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    anuary 2010 11

    e U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dredge Potter, built during the GreatDepression, is still cruising the Mississippi watershed. It scours the riverbed, re-moving sediments so vessels dont run aground. In addition to dredges, USACEmaintains a eet of research vessels, towboats, survey and patrol vessels, and avariety of barges.

    e Army also has a sizeable eet of landing craft, logistics support vessels,tugs, barges, and ferry boats. It employs a number of large merchant vesselsfor theater support as well. During World War II, the Armys eet of ships wasnearly twice as large as the U.S. Navys, and included tankers, transports, hospi-

    tal ships and other vessels.

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    ough not a sniper weapon, theM-2 Browning was occasionally used

    as such in Korea and Vietnam. Successof the M-2 in hitting sniper targetssome 2,000 yards away, promptedgunsmiths to design more eectivesniper ries, according to Adrian Gil-bert, author of Sniper.

    e fty-calstill the Armysheavy machine gunis mountedon a tripod, vehicle or helicopter.e rst .50-caliber machine gunswere produced in 1921. Soldierssometimes refer to the M-2 as MaDeuce. Browning produced earliermachine guns, namely the M-1917and M-1919, both of which were .30caliber. e .50 caliber was not therst Browning machine gun.

    Its not easy pinpointing a date for the rst unmanned vehicle,

    since there are so many types. For instance, during the Civil War,both sides employed balloons laden with explosives.

    Unmanned aerial vehicles, or UAVs, include drones, xed-wingand rotary. ere were even manned-UAVs during World WarII, in which the pilot took oand then parachuted after setting anexplosives fuse.

    In 1940, the Armys rst large-scale production of a radio-controlled UAV was initiated, just in time for use in World War II.One of the workers who built the UAV was Norma Jeane Baker,who later changed her name to Marilyn Monroe when she became amodel and actress.

    Today, the Army uses a variety of UAVs for reconnaissance,

    surveillance, target acquisition and communications relay.Unmanned ground vehicles or UGVs, can be used for logistics,

    reconnaissance, attack and even defusing explosives. Many are inthe inventory and many more are in the research and developmentstage.

    Other types of unmanned equipment are unattended sensors,used to gather and transmit intelligence data in hostile areas ormonitor sites for weapons of mass destruction.

    All of these unmanned systems assist Soldiers in their missionsand have already resulted in lives saved on the battleeld.

    Photo: (Norma Jeane Baker, Courtesy Yank Magazine, 1944Van Nuys, Calif., Radioplane factory Radioplan OQ-2)

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    13

    e Armys medium-lifthelicopter is an old, but proven he-licopter, built to transport Soldiersand their equipment. Besides beingbattle-proven, CH-47 Chinooksare also used for disaster relief and

    search and rescue.During Hurricanes Katrina and

    Rita, CH-47s were used extensivelyby the Army and Army NationalGuard to rescue stranded residentsand carry relief supplies. ehelicopters also dropped sandbagsto plug broken levees and wereemployed on several occasions withwater buckets to douse buildingres in New Orleans.

    Howitzer

    chinook

    Soldiers used the M-1, 155 mm howitzer during World War II andthe Korean and Vietnam wars. e M-1 was replaced by the M-198howitzer in 1982, and it in turn is being replaced by the M-777. How-itzers can be towed by vehicles or lifted by helicopter.

    Additionally, the Army still

    elds a smaller howitzer, the M-119,105 mm, rst produced in 1989. During World War II, Soldiers usedthe M-2 and M-3 howitzers and the M-101 and M-102 in Vietnam.

    e M-777A2 can re a round up to 40 kilometers away, accu-rately enough to target individual rooms within a building, reducingthe chance of unintended casualties and allowing supporting re to bebrought down much closer to friendly troops.

    In 1963, the Army began elding the M-109, a self-propelledversion of its cousin, the towed 155 mm howitzer. ere are pros andcons of the two types. e towed is lighter and easier to airlift, but theself-propelled can be repositioned more rapidly.

    e M-16 replaced the much heavier M-14 rie during the Viet-nam War and currently is the Armys primary assault rie. e latestversion of the M-16 is the M-16A4.

    A variety of attachments come with the M-16 (and the similarM-4), including scopes, lasers, bayonets, ashlights, shotguns andgrenade launchers.

