solid propellant for missile
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Solid propellant for missile
By Armando Mateo
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Early development of explosive
The first breakthrough in making a truly workable smokeless powder came in France in 1886. Paul Vieille found ways to nitrate cotton so that it was possible to dissolve it in solvents which led to gelatinized masses of nitrocellulose that could be formed into gunpowder grains.
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In 1887, Alfred Nobel patented Ballistite, based on Nitrocellulose plasticized by nitroglycerine under a process similar to the cellulose process invented by J. W. Hyatt in 1870. It was a first step in the direction of extruded double-base(EDB) propellant grains.
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Development of solid propellant
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Solid propellant rockets
Solid propellant motors are the simplest of all rocket designs. They consist of a casing, usually steel, filled with a mixture of solid compounds (fuel and oxidizer) which burn at a rapid rate, expelling hot gases from a nozzle to produce thrust. When ignited, a solid propellant burns from the center out towards the sides of the casing. The shape of the center channel determines the rate and pattern of the burn, thus providing a means to control thrust. Unlike liquid propellant engines, solid propellant motors can not be shut down. Once ignited, they will burn until all the propellant is exhausted.
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Composite propellants
The two most common binders are polybutadiene acrylic acid acrylonitrile (PBAN) and hydroxy-terminator polybutadiene (HTPB). PBAN formulations give a slightly higher specific impulse, density, and burn rate than equivalent formulations using HTPB. However, PBAN propellant is the more difficult to mix and process and requires an elevated curing temperature. HTPB binder is stronger and more flexible than PBAN binder.
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Component diagram of solid propellants
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Basic composition of solid propellants
Oxidizer Fuel Binder CatalystPlasticizerEpoxy curing agent
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Terminologies
CDB –cast double base propellantEDB – Ejected double base propellantXLDB- Cross-linked double base propellantECMDB-Elastomeric Modified Cast double basePBAA- Polybutadiene Acrylic AcidPBAN-Polybutadiene AcrylnitrileCTPB- Carboxyl Terminated Polybutadiene
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Effect of binder on propellants
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Chemical Composition of solid propellantsAmmonium Perchlorate (AP) (200-Micron Particle Size) 35Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) (50-80 Micron Particle Size) 35Aluminum Powder (< 200 Micron particle Size) 14Hydroxy Terminated Poly Butadiene (HTPB) 11-12Dioctyl Azelate (DOZ) - or - Dioctyl Adepate (DOA) 3.5Ferric Oxide 12,4-Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) ~1Tri[1-(2-Methyl Aziridinyl)] Phosphine Oxide (MAPO) 0.3
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C-4 explosive
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High-Energy Propellants
NEPE75-polyoxyethylene glycol-255 sec Specific Impulse
XLDB- 250 sec Specific Impulse
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The chemistry of propellants
Explosive is sudden release of energy in the forms of shock waves, sound and heat damaging the container.
Propellant is sudden release of energy in the form of shockwaves, sound and heat without damaging its container.
Both are same on the sudden expansion of gas products.
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When 2 moles of hydrogen react with 1 moles of oxygen it sudden release of energy of about 13,260 joules per gram.
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Roger Bacon Black powder composition(1214)
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Later composition improvements to adjust reaction quantity
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Explosive chemical formula
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Performance parameters
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Heat of explosion
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Ammonium Nitrates is oxygen excess and TNT is oxygen deficient.
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Burning- Piobert’s Law
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Vielle’s Law 1893
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Gun propellant grain geometry
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Extruded double base propellants
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Polymer composite