sol–gel production of wrinkled fluorine doped zinc oxide through hydrofluride acid

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Sol–gel production of wrinkled fluorine doped zinc oxide throughhydrofluride acid

Ian Y.Y. Bun

Department of Microelectronics Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 81157 Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, ROC

Received 16 April 2014; received in revised form 24 May 2014; accepted 9 June 2014

Abstract

Wrinkled ZnO:F (FZO) thin films have been derived through sol–gel deposition process, using a mixture of zinc acetate aluminum chloride,hydrofluoric acid and isopropanol. It is found that the deposited FZO thin films are highly transparent with sheet resistivity of around 0.07 Ω cm.Scanning electron microscopy images and XRD measurements indicated that these FZO thin films are wrinkled with a preferential growth in thec-axis orientation. Electrical measurements revealed that all of the deposited films are n-type. The best figure of merit can be achieved by usingthe precursors with 6 at% of F. Results of this study show the F incorporation is one of the effective factors to optimize the FZO thin films. As ademonstration crystalline silicon-based solar cells were fabricated using FZO derived from this study.& 2014 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Sol–gel; Zinc oxide; Wrinkled; Fluorine; Self-textured

1. Introduction

Over the past decade, there has been considerable interest inzinc oxide (ZnO) based materials due to their potentialapplications in photovoltaic [1], humidity sensors [2], nano-generators [3], transparent thin film transistors [4], solar cells[5] and light emitting diodes [6]. As-deposited ZnO tends to ben-type with large exciton binding energy (60 meV) and a wideband gap (3.37 eV). The electronic properties of ZnO canfurther adjusted by the doping process to suit specific applica-tion. For example, the addition of cationic elements (Al [7],B [8], In [9] and Ga [10]) or anionic elements (F) [11] willdecrease the film resistivity without significantly affecting theoptical transparency. On the other hand, the introduction of N[12] and P [13] into ZnO creates an unstable p-type conductionbehavior of the thin films that can be further stabilized throughthe co-doping with Al [14].

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Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin film has been one of the mostextensively studied due to its low electrical resistivity andelemental abundance [15,16]. On the other hand, fluorine-dopedZnO (FZO) has been less well developed, despite possessing thebest “figure of merit” of conductivity:absorption coefficient ratio,in a comprehensive study on all the available transparentconductive oxide [17]. Two types of deposition method arepresently available to synthesis FZO, physical or chemicaltechnique. The physical technique includes sputtering [18,19]and evaporation [20]. The chemical technique uses spraypyrolysis [21], sol–gel [22] and chemical vapor deposition(CVD) [23]. Among the various deposition technologies, thesol–gel deposition technique is particularly attractive as it offersinexpensive set-up, efficient material utilization rate, precisecontrol of film composition and scalability [24,25]. Most of theprevious studies on the sol–gel derivation of FZO use Zn acetateprecursor, mixed with ammonia fluoride [26,27]. It is well-knownthat the physical properties of the sol–gel derived films arestrongly influenced by the source of dopant. In this study, FZOthin films were fabricated by employing a novel mixture ofisopropanol (IPA), zinc acetate aluminum chloride and diluted

ed zinc oxide through hydrofluride acid, Ceramics International (2014), http:

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Fig. 1. (a) Shows the XRD patterns of the FZO thin films as a function ofincremental fluorine incorporation and (b) the extracted grain size and FWHMfrom the XRD pattern. (For interpretation of the references to color in thisfigure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

I.Y.Y. Bu / Ceramics International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]]2

40% hydrofluoric acid (HF). To our best knowledge, there is alack of study on FZO doped using HF. The derived FZO filmswere thoroughly characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectroscopy, Halleffects and photoluminescence measurements. It was shown thatthe FZO thin film with high optical transmittance and lowresistivity can be obtained by sol–gel synthesis. The possibleuse of the F incorporation to optimize FZO thin films is identifiedand discussed. As a demonstration silicon solar cells werefabricated using sol–gel derived FZO.