    Soldiers qualify on a regular basis with the M-16 at rie rangesworldwide, and they are awarded shooting badges denoting their levelof marksmanship. Although the eective range of the rie is 550 me-

    ters, Soldiers typicallyre at targets up to 300 meters. e ries alsoare used during drill ceremonies.

    rifle

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    e primary mission of the OH-58 Kiowa is scout at-tack, meaning that it primarily is used for reconnaissanceand surveillance. e new model, the OH-58D Kiowa War-rior, carries air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles. e helicop-ter has been used extensively by the Army National Guard in

    support of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and U.S.Border Patrol on the border with Mexico. Guard assistanceduring Operation Jump Start (2006-2008) is credited withreducing trans-border drug and human tracking, accordingto leaders of those organizations. e Guard also routinelyuses the helicopters for wildre spotting missions.

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    e M-240 machine gun wasdesigned in part as a replacement forthe M-60 machine gun, which enteredservice in 1957 and is still in use. eM-240 was rst used by the Army in1977 as a coaxial tank weapon, mean-ing that it was mounted side-by-sidewith the main gun. It is still used thisway, but now it can also be mountedon vehicles, helicopters, tripods andbipods.

    e weapon has proven itselfin combat as reliable and eective.On July 13, 2008, Cpl. Jonathan R.Ayers and fellow Soldiers in Wanat,Afghanistan, near the Pakistan border,were attacked by about 200 Taliban.His comrades said he saved their lives,standing his ground and laying downcontinuous re with his M-240B.Despite a wound, he continued to reuntil he eventually was killed by enemyre. Ayers was awarded the Silver Star

    (posthumous).

    In 1976, the SAM-D Missile System was renamed

    Patriot Air Defense Missile System. e new namereected the U.S. bicentennial theme of that year.ePatriot is the Armys most advanced air defense system,capable of defeating aircraft and tactical ballistic missiles.eres a big dierence between the Patriots used duringthe Gulf War and those used today. e new Pat-3 isnow a hit-to-kill missile, meaning it is designed to hit theincoming target head on and obliterate it so theres nolarge missile components or debris hitting the ground,said Col. Dan Karbler, an air defense artillery brigadecommander, during an October 2008 interview at FortSill, Okla.

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    e M-1, the Armys main battle tank was named for Gen. CreightonAbrams, who was the commander of military forces in Vietnam from 1968to 1972 and U.S. Army chief of sta from 1972 to 1974. e M-1 replacedthe M-60 Patton tank, named for another famous general, George S. Patton,of World War II fame, who previously was one of the rst ocers assigned tothe new U.S. Tank Corps during World War I. Abrams too, had strong ties totankers, having commanded the 37th Tank Battalion in World War II and the63d Tank Battalion and 3d Armored Division during the Cold War.

    In 1985, the M-1A1 version began service. During the latter part ofthe Cold War, M-1A1s in Germany were the rst line of defense against apotential Soviet armored assault. During the Gulf War, the M-1A1s survivedpunishing attacks from Iraqi tanks and missiles, proving the worth of their

    defensive armor, and saving lives. Equipped with a sophisticated re controlsystem, the M-1A1s were able to decimate Iraqi armored formations at longrange through smoke, dust storms and darkness.

    mortar

    tank

    A mortar is essentially an angled tubein which rounds are dropped by hand. Aring pin detonates the propellant and

    an explosive, phosphorous or illumina-tion round is red at a 45-degree angle orhigher.

    Mortars were used during WorldWar I, since they could be red from atrench, avoiding exposure to enemyre.e second advantage was that mortarscould engage targets in the delade withplunging re. ird, mortars were lighterthan artillery and could be moved morerapidly.

    Today, these advantages are just asrelevant. e M-224, 60mm mortar,elded in 1978, has an eective rangeof 2.17 miles and can be red at a higherarc than a howitzer. Newer mortars in theArmy are the larger M-252, 81 mm andthe M-120, 120 mm. An older 81 mmmortar, the M-1, was used by Soldiersbeginning in the late 1950s.

    e Black Hawk is a versatile heli-copter, used for air assault, movement ofvehicles and howitzers, medical evacua-tion, electronic countermeasures, specialoperations, and noncombat missions.

