Solid-state drive 1

Solid-state drive

An SSD in standard 2.5-inch (64 mm)form-factor

DDR SDRAM based SSD

PCI attached IO Accelerator SSD

PCI-E, DRAM, and NAND based SSD

A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device that uses solid-statememory to store persistent data with the intention of providing accessin the same manner of a traditional block i/o hard disk drive. SSDs aredistinguished from traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), which areelectromechanical devices containing spinning disks and movableread/write heads. SSDs, in contrast, use microchips which retain datain non-volatile memory chips[1] and contain no moving parts.[1]

Compared to electromechanical HDDs, SSDs are typically lesssusceptible to physical shock, silent, and have lower access time andlatency. SSDs use the same interface as hard disk drives, thus easilyreplacing them in most applications.[2]

As of 2010, most SSDs use NAND-based flash memory, which retainsmemory even without power. SSDs using volatile random-accessmemory (RAM) also exist for situations which require even fasteraccess, but do not necessarily need data persistence after power loss, oruse external power or batteries to maintain the data after power isremoved.[2]

A hybrid drive combines the features of an HDD and an SSD in oneunit, containing a large HDD, with a smaller SSD cache to improveperformance of frequently accessed files. These can offer near-SSDperformance in most applications (such as system startup and loadingapplications) at a lower price than an SSD. These are not suitable fordata-intensive work, nor do they offer the other advantages of SSDs.

Development and history

Early SSDs using RAM and similar technology

The origins of SSDs came from the 1950s using two similartechnologies, magnetic core memory and card capacitor read-only store(CCROS).[3] [4] These auxiliary memory units, as they were called atthe time, emerged during the era of vacuum tube computers. But withthe introduction of cheaper drum storage units, their use wasdiscontinued.[5] Later, in the 1970s and 1980s, SSDs wereimplemented in semiconductor memory for early supercomputers ofIBM, Amdahl and Cray;[6] however, the prohibitively high price of thebuilt-to-order SSDs made them quite seldom used.

In 1978, Texas Memory Systems introduced a 16 kilobyte (KB) RAM solid-state drive to be used by oil companiesfor seismic data acquisition.[7] The following year, StorageTek developed the first modern type of solid-state drive.[8]

The Sharp PC-5000, introduced in 1983, used 128 kilobyte solid-state storage cartridges, containing bubblememory.[9] In 1984 Tall grass Company had a tape back up unit of 40 MB with a solid state 20 MB unit built in. The

20 MB unit could be used instead of a hard drive. In September 1986, Santa Clara Systems introduced BatRam, 4 megabyte (MB) mass storage system expandable to 20 MB using 4 MB memory modules. The package included a

Solid-state drive 2

rechargeable battery to preserve the memory chip contents when the array was not powered.[10] 1987 saw the entryof EMC Corporation into the SSD market, with drives introduced for the mini-computer market. However, EMCexited the business soon after.[11]

RAM Disks are still used today because they are an order of magnitude faster than the fastest SSD.[12]

Flash-based SSDsIn 1994, STEC, Inc. bought Cirrus Logic’s flash controller operation, allowing the company to enter the flashmemory business for consumer electronic devices.In 1995, M-Systems introduced flash-based solid-state drives.[13] They had the advantage of not requiring batteriesto maintain the data in the memory (required by the prior volatile memory systems), but were not as fast as theDRAM-based solutions.[14] Since then, SSDs have been used successfully as HDD replacements by the military andaerospace industries, as well as for other mission-critical applications. These applications require the exceptionalmean time between failures (MTBF) rates that solid-state drives achieve, by virtue of their ability to withstandextreme shock, vibration and temperature ranges.[15]

BiTMICRO made a number of introductions and announcements in 1999 around flash-based SSDs including an18 gigabyte 3.5 in SSD.[16] Fusion-io announced a PCIe-based SSD with 100,000 input/output operations per second(IOPS) of performance in a single card with capacities up to 320 gigabytes in 2007.[17] At Cebit 2009, OCZdemonstrated a 1 terabyte (TB) flash SSD using a PCI Express ×8 interface. It achieves a maximum write speed of654 megabytes per second (MB/s) and maximum read speed of 712 MB/s.[18] In December 2009, MicronTechnology announced the world's first SSD using a 6 gigabits per second (Gbit/s) or 768 (MB/s) SATAinterface.[19]

Enterprise flash drivesEnterprise flash drives (EFDs) are designed for applications requiring high I/O performance (IOPS), reliability, andenergy efficiency. In most cases an EFD is an SSD with a higher set of specifications compared to SSDs whichwould typically be used in notebook computers. The term was first used by EMC in January 2008, to help themidentify SSD manufacturers who would provide products meeting these higher standards.[20] There are no standardsbodies who control the definition of EFDs, so any SSD manufacturer may claim to produce EFDs when they maynot actually meet the requirements. Likewise there may be other SSD manufacturers that meet the EFD requirementswithout being called EFDs.[21]

Secure digital card drivesSecure digital cards are particularly simple and inexpensive SSDs though an equally inexpensive USB flash memoryadapter may be needed to attach it if the computer does not have a built-in SD flash memory card reader(/writer).These cards can boot live SD operating systems (see Applications).