2. Experimental

All chemicals used in this study were of reagent grade andused without further purification. The glass substrates werecleaned by ultrasonic agitation in acetone, methanol anddeionized water. The FZO sol–gel precursors were preparedby dissolving 0.7 M of zinc acetate in isopropanol. The mixedprecursor sols were magnetically stirred at 60 1C for about anhour. During the precursor mixing stage, 0.7 M of monoetha-nolamine (MEA) and 1 wt% aluminum chloride were periodi-cally dropped into the solution. The prepared sols weresubsequently poured into four beakers and mixed thoroughlywith different concentration of Hydrofluoric acid (HF) at1 at%, 4 at%, 6 at% and 10 at%. In order to homogenize themixed compounds, the prepared sols were sealed with parafilmand left to age for 48 h before deposition. Each depositioncycle consists of a spin coating of FZO precursors onto thepre-cleaned glass substrates at a rotating speed of 3000 rpm for30 s. The substrates were then preheated at 250 1C on ahotplate for 30 min to remove solvents and post-sintered at550 1C for an hour. Typical thickness of the FZO thin films arearound 300 nm. The structural and composition properties ofour samples were examined by using an FEI Quanta 400 FEnvironmental Scanning electron microscope, equipped withenergy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). A Siemens D5000X-ray diffractometer, which uses CuKα radiation, wasemployed to investigate the crystal structure and orientationof the FZO thin films. Transparency measurements wereobtained by using UV–vis spectroscopy (JASCO), sweepingthrough the wavelength in the range of 200–1800 nm. Halleffects measurements were taken by using an Ecopia HMS-3000 Hall effect measurement system. In order to ensureOhmic contacts to the FZO thin films, Ag electrodes wereformed by applying commercially available silver paste.

Silicon solar cells were fabricated using method described inanother study [28] with sol–gel deposited FZO as thetransparent conductive electrode. Current density–voltage(J–V) characteristics were measured using a Keithley 2400source–measure unit, under illumination (100 mW/cm2), usinga solar simulator (Science-tech.)

3. Results and discussions

Fig. 1(a) shows the XRD patterns of FZO thin films dopedwith incremental F concentration. Clearly, these thin films arepolycrystalline with the hexagonal wurtzite structure. All of the

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deposited FZO thin films possess a preferential growth alongthe (0 0 2) orientation, which is perpendicular to the substratesurface. Fig. 1(a) indicates that the intensity of the (0 0 2) XRDincreases with the increasing amount of F. The maximumintensity occurs when the FZO film is doped with 6 at% of HF.A similar tendency was observed in the previous study, whichstated that the improvement of the crystallinity was causedmainly by the attachment of F onto the oxygen vacancy sites[29]. It has been reported that F can suppress the growth of allthe ZnO planes, except the (0 0 2) orientation [30]. However,this effect is not observed in films doped with higher HFconcentrations. With a further increase of HF to 10 at%, theintensity of (0 0 2) diffraction peak is reduced, with theappearance of additional peaks centred at (1 0 0), (1 0 1) and(1 1 0) orientations. This reduction is probably caused by theincreased lattice strains arisen from the excessive interstitial F,which may have been adsorbed onto the ZnO surface and, as aresult, suppresses the crystallization in the (0 0 2) orientation.Fig. 1(b) shows the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of

the XRD peaks. The FWHM is useful for evaluating the






Fig. 3. Representative EDS composition analysis of the FZO films.

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quality of thin films. It has been shown that the crystallite sizecan be estimated by using the Scherrer’s formula

d¼ 0:9λB cos ϑB

where λ is the X-ray wavelength of 1.54 Å; ϑB is the Braggdiffraction angle and B is the FWHM of ϑB. The estimatedcrystallite sizes are presented in Fig. 1(b). As expected, theFWHM decreases with increasing F incorporation, which is aclear indication of crystallinity enhancement. A furtherincrease in the F doping have resulted in the excessive Fincorporation, which in turn leads to the increase of theFWHM. A similar tendency is also evident in the variationof grain size in the F doped FZO thin film, where themaximum grain size of around 56 nm is obtained from theFZO thin films doped with 6 at% of F.