    It has proven its resilience in combaton many occasions. While ying a BlackHawk over southeast Afghanistan in2005, Chief Warrant Ocer 3 Chris-topher Palumbo came under intenseenemyreSoldiers on the ground hewas supporting were also attacked. Pa-lumbo and his ight crew evacuated twowounded Soldiers and killed at least sixinsurgents while under re from smallarms and rocket-propelled grenades. eBlack Hawk sustained over 50 bulletholes, shot-up engine, shot-up cabin andcockpit, one crew chief wounded, fourblades tore up, said Palumbo, noting,this engagement reinforces the bondthat aviators have with their infantry.b

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    FOOTNOTE: More recent equipment used by Soldiers includes the: M-2 Bradley (1981), Heavy Expanded MobilityTactical Truck series (1982), AH-64 Apache (1983), Mk-19 grenade launcher (1984), M-249 Squad Automatic Weapon(1984), Humvee (1985), M-9 pistol (1990), FGM-148 Javelin (1996), Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (1996), M-4carbine (1997), Stryker (2002), UH-72A Lakota (2006), and Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicle (2007).

    Among the equipment not included in this article are: xed-wing aircraft, vehicles used for countermine operationsand other specic missions, satellites, vessels and railroad locomotives. Special thanks to the U.S. Army Center for Mili-tary History for providing information included in this article.

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    19

    PEO Soldier

    19

    AMERICAN Soldiers are thecenter of the Armys strength.To ensure that strength, Soldiers

    require training, leadership and the bestequipment. Created in 2001, ProgramExecutive Oce Soldier is the Armysacquisition oce for providing Soldierswith the equipment they need to notonly perform their missions, but also tomake them more lethal and survivablein any operating environment.

    To meet the needs of the individualSoldier, PEO Soldier treats the Soldieras a system. is approach reduces Sol-

    dier load, and ensures that everythingissued to Soldiers works together as acohesive whole.

    Headquartered in Fort Belvoir,Va., PEO Soldier is supported by fourproject manager oces. PM SoldierProtection and Individual Equipmentis responsible for Soldier gear suchas uniforms, body armor and hel-mets. PM Soldier Sensors and Lasersdevelops and acquires night vision andprecision aiming devices. PM SoldierWarrior produces integrated systemsto bring the individual Soldier into thedigital network. PM Soldier Weaponsmanages individual and crew-servedweapons.!

    AN/PSQ 20:Enhanced Night Vision Goggle

    PM SoldierSensors and Lasers

    e AN/PSQ-20 EnhancedNight Vision Goggle is a helmet-mounted passive device that

    combines Image Intensication andlong-wave infrared sensors into asingle integrated system, allowingSoldiers to see in almost any limitedvisibility condition. Before the EN-VGs inception and initial eldingin April 2008, the two technologiescould only be used independently.Soldiers are now able to enjoy thebest of both worlds through thislightweight (2 pounds with four AAbatteries) device. One of the main

    improvements on the ENVG that iscurrently being executed by PM SSLis to ruggedize the device; makingit more durable through qualifying atougher housing material. !

    AN/PSQ-23: Small Tactical OpticalRie Mounted Micro-Laser Rangender

    e AN/PSQ-23 Small TacticalOptical Rie Mounted Micro-LaserRangender combines the functionalityof a laser rangender, the AN/PEQ-2AAiming Light, the Multiple IntegratedLaser Engagement System, a digitalcompass and a visible pointer into asingle system. is lightweight device is

    designed to operate on individual andcrew-served weapons, in addition tothe Stryker Remote Weapons Station.e AN/PSQ-23 also has the ability tocompute and display highly accuratetarget locations when combined with aPrecision Lightweight GPS Receiver ora Defense Advanced GPS Receiver.!

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    20 20

    e Armys rst major parachute upgrade in more than 50 years featuresdramatic improvements in design and comfort for Soldiers. e Advanced

