solar tracker with wireless charging

SOLAR TRACKER WITH WIRELESS CHARGING

PATRUS MAXSION ANAK TINGGAL

Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) in Electronics

(Telecommunications)

2017

UNlVERSITI MALAYSIA ARAWAK

Grade _ ____

Please tick (J)

Fuutl Year Projlct Report IZJ Masters 0 PhD D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

Thi declaration is made on the I~~ day of )~L 2017

Students Declaration

r _~~bull~~_L~JJ-~~ -~)---gt-~~ - (PLEASE INDICATE TUDENt-S NAME MATHIe NO AND FACULTY) hereby dcclare that the work en bt1-~ - 1bulllt _ _ middotk 1)- ( )_-___ 11 __-U- 18 my ongmaI

work I have not oopild from any other students work or from any other sources except when due reference or acknowledgement u made explicitly In the text nor haa an) part been written for me by another pel1On

241~ y 20)7 P fJ J gt 1 ( J Date 8ubmittcd Name of the stud nt (Matrje No)

SupervIsors Declaration

~ j I ~1_ middotmiddotbullbullmiddot middot (SUPERVISOR S NAME) hereby certUics that he

tIed _( _ bull _ _______________- ric~_ _ _ ___ ------(TITI ) waS prepared y t hework cnh _~ Jobullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull II ___ _ bullbullbullbull A~ b

above named student and was submitted to the -FAClLTY 8S 0 bull partJalsectII fulfillment for lhe

r t I If ( T bull~ ~ bullbullbull1 (PLEASE INDICATE TffEconlennent 0 ---T---bull c~------ _ bullbullbull _shy

DEGREE) and the aforementionld work to the best of my knowled~ II the sRid students work

Date [1117Recevro (or oxamination by

I declare that Projecttrhesis is classified as (pIe tick (-4raquo

o CONFIDENTIAL (Contains ~nfidenLial tnCormation under the Official Secret Act 1972)middot o RESTRICTED (Contsi retncted information as speclfied by the orgoniaation where

rescnrch was done) [LJOPEN ACCESS

VamplidalioD of ProjectlTbe8i8

I therefore duly affirmed with free consent Aod willingness declare that this said ProjectlThesiR hall be placed officialJy in the Centre for Acadomic Information Service with the abiding interest and rights as follows

bull This Projecttrhesis is th 60Ie legal property of Univcrelti Malaysls Sarawak (UNIMAS)

bull The Centre for Academic Information Service has the lawful right to make copies for tbe purpose of academIC and research only and not for other purpose

bull Th Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to digltalilie lbe content for the Local Content Database

bull The Ceotre for AcademiC lnformatim SeJVces has the lawful right to mok copies f the ProjectlThesi for academic exchange between Higber Learning IMtitute

bull No dispute Or any clrum shall arise from the student illelf neither third party un tllia ProJecttrhesis onoo it becomes the sole property of NIMAS

bull This Projectflbesis or Any material data and information relatltgtd to It sholl not be diBtributed publiabed or disclosed to any party by Lhe etudent except with UNlMAS perrnjssion

Student SIgnature _Q=--~ __-_____ (Date) ( I )

Current Address

Notes bull If the ProjectflheHia is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRlCTED please attach together 88

annexure a letter from the organisation with the period and rea60ns of confidentiality and re5triction

[The inslrument is duly prepared by The Centre for Academic lnfonnation Servoos)


PATRUS MAXSION ANAK TINGGAL (43714)

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment

of the requirement ror the degree or

Bachelot of Engineering (Hons) in Electronics

(Telecommunicalion)

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Satawak

2017

To my beloved family and friends

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to the Lord in the Highest and His blessing in guiding me to complete this report

Special appreciation goes to my supervisor Madam Nazreen binti Junaidi for her supervision and

also support Her invaluable help of constructive comments and suggestion throughout the entire

completion of the thesis and hardware Special thanks to all the lecturer and staff of Electrical

and Electronic Department for all the support and information they had gave in order to complete

this report Not forgotten to all my friends that help me directly or indirectly and for the time

they have spent in order to help me Last but not least my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved

family for their support and guidance throughout this semester To those who contributed

indirectly in this research your kindness means the world to me Thank you very much

ii

ABSTRACT

Sunlight is a renewable resources because everyday sun will rises and thus produces sun

light Furthermore sunlight can be harvested and it is eco-friendly and does not pollute the

environment Plus by reducing the usage of cables is good for environmental and humanrsquos

health It is called as wireless in short Do we know by combining harvesting sunlight and

wireless able to reduce large amount of money Why It is because materials needed to produce