Architecture and functionThe key components of an SSD are the controller and the memory to store the data. The primary memory componentin an SSD had been DRAM volatile memory since they were first developed, but since 2009 it is more commonlyNAND flash non-volatile memory.[2] [22] Other components play a less significant role in the operation of the SSDand vary between manufacturers.

Solid-state drive 3

ControllerEvery SSD includes a controller that incorporates the electronics that bridge the NAND memory components to thehost computer. The controller is an embedded processor that executes firmware-level code and is one of the mostimportant factors of SSD performance.[23] Some of the functions performed by the controller include:[24] [25]

• Error correction (ECC)• Wear leveling• Bad block mapping• Read scrubbing and read disturb management• Read and write caching• Garbage collection• EncryptionThe performance of the SSD can scale with the number of parallel NAND flash chips used in the device. A singleNAND chip is relatively slow, due to narrow (8/16 bit) asynchronous IO interface, and additional high latency ofbasic IO operations (typical for SLC NAND, ~25 μs to fetch a 4K page from the array to the IO buffer on a read,~250 μs to commit a 4K page from the IO buffer to the array on a write, ~2 ms to erase a 256 kiB block). Whenmultiple NAND devices operate in parallel inside an SSD, the bandwidth scales, and the high latencies can behidden, as long as enough outstanding operations are pending and the load is evenly distributed between devices.[26]

Micron and Intel initially made faster SSDs by implementing data striping (similar to RAID 0) and interleaving intheir architecture. This enabled the creation of ultra-fast SSDs with 250 MB/s effective read/write speeds.[27]

Memory

Flash memory-based

Most SSD manufacturers use non-volatile NAND flash memory in the construction of their SSDs due to the lowercost compared to DRAM and the ability to retain the data without a constant power supply, ensuring data persistencethrough sudden power outages. Flash memory SSDs are slower than DRAM solutions, and some early designs wereeven slower than HDDs after continued use. This problem was resolved by controllers that came out in 2009 andlater.Flash memory-based solutions are typically packaged in standard disk drive form factors (1.8-, 2.5-, and 3.5-inch), orsmaller unique and compact layouts due to the compact memory.

Single-level cell (SLC) vs multi-level cell (MLC)

Lower priced drives usually use multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory, which is slower and less reliable thansingle-level cell (SLC) flash memory.[28] [29] This can be mitigated or even reversed by the internal design structureof the SSD, such as interleaving, changes to writing algorithms,[29] and higher over-provisioning (more excesscapacity) with which the wear-leveling algorithms can work.[30] [31] [32]

DRAM-based

SSDs based on volatile memory such as DRAM are characterized by ultrafast data access, generally less than10 microseconds, and are used primarily to accelerate applications that would otherwise be held back by the latencyof flash SSDs or traditional HDDs. DRAM-based SSDs usually incorporate either an internal battery or an externalAC/DC adapter and backup storage systems to ensure data persistence while no power is being supplied to the drivefrom external sources. If power is lost, the battery provides power while all information is copied from randomaccess memory (RAM) to back-up storage. When the power is restored, the information is copied back to the RAMfrom the back-up storage, and the SSD resumes normal operation (similar to the hibernate function used in modernoperating systems).[14] [33]

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SSDs of this type are usually fitted with DRAM modules of the same type used in regular PCs and servers, whichcan be swapped out and replaced by larger modules.A remote, indirect memory-access disk (RIndMA Disk) uses a secondary computer with a fast network or (direct)Infiniband connection to act like a RAM-based SSD, but the new faster flash memory based SSDs already availablein 2009 are making this option not as cost effective.[34]

Cache or bufferA flash-based SSD typically uses a small amount of DRAM as a cache, similar to the cache in Hard disk drives. Adirectory of block placement and wear leveling data is also kept in the cache while the drive is operating. Data arenot permanently stored in the cache.[26] One SSD controller manufacturer, SandForce, does not use an externalDRAM cache on their designs, but still achieve very high performance. Eliminating the external DRAM enables asmaller footprint for the other flash memory components in order to build even smaller SSDs.[35]

Battery or super capacitorAnother component in higher performing SSDs is a capacitor or some form of battery. These are necessary tomaintain data integrity such that the data in the cache can be flushed to the drive when power is dropped; some mayeven hold power long enough to maintain data in the cache until power is resumed. In the case of MLC flashmemory, a problem called lower page corruption can occur when MLC flash memory loses power whileprogramming an upper page. The result is data written previously and presumed safe can be corrupted if the memoryis not supported by a super capacitor in the event of a sudden power loss. This problem does not exist with SLC flashmemory.[25]