    Tactical Parachute System T-11 is slated to replace the T-10, which wasintroduced in the 1950s. Although the T-10 is a proven parachute system,Soldiers nowadays are a little bit larger than they were 50 years ago, andthey carry more equipment. e T-11 mass tactical, non-maneuverableparachute, developed in collaboration with the Armys Natick SoldierResearch, Development & Engineering Center and industry, with consider-able feedback from Soldiers, reects PEO Soldiers commitment to ensurethat Soldiers are survivable, lethal and eective in any operational environ-ment. e canopy of the T-11 is 28 percent larger than the canopy of theT-10, resulting in a 49 percent slower rate of descent. at means Soldierscan stay safe and stay in the ght. Overall, the T-11 is more capable, stableand eective at meeting the needs of Soldiers on todays battleelds. e

    new shape of the T-11, which has been through more than 3,000 jumps inoperational testing, is a factor in reducing injuries. e cruciform geom-etry lends itself to virtually eliminating injuries from inadvertent mid-airentanglements.e T-11 also employs a sleeve deployment system thatcreates more space between parachutes as they deploy and inate, decreas-ing the likelihood of midair entanglement or collision. e new parachutehas additional features that improve on the T-10: an upgraded harness thatts the smallest and largest Soldiers and allows integration with todaysmodern equipment; and a proven reserve parachute system. In addition, thenew canopy deployment system greatly reduces the shock of the parachuteopening, further reducing the possibility of injury. Fielding of the T-11 isscheduled to continue through scal year 2016. !

    PM SoldierProtection and

    Individual Equipment

    Improved Outer Tactical Vest

    In its continuous push toward thenext level of excellence in Soldier gear,PEO Soldier awarded a contract in sum-mer 2009 to three vendors to producethe next-generation Improved OuterTactical Vest, featuring more than adozen enhancements. Based on feedbackfrom Soldiers and leaders, PEO Soldierintroduced 17 improvements, including:

    an adjustable side-plate carrier; a modi-ed internal liner that reduces rubbingand chang; a more durable and stableinternal waistband; changes to the inter-nal liner to reduce rubbing and chang;more easily adjustable shoulder buckles;integration of the Tactical Assault Panel;a strengthened drag strap; and a simpli-ed quick-release. Of particular interestto Soldiers of smaller stature is a smallerside plate, 6 inches by 6 inches. In itscontinuous eorts to reduce the load

    Soldiers carry, PEO Soldier removed anyunnecessary feature from the IOTV toreduce weight. Concurrent with theseimprovements, PEO Soldier developedprocedures for cleaning the vests usingcommercial methods. !

    Fire-Resistant Uniforms

    Recognizing the increasedthreat of life-threatening burninjuries from improvised explo-sive devices, PEO Soldier hasaccelerated research, developmentand deployment ofre-resistantclothing, which allows Soldiersseconds to safely escape ames.

    e latest FR development atPEO Soldier is the Fire ResistantEnvironmental Ensemble, a mul-tilayered system that is adaptableto varying mission requirementsand environmental conditions.

    FREE, which is being elded to combat vehicle crews and aviation crewsin scal year 2010, is designed not just to provide re resistance but also tomeet critical needs for lightweight, warm and waterproof clothing suit-able in a range of climates. It includes male and female undergarments, abase layer, midweight under layer, light weather outer layer, intermediateweather outer layer and an extreme/wet weather parka. It also includes coldweather gloves, a rigger belt and wool socks. FREE follows on a variety ofFR clothing already issued to deployed troops. Soldiers deploying to Iraqand Afghanistan currently are issued four FR Army Combat Uniforms. eArmy Combat Shirt, worn under Interceptor Body Armor, has the addedbenet of moisture-wicking fabric in the torso, to relieve heat stress in desertcombat environments. FR clothing is developed in consultation with burnexperts at Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio. !

    T-11 Parachute

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    2121

    Mounted Soldier System provides vehicle commanders with enhanced situationalawareness, communication, mobility and safety. e system provides a helmet-mounted display for commanders for remote viewing of platform-based displays andoptical sensors. is, coupled with wireless communication, allows commanders tomove freely within the vehicle, giving them greater mission exibility. Additionally,the Microclimate Cooling System has been integrated into the MSS after provingits worth for Army aircrews. As in aircraft, the MCS eectively lowers the users corebody temperature. e MCS includes a Microclimate Cooling Garment (a vest wornas an undergarment), and a small Microclimate Cooling Unit, an autonomous vaporcompressor system that chills water and pumps it through small tubes imbedded inthe vest. e vest is worn beneath crew member clothing. e MCS is shown toincrease mission endurance, and allows users to focus on their missions.!