the cables can be cut and human able to avoid themselves from electric shock and by harvesting

the sunlight the electricity bill can be reduced This project is to design develop investigate and

analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar tracker This solar tracker able to rotate till 3600

by using two servo motors and LDR as a sensor in order to harvest sunlight till maximum and

combine with wireless charging by using magnetic resonance coupling method instead of using

cable as medium to charge a battery

iii

ABSTRAK

Cahaya matahari adalah sumber yang boleh diperbaharui kerana matahari setiap hari akan terbit

dan dengan itu akan menghasilkan cahaya matahari Tambahan pula cahaya matahari boleh

dituai dan ia adalah mesra alam dan tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar Seterusnya dengan

mengurangkan penggunaan kabel adalah baik untuk alam sekitar dan kesihatan manusia Ia

dipanggil sebagai wireless secara ringkasnya Adakah kita tahu dengan menggabungkan

penggunaan solar dan wireless dapat mengurangkan perbelanjaan dengan mendadak Mengapa

Ini kerana bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kabel boleh dikurangkan dan

manusia dapat mengelakkan diri mereka daripada kejutan elektrik dan penggunaan solar bil

elektrik dapat dikurangkan Projek ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk membina menyiasat dan

menganalisis kecekapan pengecasan tanpa wayar tracker solar Penjejak solar ini dapat berputar

hingga 3600 dengan menggunakan dua motor servo dan LDR sebagai sensor untuk menuai

cahaya matahari sehingga maksimum dan menggabungkan pengecasan tanpa wayar dengan

menggunakan kaedah resonans gandingan magnet dan bukannya menggunakan kabel sebagai

medium untuk mengecas bateri

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

11 Project Overview 1

12 Problem Statements 3

13 Objectives 5

14 Scope of Project 5

15 Expected Outcome 7

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9

21 Overview 9

22 Solar Energy10

23 Comparison between Mono-crystalline and Multi-crystalline PV cells 11

24 The Results between Mono-crystalline and Poly-crystalline at Jordan and Malaysia 14

25 Solar Tracker 17

251 Methods Used by Other Researchers to Let Solar Tracker to Rotate in 360o

to Increase the Efficiency of Output Power 17

252 Comparison between single axis dual axis solar tracker and static solar

panel 18

26 Wireless Transmission and Charging 20

27 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22


272 Main Components Needed to Build Magnetic Resonance Coupling

Wireless Charger 24

v

273 Output Produced by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Method 25

28 Far Field Wireless Charging using RF signal 26

281 Antenna 27

282 Transmitter and Receiver 28

283 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit 28

284 High Q-Resonator 29

285 Output Power Produced by Harvesting RF signal 30

29 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Methods 30

210 Research Gaps 31

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY32

31 Overview 32

32 Engineering Design Process 33

33 Project Aim 34

34 Gantt Chart 36

35 Component Used 37

36 Microcontroller 37

361 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328P 38

362 ATmega 328 (IC Chip) 40

37 Solar Panel 42

38 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 43

39 Servo Motor 44

310 Motor Shield 45

311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 47

312 Block Diagram of Solar Tracker 48

313 Block Diagram of Wireless Charger 49

314 Conceptual Design of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 50

315 Solar Tracker Design 50

316 Conceptual Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracker 52

vi

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53

41 Overview 53

42 Fabrication and Development of Miniature 53

421 Wireless Charger 53

422 Solar Tracker 57

423 Redesigning Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging 61

43 Program 63

44 Results 64

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73

51 Conclusion 73

52 Future Scope 74

REFERENCES 75

APPENDIX A 78

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2

Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3

Figure 13 Exposed cable 4

Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4

Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6

Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and

generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11

Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12

Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13

Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14

Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15

Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17

Figure 27 Basic transformer 21

Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23

Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24

Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24

Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25

Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26

Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27

Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29

Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33

Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35

viii

Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38

Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40

Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41

Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42

Figure 37 LDR 43

Figure 38 How LDR works 44

Figure 39 Servo Motor 45

Figure 310 Motor shield 46

Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47

Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48

Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49

Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49

Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50

Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51

Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52

Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55

Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56

Figure 43 Soldering process 56

Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58

Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59

Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59

Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59

Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59

Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60

Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60

ix

Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61

Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62

Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63

Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64

Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72

x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both

panels in 4 days 14

Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19

Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19

Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20

Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30

Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31

Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36

Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36

Table 8 Technical Aspects 39

Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41

Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46

Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46

Table 12 List of component 54

Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57

Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64

Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65


Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66




xi




xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A - Ampere

AC - Alternating Current

DC - Direct Current

EMF - Electromotive Force

FYP1 - Final Year Project 1


LDR - Light Dependent Resistor

PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller

PV - Photovoltaic

PWM - Pulse Width Modulation

RF - Radio Frequency

RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview

Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the

progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the

environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will

produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone

layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive

to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce

pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in

the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass

wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing

considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to

the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is

increasingly used

Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or

harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished

Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity

Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic

means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and

convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first

or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy

that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar

power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation

2

Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar

panel [7]

Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that

need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo

because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also

verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in

this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically

widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make

the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe

This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging

using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially

implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed

solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel

Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel

To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve

maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar

tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel

that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight

3

12 Problem Statements

Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun

from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot

follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the

efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than

normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west

where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To

overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to

180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than

fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed

solar panel

Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger

(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is

dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the

power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe

for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire

Figure 12 Messy cables on the table

4

Figure 13 Exposed cables

Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but

the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance

and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed

and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to

charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which

methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14

shows existing product of wireless charging

Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging

5

13 Objectives

The objectives of these project are

To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino

microcontroller

To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using

Arduino microcontroller

To investigate the selected method of wireless charging

14 Scope of Project

Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide

researchers on how to start manage and completed a project

According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the

title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks

Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the

objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be

conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to

discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature

review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step

focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical

thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation

process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just

referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be

tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results

gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be

done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process

will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete

6

NO

YES

YES

Figure 15 Flowchart of activity

PLANNING

IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp

RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome

Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed

panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight

more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using

wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging

16 Report Structure Overview

Project Outline

This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology

Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For

FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and

Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells

the short detail about each chapter

Chapter 1 Introduction

In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project

overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected

outcomes

Chapter 2 Literature Reviews

Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and

studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This

chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker

With Wireless Charging

UNlVERSITI MALAYSIA ARAWAK

Grade _ ____

Please tick (J)

Fuutl Year Projlct Report IZJ Masters 0 PhD D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

Thi declaration is made on the I~~ day of )~L 2017

Students Declaration

r _~~bull~~_L~JJ-~~ -~)---gt-~~ - (PLEASE INDICATE TUDENt-S NAME MATHIe NO AND FACULTY) hereby dcclare that the work en bt1-~ - 1bulllt _ _ middotk 1)- ( )_-___ 11 __-U- 18 my ongmaI

work I have not oopild from any other students work or from any other sources except when due reference or acknowledgement u made explicitly In the text nor haa an) part been written for me by another pel1On

241~ y 20)7 P fJ J gt 1 ( J Date 8ubmittcd Name of the stud nt (Matrje No)

SupervIsors Declaration

~ j I ~1_ middotmiddotbullbullmiddot middot (SUPERVISOR S NAME) hereby certUics that he

tIed _( _ bull _ _______________- ric~_ _ _ ___ ------(TITI ) waS prepared y t hework cnh _~ Jobullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull II ___ _ bullbullbullbull A~ b

above named student and was submitted to the -FAClLTY 8S 0 bull partJalsectII fulfillment for lhe

r t I If ( T bull~ ~ bullbullbull1 (PLEASE INDICATE TffEconlennent 0 ---T---bull c~------ _ bullbullbull _shy

DEGREE) and the aforementionld work to the best of my knowled~ II the sRid students work

Date [1117Recevro (or oxamination by













Current Address









(Telecommunicalion)



2017


i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










ii

ABSTRACT












iii

ABSTRAK















iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES viii





13 Objectives 5




21 Overview 9

22 Solar Energy10



25 Solar Tracker 17




panel 18





Wireless Charger 24

v



281 Antenna 27








31 Overview 32


33 Project Aim 34

34 Gantt Chart 36





37 Solar Panel 42


39 Servo Motor 44

310 Motor Shield 45







vi


41 Overview 53





43 Program 63

44 Results 64


51 Conclusion 73

52 Future Scope 74

REFERENCES 75

APPENDIX A 78

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page























viii





Figure 37 LDR 43





















ix






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes


















Current Address









(Telecommunicalion)



2017


i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










ii

ABSTRACT












iii

ABSTRAK















iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES viii





13 Objectives 5




21 Overview 9

22 Solar Energy10



25 Solar Tracker 17




panel 18





Wireless Charger 24

v



281 Antenna 27








31 Overview 32


33 Project Aim 34

34 Gantt Chart 36





37 Solar Panel 42


39 Servo Motor 44

310 Motor Shield 45







vi


41 Overview 53





43 Program 63

44 Results 64


51 Conclusion 73

52 Future Scope 74

REFERENCES 75

APPENDIX A 78

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page























viii





Figure 37 LDR 43





















ix






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes











(Telecommunicalion)