Host interfaceThe host interface is not specifically a component of the SSD, but it is a key part of the drive. The interface is usuallyincorporated into the controller discussed above. The interface is generally one of the interfaces found in HDDs.They include:• Serial ATA• Serial attached SCSI (generally found on servers)• PCI Express• Fibre Channel (almost exclusively found on servers)• USB• Parallel ATA (IDE) interface (mostly replaced by SATA)[36] [37]

• (Parallel) SCSI (generally found on servers; mostly replaced by SAS)

Form factorThe size and shape of any device is largely driven by the size and shape of the components used to make that device.Traditional HDDs and optical drives are designed around the rotating platter or optical disc along with the spindlemotor inside. If an SSD is made up of various interconnected integrated circuits (ICs) and an interface connector,then its shape could be virtually anything imaginable because it is no longer limited to the shape of rotating mediadrives. Some solid state storage solutions come in a larger chassis that may even be a rack-mount form factor withnumerous SSDs inside. They would all connect to a common bus inside the chassis and connect outside the box witha single connector.[2]

Solid-state drive 5

Standard HDD form factorsThe benefit of using a current HDD form factor would be to take advantage of the extensive infrastructure already inplace to mount and connect the drives to the host system.[2] [38] These traditional form factors are known by the sizeof the rotating media, e.g., 5.25", 3.5", 2.5", 1.8", not by the dimensions of the drive casing.[39]

Box form factorsMany of the DRAM-based solutions use a box that is often designed to fit in a rack-mount system. The number ofDRAM components required to get sufficient capacity to store the data along with the backup power suppliesrequires a larger space than traditional HDD form factors.

Bare-board form factors

Viking Modular SATA Cube andAMP SATA Bridge multi-layer

SSDs

Viking ModularSATADIMM based SSD

MO-297SSD form

factor

Customconnector

SATA SSD

Form factors which were more common to memory modules are now being used by SSDs to take advantage of theirflexibility in laying out the components. Some of these include PCIe, mini PCIe, mini-DIMM, MO-297, and manymore.[40] At least one manufacturer, InnoDisk, is producing a drive that sits directly on the SATA connector on themotherboard without any other support or mechanical mount.[41] The SATADIMM from Viking Modular uses anempty DDR3 DIMM slot on the motherboard to provide power to the drive with a separate SATA connector toprovide the data connection back to the computer. The result is an easy to install SSD with a capacity equal to drivesthat typically take a full 2.5 in expansion slot.[42] Some SSDs are based on the PCIe form factor and connect both thedata interface and power through the PCIe connector to the host. These drives can use either direct PCIe flashcontrollers[43] or a PCIe-to-SATA bridge device which then connects to SATA flash controller(s).[44]

Comparison of SSD with hard disk drives

The disassembled components of a hard diskdrive (left) and of the PCB and components of a

solid-state drive (right)

Making a comparison between SSDs and ordinary (spinning) HDDs isdifficult. Traditional HDD benchmarks are focused on finding theperformance aspects where they are weak, such as rotational latencytime and seek time. As SSDs do not spin, or seek, they may show hugesuperiority in such tests. However, SSDs have challenges with mixedreads and writes, and their performance may degrade over time. SSDtesting must start from the (in use) full disk, as the new and empty(fresh out of the box) disk may have much better write performancethan it would show after only weeks of use.[45]

Comparisons reflect typical characteristics, and may not hold for a specific device.

Solid-state drive 6

Attribute orcharacteristic

Solid-state drive Hard disk drive

Spin-up time Instantaneous May take several seconds. With alarge number of drives, spin-upmay need to be staggered to limittotal power drawn.

Random accesstime[46]

About 0.1 ms - many times faster than HDDs because data is accessed directly fromthe flash memory

Ranges from 5–10 ms due to theneed to move the heads and waitfor the data to rotate under theread/write head

Read latency time[47] Generally low because the data can be read directly from any location; In applicationswhere hard disk seeks are the limiting factor, this results in faster boot and applicationlaunch times (see Amdahl's law).[48]

Generally high since themechanical components requireadditional time to get aligned

Consistent readperformance[49]

Read performance does not change based on where data is stored on an SSD If data is written in a fragmentedway, reading back the data willhave varying response times

Defragmentation SSDs do not benefit from defragmentation because there is little benefit to readingdata sequentially and any defragmentation process adds additional writes on theNAND flash that already have a limited cycle life.[50] [51]

HDDs may requiredefragmentation after continuedoperations or erasing and writingdata, especially involving largefiles . [52]

Acoustic levels SSDs have no moving parts and make no sound HDDs have moving parts (heads,spindle motor) and have varyinglevels of sound depending uponmodel

Mechanical reliability A lack of moving parts virtually eliminates mechanical breakdowns HDDs have many moving partsthat are all subject to failure overtime

Susceptibility toenvironmentalfactors[48] [53] [54]

No flying heads or rotating platters to fail as a result of shock, altitude, or vibration The flying heads and rotatingplatters are generally susceptibleto shock, altitude, and vibration

Magneticsusceptibility[55]

No impact on flash memory Magnets or magnetic surges canalter data on the media

Weight and size[53] The weight of flash memory and the circuit board material are very light compared toHDDs

Higher performing HDDs requireheavier components than laptopHDDs (which are light, but not aslight as SSDs)

Parallel operation Some flash controllers can have multiple flash chips reading and writing differentdata simultaneously

HDDs have multiple heads (oneper platter) but they are connected,and share one positioning motor.