    PM Soldier Warrior

    e Army is introducing a platecarrier vest to provide Soldiers morelightweight gear. In certain operationalenvironments such as the mountains ofAfghanistan, mobility is key to Soldierseectiveness against the enemy. eplate carrier, developed in conjunctionwith the U.S. Army Infantry School,the Army Test and Evaluation Com-

    mand, North Carolina State University,the Army Research Laboratory, andthe Rapid Equipping Force, and withextensive feedback from Soldiers, willreduce the weight of Soldiers bodyarmor by 10 to 15 pounds, comparedwith the fully equipped ImprovedOuter Tactical Vest. e vest will carrystandard hard armor plates for vital bal-listic protection, but will cover less ofthe Soldiers body than the InterceptorBody Armor system. e Army chose

    this solution concept because the tech-nology does not yet exist to make thehard and soft armor components morelightweight. e plate carrier will givethe commanders of those units a morelightweight alternative for their Sol-diers. e elding schedule called forthe rst plate carriers to be deliveredto the Army in December 2009 aftertesting, and be elded to Soldiers soonthereafter. Deliveries are scheduled tobe complete in March 2010. !

    Air Warrior

    Air Warrior is a fullyintegrated, modular, aircrew

    ensemble that provides im-proved situational awarenesstools, communication sys-tems, essential survival gear,and mission equipment intoa single Soldier-worn solu-tion. To produce Air Warrior,

    PM Soldier Warrior used a system of systems approach, so that the entire ensembleworks together as a whole. !

    Land Warrior

    Land Warrior is a rst-generation, battle-testedsystem that provides situationalawareness, navigation and

    networked communications tothe dismounted Soldier. Usinga Soldier-worn conguration,Land Warrior allows equippedSoldiers to see the location ofother equipped Soldiers on thebattleeld shown on a digital

    map that can be edited on the y. With Land Warrior, Soldiers can add icons andother mission symbols to a shared map that is populated to every other systemuser. Equipped Soldiers can also use voice and text messaging, as well as wirelesslyexchange digital les between Soldiers and back to command.

    Using Soldier feedback, Land Warrior has been designed for ease of use andminimal impact on the users. e system is integrated directly into the Soldiersgear, and uses a helmet-mounted display with a handheld Soldier control unit. isallows Soldiers to interact with the system without hampering their eectiveness onthe battleeld.

    Land Warrior was rst deployed with the 4-9 Infantry to Iraq in 2007, where itproved to be a valuable tool. Soldiers in Iraq reported that they moved faster, saferand more eectively with the system. A lighter, improved version of the system iscurrently deployed to Afghanistan. !

    Mounted Soldier

    Lighter Body Armor

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    Responding to Soldier feedback,systems engineers at PM Soldier Weap-ons gured out a way to improve theperformance of ammunition magazines

    without adding weight. By incorporat-ing a heavier, more corrosion-resistantspring, along with a new follower thatdoes not tilt inside the casing, engi-neers were able to develop a magazinethat presents a round to the weaponwith even greater stability.e plan isto eld seven new magazines for eachM16 or M4 carbine in the inventory.Look for the tan-colored follower to besure you have the improved magazinefor your weapon. !

    PM SoldierWeapons

    Lighter Machine Guns

    PM Soldier Weapons has elded 500, Mk48 7.62mm assault machineguns to units in Afghanistan. At just more than 18 pounds, the weapon is33 percent lighter than the M240B. Units will keep the Mk48 in additionto their current inventory, providing commanders more repower, missionexibility and maneuverability. In addition, PM SW has begun an operationalassessment of the new titanium M240L, a lightweight variant of the rug-ged M240B that meets the reliability and performance specications of theheavier gun. At 20.5 pounds, the short-barrel M240L is 7 pounds lighter thanthe M240B. Fielding to dismounted units such as airborne and air assault isanticipated in summer 2010. !

    M320 Grenade Launcher

    e M320 Grenade Launcher is

    a completely new system featuringunique advancements. e M320improves on the current system withan integral day/night sighting system,a handheld laser rangender and amodular architecture that allows forstandalone operation or for mountingon M16 and M4 systems. With a dou-ble-action trigger for increased safetyand reliability, the M320 also featuresa side-loading unrestricted breech,allowing for longer 40mm munitions

    that provide Soldiers increased missionexibility. e Army plans to purchasemore than 71,000 M320 systems overthe next several years, eventually replac-ing the M203. !

    Improved Magazines

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