Solids, Liquids, Gases & PlasmasChapter 16

The Kinetic Theory•An explanation of how particles of matter

behave▫All matter is composed of small particles

(atoms, ions, molecules)▫These particles are in constant, random

motion▫These particles collide with themselves and

their container

Thermal Energy•Total amount of energy in matter,

including kinetic (moving) and potential (held in bonds between molecules)

•As temperature lowers, the thermal energy goes down and the particles tend to vibrate

•At higher temperatures, the particles move very quickly

Temperature and Kinetic Energy• Temperature is the

measure of the kinetic energy of the particles in a substance

• The lower the temperature, the lower the kinetic energy (movement) of the particles

Solid State• In a solid, the particles are

tightly packed together • They vibrate against each

other• Chemical and physical

properties can be attributed to the arrangement of particles

• Definite size, shape and volume

Liquid State• Melting point– point

where a solid turns into a liquid

• Particles move faster than in a solid

• Heat of fusion- heat needed to turn a solid into a liquid

• No definite shape, has definite volume

• Flows freely

Gas State• Very fast molecular

movement• Do not have a definite

volume or shape• Vaporization- a liquid

turns into a gas when heat is applied

• Evaporation can occur at lower temperatures off the surface of the liquid

Boiling Point• Temperature where liquid

boils and liquid begins to turn into a gas

• Heat of vaporization- amount of energy required to turn a liquid into a gas

Sublimation• A solid changing into a

gas• Skips the liquid state• Ex. Dry ice

Heating Curve of a Liquid

Phase Diagram

Plasma State• Consists of positive and

negative particles• Most common state of

matter in the universe• Exists where temperature

is very, very high• Ex, the sun, lightening,

neon tubes and auroras

Thermal Expansion• The increase in size of

something when temperature increases

• When they cool down, they shrink because the molecules aren’t moving around as much

• Thermal expansion of liquids explain why liquid in thermometers rise

• Thermal expansion of gas is how hot air balloons work

Strange Behavior of Water• Water behaves differently• When water cools down,

the molecules become further apart

• The explains why ice floats in water

Boyle’s Law•If you decrease the volume, then you

increase the pressure•If you increase the volume, then the

pressure of the gas decreases•Inversely proportional

Charles Law•Temperature of a gas increases, the

volume increases•Temperature of a gas decreases, so does

the volume•Ex. Put a balloon in the freezer it shrinks