Fig. 2 presents the top-view images of SEM thin film as afunction of F doping. Regardless of the doping concentration,all of the FZO possess wrinkled film morphology with theappearance of microfibers. The diameter and morphology ofthe micro-fibers are highly influenced by the F doping with thediameter decreases with increasing F doping. Previous studieshave suggested that the micro-fibrous formation is caused bythe rapid temperature ramping process on the hot plate [14,31].However, as the current study uses the hot plate as the heatingelement, its effect cannot be eliminated. Another probablecause for the wrinkled morphology is the lack of hydroxyl (oralkoxy) groups in the initial sol [14,32]. As the F doping in thisstudy was prepared by using 40% HF diluted with water,

Fig. 2. Shows the top-view SEM image of investigated FZO thin film with F


a further addition of F will increase the overall hydroxidegroups in the precursor and reduce the wrinkled effect.Consequently, the microfiber formation in the present studyis likely to be caused by the lack of hydroxyl or alkoxy groups.Clearly, as demonstrated by our results, the ability to fine-tunesurface roughness through HF doping is particularly interestingand could be useful in texturizing the surface of transparentconductive oxide used in solar cells.Fig. 3 presents the results of EDS composition analysis and

confirms the presence of Zn, O, Al and F within the films.

doping at (a) 1 at%, (b) 4 at%, (c) 6 at%, and (d) 10 at% (scale bar 5 μm).







It should be noted that, during the deposition process, HFsupplies F and AlCl3 supplies Al through the followingequations

HFþH2O-H3Oþ þF�

2AlCl3þ6H2O-2Al ðOHÞ3þ6HCl

where F anions attach onto the oxygen vacancy sites in ZnO.Previous studies have revealed that the Al plays an importantrole in obtaining high quality FZO as it is adsorbed at the grainboundaries [33], reduces interstitial F incorporation andincreases carrier concentration [34].

Optical transmittance spectra (wavelengths in the range of350–1200 nm) of the synthesized FZO thin films weredetermined by using the UV–vis spectroscopy and plotted inFig. 4(a). Fig. 4(a) shows a distinct absorption edge isidentified at wavelength of 375 nm, which corresponds tothose from bulk ZnO [35]. It can be observed that, up to theHF incorporation of 6 at%, the absorption edge shifts towardthe red region. Further increase of the F doping (10 at%) leadsto a significant shift toward the blue region. The red-shift ofthe absorption edge is usually associated with the increase in

Fig. 4. (a) Optical transmittance of the FZO films at different F incorporationand (b) variation of the optical band gap as function of incorporated F inFZO films.


particle size [36]. A similar rationale is applicable to the blueshift that suggests the reduction in grain sizes. This tendencycorresponds well to the XRD data presented in Fig. 1(b).As can be observed from Fig. 4(a), our samples possess

good optical transparencies, ranging from 88.5% to 92%, andthe most transparent film is obtained by using 10 at% of Fdoping. It is worth noting that the minimum transmittancerequirement for TCO solar cells is 80%. Therefore, the sol–geldeposited FZO thin films of this study are well-suited for TCOapplications. It is also interesting to note that the opticaltransparency in the visible and NIR regions can be improvedby the F incorporation. This is a desirable trait for thetransparent conductive oxide applications. In general, thetransmittance of ZnO-based thin films is affected mainly bythe grain size, defect, thickness, oxygen vacancies and surfaceroughness. In this study, the improvement in optical transmit-tance is attributed to the reduced surface roughness through theaddition of F, as shown in the SEM images. Optical band gapcan be extracted from Fig. 4(a) through the well-knownequation

ðαhvÞ ¼ Aðhv�EgÞ1=2

where α is the absorption coefficient; hv is the photon energy;A is a constant and Eg is the band gap. The optical band gap ofFZO thin films is summarized in Fig. 4(b). Clearly, theincrease of F has negligible effect on the band gap. Thisobservation implies that the basic crystal lattice of ZnO has notbeen significantly modified, which is expected since there areonly small differences in the ionic radii of F– (1.33 Å) and O2–