Write longevity Solid state drives that use flash memory have a limited number of writes over the lifeof the drive.[56] [57] [58] [59] SSDs based on DRAM do not have a limited numberof writes.

Magnetic media do not have alimited number of writes.

Software encryptionlimitations

NAND flash memory cannot be overwritten, but has to be rewritten to previouslyerased blocks. If a software encryption program encrypts data already on the SSD, theoverwritten data is still unsecured, unencrypted, and accessible (drive-based hardwareencryption does not have this problem). Also data cannot be securely erased byoverwriting the original file without special "Secure Erase" procedures built into thedrive.[60]

HDDs can overwrite data directlyon the drive in any particularsector.

Solid-state drive 7

Cost per capacity As of February 2011, NAND flash SSDs cost about (US)$1.20–2.00 per GB As of February 2011, HDDs costabout (US)$0.05/GB for 3.5 in and$0.10/GB for 2.5 in drives

Storage capacity As of April 2011, SSDs come in different sizes up to 2TB but are typically not largerthan 40-120GB, due to their high cost per GB.[61]

As of April 2011, HDDs aretypically 500GB-1TB but drivesas large as 2 or 3 TB are alsoavailable.

Read/writeperformance symmetry

Less expensive SSDs typically have write speeds significantly lower than their readspeeds. Higher performing SSDs have a balanced read and write speed.

HDDs generally have slightlylower write speeds than their readspeeds.

Free block availabilityand TRIM

SSD write performance is significantly impacted by the availability of free,programmable blocks. Previously written data blocks that are no longer in use can bereclaimed by TRIM; however, even with TRIM, fewer free, programmable blockstranslates into reduced performance.[26] [62] [63]

HDDs are not affected by freeblocks or the operation (or lack) ofthe TRIM command

Power consumption High performance flash-based SSDs generally require 1/2 to 1/3 the power of HDDs;High performance DRAM SSDs generally require as much power as HDDs andconsume power when the rest of the system is shut down.[64] [65]

High performance HDDsgenerally require between 12-18watts; drives designed fornotebook computers are typically2 watts.

Commercialization

Cost and capacityThe technological trend is a 2 year 50% decline in costs, while capacities continue to double at the same rate. As aresult, flash-based solid-state drives are becoming increasingly popular in markets such as notebook PCs andsub-notebooks for enterprises, Ultra-Mobile PCs (UMPC), and Tablet PCs for the healthcare and consumerelectronics sectors.

Availability

CompactFlash card used as SSD

Solid-state drive (SSD) technology has been marketed to the militaryand niche industrial markets since the mid-1990s..Along with the emerging enterprise market, SSDs have been appearingin ultra-mobile PCs and a few lightweight laptop systems, addingsignificantly to the price of the laptop, depending on the capacity, formfactor and transfer speeds. As of 2008, some manufacturers have begunshipping affordable, fast, energy-efficient drives priced at $350 tocomputer manufacturers. For low-end applications, a USB flash drivemay be obtainable for anywhere from $10 to $100 or so, depending oncapacity, or a CompactFlash card may be paired with a CF-to-IDE or CF-to-SATA converter at a similar cost. Eitherof these requires that write-cycle endurance issues be managed, either by not storing frequently written files on thedrive, or by using a flash file system. Standard CompactFlash cards usually have write speeds of 7 to 15 MB/s whilethe more expensive upmarket cards claim speeds of up to 40 MB/s.

One of the first mainstream releases of SSD was the XO Laptop, built as part of the One Laptop Per Child project. Mass production of these computers, built for children in developing countries, began in December 2007. These machines use 1,024 MiB SLC NAND flash as primary storage which is considered more suitable for the harsher than normal conditions in which they are expected to be used. Dell began shipping ultra-portable laptops with SanDisk SSDs on April 26, 2007.[66] Asus released the Eee PC subnotebook on October 16, 2007, and after a successful

Solid-state drive 8

commercial start in 2007, it was expected to ship several million PCs in 2008, with 2, 4 or 8 gigabytes of flashmemory.[67] On January 31, 2008, Apple Inc. released the MacBook Air, a thin laptop with optional 64 GB SSD.The Apple store cost was $999 more for this option, as compared to that of an 80 GB 4200 rpm Hard Disk Drive.[68]

Another option, the Lenovo ThinkPad X300 with a 64 gigabyte SSD, was announced by Lenovo in February2008,[69] and is, as of 2008, available to consumers in some countries. On August 26, 2008, Lenovo releasedThinkPad X301 with 128GB SSD option which adds approximately $200 US.

