP Results of the Co-ordinated Review of 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane (HFA 227); London, 13 September, 1995
[3] FDA CDER October 1998 Draft Guidance for Industry - Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) and Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) Products - Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Documentation, November 05, 1998
[4] CPMP Results of the Co-ordinated Review Glaxo Inhalation Grade 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane HFA 134a, Meeting of 10-19 October 1994; Brussels, 19 October 1994
[5] CPMP / 391 / 97 Consolidation of CPMP Reviews of Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbon Propellants; London 7th May 1997
[6] Final Assessment Report Part III on SOLKANE® 227 pharma (HFA 227), Federal Institute for Drugs and Medicinal Devices, (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte; BfArM), Berlin, Germany, 4 December, 1998
[7] C.G. Thiel, United States Pharmacopeia; “Proposed NF Monograph for Tetrafluoroethane (HFA 134a)”;Proceedings Respiratory Drug Delivery (RDD) VIII, 2002, 635 - 638
[8] EDQM monograph No. 2257
[9] Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Report, 2000
[10] Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH, Material Safety Data Sheet
[11] W. Scholten, Damptafel für Tetra-fluoroethan, Hoechst AG, R&D Chemicals
[12] G. Ernst, H. Wirbser, G. Bräuning, Hoechst AG, R&D Chemicals
[13] T. Barao et al., Dielec. Constant, Dielectric Virial Coefficients, and Dipole Moments of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 40 (1995); data converted to the required temperatures by Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH, Hannover, Germany
[14] Schenk, Neubert, Kältemittel, Messung des Dipolmoments von H-FKW 227, Institut für Luft- und Kältetechnik, Dresden, 3.1.1991
[15] C. M. Invernizzi, Universita’ degli Studi di Brescia, Itally
[16] L. Calderazzi, P. Colonna di Paliano, Thermal Stability of R-134a, R-141b, R-13I1, R-7146, R-125 Associated with Stainless Steel as a Containing Material, International Journal of Refrigeration, 1997, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 381-389
[17] R. C. Downing, Fluorocarbon Refrige-rants Handbook, 1998, p. 89-91
[18] M. Pittroff, Determination of the Refractive Index of SOLKANE® 227 phar-ma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma, Drug Delivery to the Lungs XI, London 11.12.00 p. 147 -149
[19] Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH, Technical Data Program, Version 3.2
[20] REFPROP 6.0* (*REFPROP: Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Refrigerants and Refrigerant Mixtures, NIST Standard Reference Database 23, Version 6.01, Copyright 1998)
[21] Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH, Hannover, Germany
[22] T. Schwarze, M. Pittroff, Solubility of Oxygen in SOLKANE® 227 pharma (Apaflurane) and SOLKANE® 134a pharma (Norflurane) at Different Temperatures, Drug Delivery to the Lungs XI, London 11.12.00 p.143 -146
[23] R. Heide, Löslichkeit von Stickstoff in SOLKANE® 134a, Institut für Luft- und Kältetechnik, Dresden, ILK-B-8/98-1715
Bibliography
Solvay Special Chemicals 43Solkane® 227 pharma and Solkane® 134a pharma
[24] Control of Moisture and other Contaminants in Refrigerant Systems, ASHRAE Handbook-Refrigeration, 1998, chapter 6
[25] M. Pittroff, A. H. Pischtiak, T. Schwarze, Solubility of Silicone Oil in SOLKANE® 227 pharma and SOLKANE® 134a pharma, Drug Delivery to the Lungs XI, London 11.12.00 p. 150-151
[26] Ch. W. Meyer, G. Morrison, Dipole mo-ments of Seven Partially Halogenated Ethane Refrigerants, Thermophysics Division, National Institute of Standard Technology, Gaithersburg, USA, J. Phys. Chem., 95 (9) (1991) 3860-3866
[27] RDD IV, 1994 Byron et al. Some Aspects of Alternative Propellant Solvency, p.231-242
[28] S. R. Skaggs, T. A. Moore, R. E. Tapscott, Halon Replacements: Technology and Science, A. W. Miziolek, W. Tsang, Editors, Chap. 10, p. 99, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1995), source: S. Karecki et al., Use of Novel Hydrofluorocarbon and Jodofluorocarbon Chemistries for a high Aspect Ratio Via Etch in a High Density Plasma Etch Tool, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 145, No.12, December 1998, p. 4305-4312
[29] H. H. Emmen et al., Human Safety Pharmacokinetics of the CFC Alterna-tive Propellants HFC 134a and HFC 227 Following Whole-Body Exposure, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2000, Vol. 32, p. 22-35
[30] U. Köster et al., Biotransformation of the Aerosol Propellant 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane (HFA-227): Lack of the Protein Binding of the Metabolite Hexafluoroacetone, Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 1996, Vol. 24, No. 8, p. 906-910
[31] M. A. Collins, HFC 134a: Acute Toxicity in Rats to Tetrafluoroethane, 1984, Unpublished Data from ICI, CTL, source: [30]
[32] Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals No. 31, Brussels, February 1995, ISSN-0773-6339-31
[33] S. Dietlen et al., Explosion Behavior of the ‘non-flammable’ CFC Substitute 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R134a), Chemical Engineering and Processing, 1995, Vol. 34, p. 14-49
[34] Verband Chemischer Industrie (VCI) Brochure „Leitfaden Produktverantwortung“
[35 ] Christoph Meurer; Ewald Preisegger, Responsible Care Product Stewardship for Refrigerants; IIA Dubrofnik July 2001
Formula Key
t = Temperature
p = Pressure
v’ = Specific volume, liquid
v’’ = Specific volume, vapour
rho’ = Density, liquid
rho’’ = Density, vapour
h’ = Enthalpy, liquid
h’’ = Enthalpy, vapour
r = Enthalpy of the evaporation
s’ = Entropy, liquid
s’’ = Entropy, vapour
35/4
42/1
0.13
/007
/1.0
00Solvay Korea CO., LTD5th Fl. Donghwa Bldg. 58-7 Seosomun-Dong, Jung-Gu Seoul, 100-736, Korea
Phone +82 2 75 60355 Fax +82 2 75 60354
Solvay Fluorides LLC3333 Richmond Avenue Houston, Texas 77098 USA
Phone +1 713 525-6000 Fax +1 713 525-7805
Solvay Fluor GmbHPostfach 220 30002 Hannover Germany
Phone +49 511 857-2444 Fax +49 511 817338
www.solvay.comwww.solkanepharma.com
Disclaimer:All statements, information and data given herein are believed to be accurate and reliable but are presented without guarantee, warranty or responsibility of any kind, express or implied. Statements or sug-gestions concerning possible use of our products are made without representation or warranty that any such use is free of patent infringement, and are not recommendations to infringe any patent. The user should not assume that all safety measures are indicated, or that other measures may not be required. w
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