(1.32 Å). Therefore, the substitutional incorporation of F– inthe O2– site will not cause any noticeable change in the lattice.Because the grain size of the samples are relatively large,neither Burstein–Moss shift nor quantum confinement effectcan reasonably justify the slight increase in the band gap.However, one possible explanation for the slight increase inthe band gap at 10 at% of F doping is the formation ofsecondary phases, such as ZnF2 that is a wide band gapinsulator.Fig. 5 shows the evolution of (a) carrier concentration;

(b) mobility; and (c) electrical resistivity of the FZO thin filmswith increasing F doping. Because the O has been substitutedby F and a free electron is subsequently released, clearly, theresistivity decreases significantly with the increase of fluorinedoping. A similar tendency can be observed from the plots ofcarrier concentration and Hall mobility. However, the resistiv-ity increases significantly in films doped in a higher Fconcentration (10 at%). Such reversal in resistivity is probablyby the interstitial incorporation of F and etching effect of F thatdegrade the crystallinity. Furthermore, due to the high electro-negativity of fluorine, the fluorine interstitials can act as chargetrap sites that attract free electrons and, consequently, causedthe decrease of carrier concentration and mobility and theincrease in resistivity. The figure of merit, defined as transmit-tance/resistivity, is a useful parameter to examine the quality oftransparent conductive oxide. As shown in Fig. 5(d), FZOdoped with 6 at% of F exhibit the best of figure of merit. Itshould be noted that the investigated FZO thin film has not






Fig. 5. Effect of F on FZO film (a) carrier concentration, (b) mobility (c) resistivity and (d) figure of merit.

Fig. 6. Photovoltaic performance of the crystalline silicon solar cell fabricatedusing sol–gel deposited ZnO:F thin films.

I.Y.Y. Bu / Ceramics International ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] 5

matched the performance of the commercially available ITO.However, the FZO thin films do possess some potential andcould be improved with further optimization process.

By comparing the optimized FZO deposited in this studywith FZO deposited using NH4F [37], it can be concluded thatFZO deposited using HF exhibit much higher optical transpar-ency and lower electrical resistance. It is also interesting tonote that the wrinkled effect is absent in FZO thin filmsdeposited using NH4F. Again these observation can beattributed to the lack of hydroxyl group in the initial precursor.

As a demonstration, silicon solar cells were fabricated usingthe sol–gel derived FZO as transparent conductive oxide layer.Fig. 6 shows the J–V characteristic of the fabricated solar cells.It can be observed that the F doping concentration has stronginfluence on the subsequent photovoltaic performances. Atlower F doping concentration (Fo4 at%) the fabricateddevices exhibit poor power conversion efficiency (η) �0.3%.On other hand, device fabricated using FZO films deposited athigher F doping concentration resulted in devices with η�2.1%. The improved photovoltaic performances is due tothe usage of FZO thin film with best figure of merit, withacceptable optical transparency and resistivity.


4. Conclusion

FZO thin films with high optical transmittance and lowresistivity are obtained by sol–gel synthesis. Effects of F







concentration in the starting precursor solution on the FZO thinfilm’s structural, carrier transport and optical properties arestudied. XRD patterns identify a preferential c-axis orientationthat reaches its maximum peak intensity when a precursor with6 at% of F is used. The SEM images indicate that, because theOH groups have been supplied by HF, all of the FZO filmsexhibit a wrinkled morphology, which decreases with increas-ing F doping. Consequently, HF doping is an effective methodto fine-tune surface roughness. This result can be used directlyfor texturizing the surface of transparent conductive oxide usedin solar cells. The UV–vis spectroscopy has shown that thedeposited FZO film possesses high optical transmittance, witharound 92% concentrating at the wavelength of 550 nm. All ofthe FZO films are n-type, with a carrier concentration in therange of 1019 cm�3, and the lowest sheet resistivity is 0.07 Ωcm. As a demonstration, crystalline silicon solar cell deviceswere fabricated and confirms the feasibility of using FZO astransparent conductive layer.

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sol–gel production of wrinkled fluorine doped zinc oxide through hydrofluride acid

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