The Mtron SSD

In 2008, low end netbooks appeared with SSDs. In 2009, SSDs beganto appear in laptops.[66] [68]

On January 14, 2008, EMC became the first enterprise storage vendorto ship flash-based SSDs into its product portfolio.[70]

In late 2008, Sun released the Sun Storage 7000 Unified StorageSystems (codenamed Amber Road), which use both solid state drivesand conventional hard drives to take advantage of the speed offered bySSDs and the economy and capacity offered by conventional harddisks.[71]

Dell began to offer optional 256 GB solid state drives on select notebook models in January 2009.In May 2009, Toshiba launched a laptop with a 512 GB SSD.[72] [73]

As of October 2010, Apple's MacBook Air line carry solid state drives as standard.[74]

In December 2010, OCZ RevoDrive X2 PCIe SSD available in 100GB to 960GB capacities delivering speeds over740MB/s sequential speeds and random small file writes up to 120,000 IOPS. [75]

Quality and performanceSSD is a rapidly developing technology. In November 2010, Tom's Hardware made recommendations based on userneeds. "You usually won’t regret buying an SSD with a SandForce SF-1200 controller. The balance betweenthroughput, I/O performance, and application performance is still impressive. Corsair, G.Skill, Patriot, OCZ,Runcore, and others have suitable offerings. Look for best prices, warranty, and maybe an installation kit for yourdesktop PC if needed. Mobile users can only get rock bottom power consumption if they stay with Toshibahardware, which isn’t the fastest. Intel SSDs offer a good compromise between power and performance, but you haveto be aware of their limited write performance. Samsung’s 470-series only shows marginal weaknesses across ourbenchmark suite. If Samsung were to price the drive more aggressively, it would be a more compelling option."[76]

Performance of flash SSDs is difficult to benchmark. In a test done by Xssist, using IOmeter, 4 KB RANDOM 70/30RW, queue depth 4, the IOPS delivered by the Intel X25-E 64 GB G1 started around 10,000 IOPs, and droppedsharply after 8 minutes to 4,000 IOPS, and continued to decrease gradually for the next 42 minutes. IOPS varybetween 3,000 to 4,000 from around the 50th minutes onwards for the rest of the 8+ hours test run.[77]

This only affected write performance with consumer grade drives. Enterprise grade drives avoid this problem byoverprovisioning, and by employing wear-leveling algorithms that only move data around when the drives are notbeing heavily utilized.[78]

ApplicationsUntil 2009, SSDs were mainly used in those aspects of mission critical applications where the speed of the storage system needed to be as fast as possible. Since flash memory has become a common component of SSDs, the falling prices and increased densities have made it more financially attractive for many other applications. Organizations that can benefit from faster access of system data include equity trading companies, telecommunication corporations, and video streaming and editing firms. The list of applications which could benefit from faster storage is vast. Any

Solid-state drive 9

company can assess the ROI from adding SSDs to their own applications to best understand if that will be costeffective for them.[2]

Flash-based Solid-state drives can be used to create network appliances from general-purpose PC hardware. A writeprotected flash drive containing the operating system and application software can substitute for larger, less reliabledisk drives or CD-ROMs. Appliances built this way can provide an inexpensive alternative to expensive router andfirewall hardware.SSDs based on an SD card with a live SD operating system are easily write-locked. Combined with a cloudcomputing environment or other writable medium, to maintain persistence, an OS booted from a write-locked SDcard is robust, rugged, reliable, and impervious to permanent corruption. If the running OS degrades, simply turningthe machine off and then on returns it back to its initial virgin uncorrupted state and thus is particularly solid. The SDcard installed OS does not require removal of corrupted components since it was write-locked though any writtenmedia may need to be restored.Microsoft's ReadyBoost technology allows USB 2.0-based flash drives to be used as an intermediate write-throughcaching layer that logically sits between memory and disks; this caching layer is managed by a filter driver.[79] [80] In2011 Intel introduced a caching mechanism for their Z68 chipset (and mobile derivatives) called Smart ResponseTechnology, which allows a SATA SDD to be used as a cache (configurable as write-through or write-back) for aconventional, magnetic hard disk drive.[81] A similar technology is available on HighPoint's RocketHybrid PCIecard.[82] Hybrid drives (H-HDSs) are based on the same principle, but integrate some amount of flash memory onboard of a conventional drive instead of using a separate SSD. The flash layer in these drives can be accessedindependently from the magnetic storage by the host using ATA-8 commands, allowing the operating system tomanage it. For example Microsoft's ReadyDrive technology explicitly stores portions of the hibernation file thecache of these drives when the system hibernates, making the subsequent resume is faster.[83]

SSD-optimized file systemsThere are a number of file systems which are optimized for solid-state drives. Some of the more popular or notableare listed below.