2017


i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










ii

ABSTRACT












iii

ABSTRAK















iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES viii





13 Objectives 5




21 Overview 9

22 Solar Energy10



25 Solar Tracker 17




panel 18





Wireless Charger 24

v



281 Antenna 27








31 Overview 32


33 Project Aim 34

34 Gantt Chart 36





37 Solar Panel 42


39 Servo Motor 44

310 Motor Shield 45







vi


41 Overview 53





43 Program 63

44 Results 64


51 Conclusion 73

52 Future Scope 74

REFERENCES 75

APPENDIX A 78

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page























viii





Figure 37 LDR 43





















ix






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes







i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










ii

ABSTRACT












iii

ABSTRAK















iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES viii





13 Objectives 5




21 Overview 9

22 Solar Energy10



25 Solar Tracker 17




panel 18





Wireless Charger 24

v



281 Antenna 27








31 Overview 32


33 Project Aim 34

34 Gantt Chart 36





37 Solar Panel 42


39 Servo Motor 44

310 Motor Shield 45







vi


41 Overview 53





43 Program 63

44 Results 64


51 Conclusion 73

52 Future Scope 74

REFERENCES 75

APPENDIX A 78

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page























viii





Figure 37 LDR 43





















ix






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






ii

ABSTRACT












iii

ABSTRAK















iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES viii





13 Objectives 5




21 Overview 9

22 Solar Energy10



25 Solar Tracker 17




panel 18





Wireless Charger 24

v



281 Antenna 27








31 Overview 32


33 Project Aim 34

34 Gantt Chart 36





37 Solar Panel 42


39 Servo Motor 44

310 Motor Shield 45







vi


41 Overview 53





43 Program 63

44 Results 64


51 Conclusion 73

52 Future Scope 74

REFERENCES 75

APPENDIX A 78

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page























viii





Figure 37 LDR 43





















ix






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






iii

ABSTRAK















iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES viii





13 Objectives 5




21 Overview 9

22 Solar Energy10



25 Solar Tracker 17




panel 18





Wireless Charger 24

v



281 Antenna 27








31 Overview 32


33 Project Aim 34

34 Gantt Chart 36





37 Solar Panel 42


39 Servo Motor 44

310 Motor Shield 45







vi


41 Overview 53





43 Program 63

44 Results 64


51 Conclusion 73

52 Future Scope 74

REFERENCES 75

APPENDIX A 78

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page























viii





Figure 37 LDR 43





















ix






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK iii


LIST OF FIGURES vi

LIST OF TABLES viii





13 Objectives 5




21 Overview 9

22 Solar Energy10



25 Solar Tracker 17




panel 18





Wireless Charger 24

v



281 Antenna 27








31 Overview 32


33 Project Aim 34

34 Gantt Chart 36





37 Solar Panel 42


39 Servo Motor 44

310 Motor Shield 45







vi


41 Overview 53





43 Program 63

44 Results 64


51 Conclusion 73

52 Future Scope 74

REFERENCES 75

APPENDIX A 78

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page























viii





Figure 37 LDR 43





















ix






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






v



281 Antenna 27








31 Overview 32


33 Project Aim 34

34 Gantt Chart 36





37 Solar Panel 42


39 Servo Motor 44

310 Motor Shield 45







vi


41 Overview 53





43 Program 63

44 Results 64


51 Conclusion 73

52 Future Scope 74

REFERENCES 75

APPENDIX A 78

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page























viii





Figure 37 LDR 43





















ix






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






vi


41 Overview 53





43 Program 63

44 Results 64


51 Conclusion 73

52 Future Scope 74

REFERENCES 75

APPENDIX A 78

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page























viii





Figure 37 LDR 43





















ix






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page























viii





Figure 37 LDR 43





















ix






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






viii





Figure 37 LDR 43





















ix






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






ix






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






x

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page


panels in 4 days 14





















xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






xi




xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






xii


A - Ampere


DC - Direct Current






PV - Photovoltaic



RX - Receiver

TX - Transmitter

V - Volt

W - Watt

Ω - Ohm

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

11 Project Overview












increasingly used










2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






2


panel [7]

















3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






3











solar panel







4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






4










5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






5

13 Objectives



microcontroller




14 Scope of Project


















6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






6

NO

YES

YES


PLANNING


RESEARCH

DESIGN SOFTWARE amp

HARDWARE

HARDWARE

IMPLEMENTATION

TESTING AND

DEBUGGING

EXPECTED

RESULT

FINALIZING

END

START

7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






7

15 Expected Outcome






Project Outline









outcomes






solar tracker with wireless charging

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