Microsoft WindowsVersions of Windows prior to Windows 7 are optimized for hard disk drives rather than SSDs.[84] [85] WindowsVista includes ReadyBoost to exploit characteristics of USB-connected flash devices, but for SSDs it only improvesthe partition alignment to prevent read-modify-write operations because the SSD is typically aligned on 4 KB sectorsand the OS is based on 512 byte sectors and they are not aligned.[86] The proper alignment really does not help theSSD's endurance over the life of the drive. Some Vista operations, if not disabled, can shorten the life of the SSD.Disk defragmentation should be disabled because the location of the file components on an SSD doesn't significantlyimpact its performance, but moving the files to make them contiguous using the Windows Defrag routine will causewrite wear on the limited number of P/E cycles on the SSD. The Superfetch feature will not materially change theperformance of the system and causes additional overhead on the system and SSD, although it does not causewear.[87]

Windows 7 is optimized for SSDs[88] [89] as well as for hard disks. The OS looks for the presence of an SSD andoperates differently with that drive. If an SSD is present, Windows 7 will disable disk defragmentation, Superfetch,ReadyBoost, and other boot-time and application prefetching operations. It also includes support for the TRIMcommand to reduce garbage collection of data which the OS has already determined is no longer valid (withoutTRIM the SSD would be unaware of this data being invalid).[90] [91]

Solid-state drive 10

ZFSSolaris[92] can use SSDs as a performance booster for ZFS. An SSD can be used for the ZFS Intent Log (ZIL), whereit is named the SLOG. This is used every time a synchronous write to the disk occurs.[93] An SSD may also be usedfor the level 2 Adaptive Replacement Cache (L2ARC), which is used to cache data for reading.[94] When used eitheralone or in combination, large increases in performance are generally seen.[95]

FreeBSDIn addition to ZFS features described above, UFS supports the TRIM command.

Linux systemsTRIM function is supported by the Linux OS starting with 2.6.33 kernel (available early 2010). The ext4 filesystemis supported when mounted using option "discard". The most recent disk utilities (and therefore installation softwarethat make use of them) do also apply proper partition alignment.

Mac OS XApple is adding the trim command to the [HFS+] filesystem in Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion"[96]

Standardization organizationsThe following are noted standardization organizations and bodies that work to create standards for solid-state drives(and other computer storage devices). It also includes organizations who promote the use of solid-state drives. This isnot necessarily an exhaustive list.

Organization orCommittee

Subcommitteeof:

Purpose

INCITS N/A Coordinates technical standards activity between ANSI in the USA and joint ISO/IECcommittees worldwide

T10 INCITS SCSI

T11 INCITS FC

T13 INCITS ATA

JEDEC N/A Develops open standards and publications for the microelectronics industry

JC-64.8 JEDEC Focuses on solid-state drive standards and publications

NVMHCI N/A Provides standard software and hardware programming interfaces for nonvolatile memorysubsystems

SATA-IO N/A Provides the industry with guidance and support for implementing the SATA specification

SFF Committee N/A Works on storage industry standards needing prompt attention when not addressed by otherstandards committees

SNIA N/A Develops and promotes standards, technologies, and educational services in the management ofinformation

SSSI SNIA Fosters the growth and success of solid state storage

Solid-state drive 11

Notes[1] STEC." SSD Power Savings Render Significant Reduction to TCO (http:/ / www. stec-inc. com/ downloads/ whitepapers/

Performance_Power_Advantages. pdf)." Date accessed October 25, 2010.[2] "Solid State Storage 101: An introduction to Solid State Storage" (http:/ / www. snia. org/ apps/ group_public/ download. php/ 35796/ SSSI

Wht Paper Final. pdf). SNIA. January 2009. . Retrieved 9 August 2010.[3] Rent, Thomas M. (2010-03-20). "Origin of Solid State Drives" (http:/ / www. storagereview. com/ origin_solid_state_drives).

storagereview.com. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.[4] Weber, Helmut (1967-09). "Microprogramming the IBM System/36O Model 30" (http:/ / research. microsoft. com/ en-us/ um/ people/ gbell/

computer_structures_principles_and_examples/ csp0180. htm). ?. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.[5] "Auxiliary memory" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 130610/ computer-memory/ 252737/ Auxiliary-memory). eb.com. .

Retrieved 2010-06-12.[6] "IBM User's Guide, Thirteenth Edition" (http:/ / web. utk. edu/ ~mnewman/ ibmguide03. html). Web.utk.edu. 1960-06-30. . Retrieved

2009-10-21.[7] "SSD Market History - Charting the 30 Year Rise of the Solid State Disk Market" (http:/ / www. storagesearch. com/ chartingtheriseofssds.

html). storagesearch.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-06.[8] Moore, Fred. "Enterprise Storage Report for the 1990s" (http:/ / ntrs. nasa. gov/ archive/ nasa/ casi. ntrs. nasa. gov/

19930003944_1993003944. pdf). Storage Technology Corproation. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.[9] Ahl, David H. (1984-01). "The Sharp PC-5000; a desktop computer in a portable package" (http:/ / www. atarimagazines. com/ creative/

v10n1/ 55_The_Sharp_PC5000_a_desk. php). Creative Computing. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.[10] Waurzyniak, Patrick (1986-09-08). Battery-Powered Mass Storage System Offered (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=by8EAAAAMBAJ&

pg=PA54& lpg=PA54& dq=batram+ santa+ clara+ systems& q=batram santa clara systems). InfoWorld. . Retrieved 2010-06-12.[11] Kerekes, Zsolt. "SSD Market History - Charting the 30 Year Rise of the Solid State Disk Market" (http:/ / www. storagesearch. com/

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References

External links• StorageReview.com SSD Guide (http:/ / www. storagereview. com/ ssd_reference_guide)• JEDEC Continues SSD Standardization Efforts (http:/ / www. jedec. org/ news/ pressreleases/

jedec-continues-ssd-standardization-efforts)• Understanding SSDs and New Drives from OCZ (http:/ / www. anandtech. com/ printarticle. aspx?i=3531)• SSDs versus laptop HDDs and upgrade experiences (http:/ / www. notebookcheck. net/

SSD-versus-HDD-in-comparison. 18750. 0. html)• Ted Tso - Aligning filesystems to an SSD’s erase block size (http:/ / thunk. org/ tytso/ blog/ 2009/ 02/ 20/

aligning-filesystems-to-an-ssds-erase-block-size/ )

Article Sources and Contributors 15

Article Sources and ContributorsSolid-state drive  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=430262392  Contributors: -Majestic-, 76coolio, 777sms, 9bbyN0rma1, A D Monroe III, A-Day, AThing, AVM, Abanima,Acaeton, Agather, Agentbla, Aileensong, Airplaneman, Alansohn, Alex Kassarin, Algula, Alison, Altonbr, Alzoid the great, Anabus, Andlynx, AndreNatas, Andrewcrawford, AniRaptor2001,Antilived, Aphexcrash, Apteva, ArchiSchmedes, ArglebargleIV, Arichnad, ArielGold, Armando, Ashawley, Ashchap, Athaenara, Athlete501, Atlant, Aude, Audiomastermind, Audriusa, Ax556,AzaToth, Beetstra, Beland, Bender235, Bentogoa, Bgrima1, Bitwise, Blanchardb, Blaxthos, Bob A, Bobo192, Bookew, Borgx, Bostwickenator, Boulty, Brandon5485, Brianski, CEAT, CL,Calion, Canaima, Cantanchorus, Casull, Cave Story Fan, CecilPL, CecilWard, Cedear, Celinacd, Cgd8d, CheeToS, Chenyj, Chmo56, Chris the speller, ChrisfromHouston, Ckmac97, ClamDip,Clay Juicer, Colonies Chris, Comarkman, Combatantpeak, Couchpotato99, Craig Mayhew, Crazyboy899, Cybercat, Cytotoxickillertcell, Czarbender, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DJFrankie2468,DMCer, DOSGuy, Dackis, Damian Yerrick, Dampfnudel, Dandv, Daniel.Cardenas, DataWraith, Daverocks, David H Braun (1964), Dchall1, Ddxc, Deblopper, Debresser, Dekoboko, Deor,Destynova, Dheerajkakar, Dicklyon, Diddl14, Donmu, Draeco, DragonHawk, Driveforspeed, Dsspence, Dux, Echuck215, EconomicsGuy, EdBever, Edgar181, Elandy2009, Eleven81, Elsendero,EminNew, Enric Naval, EqualRights, Erechtheus, Europrobe, Ewlyahoocom, Exert, FT2, Fastcash70, Feezo, Fenevad, Fillrobs, Flankk, Forteblast, Frankk74, Fred Bradstadt, Fredericksgary,Frietjes, Frungi, Furrybeagle, Furrykef, G4qb, GB fan, GFellows, GVnayR, Gafex, GalShalif, Gala.martin, Gary King, Geo2geo, Gfoley4, Giftlite, Gilliam, Gioto, Gladmax, GoingBatty, Greencaterpillar, GregorB, Grinder0-0, Gugustiuci, Gurchzilla, Gwern, Hamiltondaniel, Harleycw, Haseo9999, HenkeB, Herbm, Hl, Hmwith, HobbesPDX, Hotmate, Hulagutten, Hunting dog,Huseyx2, Icarus3, Idc-samsung, Iggy-tech, Ilikenwf, Immunize, Insterested, IntrigueBlue, Ipoengzadik, Iqinn, Isilanes, IvanStepaniuk, J M Rice, J. Finkelstein, J.delanoy, JMAN1156, Jack007,Jacob Poon, Jagged 85, Jamesadean, Jamesday, Jasantal, Jbarbi, Jbolden1517, JeffBillman, Jeh, Jimhsu77479, Joffeloff, Johnuniq, Josh Eddy, Jtg, Juliancolton, JunkDNA, KLLvr283, KSRS,Kadoo, Karn, Kauron, Kayleigh taylor, Kbrose, Kelson, Ketoj, Keyser Söze, Kinenam, Kingpin13, Kjkolb, Kozuch, Kubanczyk, Kubigula, Kvng, Kwatanab, Kwsn, L57 Lives, LOL, Lapyramid,Laser brain, Laserpointer35, Laurinkus, Laxloon, LeaW, Leandrod, Leevanjackson, Leexgx, Leuko, Levselector, Lightmouse, Lucamauri, Luchnikov, Luigiacruz, Lukeqsee, MBK004, MBisanz,MC707, Mac, Maconga, Maian, Malke 2010, Marnues, Matthew Yeager, Meewam, Melancholie, Meshari alnaim, Metho, Mf5234, Michaelvvmm, Minghong, Miquonranger03, MiraiWarren,Mortenoesterlundjoergensen, Mosquitopsu, MrOllie, Music Sorter, Mwzappe, My Flatley, N Vale, NameIsRon, Nathandiehl, Navigatr85, Nczempin, Nealw1590, NeilFraser, Ngraum, Nimbex,NinjaDreams, Nneonneo, Nojiratz, Nonagonal Spider, Northgrove, NotInventedHere, Nutsterrt, Nymf, Oaktwig, Olin Coles, Olinga, OnePt618, Oooomoroni, Orac29, Orangemike, Otrfan,Oxygens, Pallinger, Parklandspanaway, Pasado, Paul August, Paulolai, Pcharles, Pcmacman, Peak, Pearle, Philgons, Piano non troppo, Pijuvwy, PokeYourHeadOff, Pol098, Quadell,Quintinwillison, RA0808, RCRC, Radiojon, RainbowOfLight, Ramu50, Rangoon11, Raysonho, Rebroad, Rfportilla, Rich257, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richardguk, Rjwilmsi, Rkarlsba,RoboNerd, Rochellesinger, RomaZI, Ronhjones, Ronseese, Roux-HG, RoyBoy, Rror, Rsriprac, Rubenerd, Rudyray, RunningGer, Ryeski09, S0f1a22, SSD Editor, SSG, Santaduck, Scuarty,Sebleblanc, Sesu Prime, Shinmawa, Sir Baka Jones, SixSix, Sizif, Skjha78, Slashme, Smalljim, Smithfarm, Snori, Snowolf, Solid snake drive, Soumyasch, Spamsara, SpareHeadOne, Spider84,Squids and Chips, Stasdm, Stefano85, Stephan Leeds, Stor212, Strumf, Sturman4, Subversive.sound, Superbeecat, Superm401, SusanneOberhauser, SyncopatorSyncopator, Taltamir, Tbhotch,Team's away, Techdawg667, Techtonik, The Dork Knight, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Vector Kid, Thecurran91, Theo Pardilla, Thingg, Thumperward, Thunderbird2, Tide rolls,Tijfo098, Timneu22, Tiptoety, Titanzed0, Titoxd, Toby Douglass, Tony1, Tonywalton, Towel401, Trasz, Trivialist, TrulyBlue, Tsaroth, Tumpul, Twastvedt, Uncle G, Uzytkownik,V4vijayakumar, Vermorel, Virli, Vitz-RS, W.guthro, Wantnot, Warren, Warut, Whooguy, Whyagainwiki, WikipedianYknOK, Williadb, William Avery, Write2phil, Wtshymanski, Wuffyz,Xangodango, Xchmelmilos, Xlynx, Xpclient, Ykhwong, Yquem60, Zackaback, Zidonuke, Zippy, Zodon, Zogo, 1006 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:E-disk 2-5 scsi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:E-disk_2-5_scsi.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Original uploader was Ojela2 at en.wikipediaImage:RamSan-400.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RamSan-400.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: TMSImage:Hp-io-accelerator-isometric.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hp-io-accelerator-isometric.gif  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:User:HpbladesystemImage:Ddrdrive x1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ddrdrive_x1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: DDRdrive LLC -http://www.ddrdrive.com/File:Viking Modular SATA-Cube & AMP SATA-Bridge.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Viking_Modular_SATA-Cube_&_AMP_SATA-Bridge.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:JustOneGuyFile:Viking Modular SATADIMM w Cable.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Viking_Modular_SATADIMM_w_Cable.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:JustOneGuyFile:Viking Modular MO-297 SATA SSD.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Viking_Modular_MO-297_SATA_SSD.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:JustOneGuyFile:Custom Connector SATA SSD Module.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Custom_Connector_SATA_SSD_Module.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:JustOneGuyImage:Disassembled HDD and SSD.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Disassembled_HDD_and_SSD.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Original uploader was Rochellesinger at en.wikipediaImage:CompactFlash IDE Adaptor.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CompactFlash_IDE_Adaptor.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Towel401Image:IMG 0085.jpg-m.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IMG_0085.jpg-m.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:76coolio

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