solar system formation 4. outer material accretes to form planetesimals 1. rotating cloud of gas...
TRANSCRIPT
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Solar System Formation
4. Outer material accretes to form planetesimals
1. Rotating cloud of gas & dust
2. Cloud spins & flattens, forms a disk
3. Core of disk forms young star
solarnebula
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Our Solar System• Types of planets depend on:
- temperature- amount of material
rocky planets(Terrestrial)
gas planets(Jovian)
• Rocky planets formed closer to Sun
• Gas giants formed further out
STANDARD MODEL
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ConstellationOrion
Stellar Nurseries
• Example: Orion Nebula
Hubble
• birthplace of new stars, new solar systems?
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high eccentricity(more oval)
low eccentricity(more circular)
Vocabulary
• Extra Solar Planet (ESP): a planet around a star other than our Sun
ESP
• brown dwarf: less mass than a star,
more mass than Jupiter
• light year: distance light travels in 1yr
• eccentricity: how elliptical an orbit is
1024 kg
1027 kg
1030 kg
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Planet Quest
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The First Searches
• 1920s - Edwin Hubble: identified neighboring galaxies• 1980s - B. Smith & R. Terrile: captured 1st image of
debris disk around star
Hubbleoutside galaxy Beta Pictoris
dust disk
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Discovery At Last
• 1995: Michel Mayor & Didier Queloz (Swiss) - 1st ESP orbiting star 51 Pegasus
• 1995: Geoff Marcy & Paul Butler (SF State, UC Berkeley) - confirmed discovery - found many more
• 2000’s: dozens more
• by 2006: 193 planets 14 multiple planet systems
and many more now…
Mayor & Marcy
51 Peg
ESP & 51 Peg
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Star GQ Lupi & planet
planetGQ Lupi
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Tau Bootis
16 Cygni B
55 Cancri
47 Ursae Majoris
70 Virginis
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Extra Solar Planets
Distance from parent star (AU)MJUP = mass of Jupiter
1 2
Stars
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Characteristics of ESPs
• Jupiter-sized and bigger
• Orbit close to star (closer than Mercury)“Hot Jupiters”
Eccentric orbits Orbit close to star
• Orbits highly eccentric
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Detection
• Obstacles - Too far away - Don’t produce any of own light - Lost in glare of parent star
• Solution: look for effects on parent star
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Methods of Detection
• Doppler Shift
Doppler Shift
• plus others……
Transit Method
• Transit Method
Direct Detection
• Direct Detection
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Doppler Shift & Orbit Wobble
• Star and planet orbit
center of mass
• Tug of gravity causes
star to wobble
• Planet has small
gravitational affect on star
X
X
X = center of mass
gravity
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Review: Light Waves
BIGGER wavelengths
smaller wavelengths
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Red ‘Shift’ vs. Blue ‘Shift’
waves appear compressed
light moving toward observerlight moving away from observer
waves appear stretched
observer of star
RED SHIFT BLUE SHIFT
DOPPLER SHIFT
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Detection: Doppler Shift
• Planet causes star to wobble in circular orbit
movingtoward
observer
moving away fromobserver
• Light from star is Doppler shifted
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Detection: Doppler Shift
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Wobbles from Neptune-sized planet orbiting star Gliese 436
Real Star Wobbles
Star movingtoward
Star movingaway
Gliese 436
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Detection: Transit Method• planet passes between star and observer
• planet blocks out tiny portion of star’s light
• star’s light appears to dim
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Detection: Transit Method• planet passes between star and observer
• planet blocks out tiny portion of star’s light
• star’s light appears to dim
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Direct Detection
Giant planet and young brown dwarf
• state-of-art infrared images• detect light 200+ light years away
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Future Missions• 2001: Keck Interferometer
• 2011: Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) Planet Quest
• 2014: Terrestrial Planet Finder
Keck Interferometer SIM Planet Quest Terrestrial Planet Finder
- began capturing 1st images of gas giant EPSs
- will detect evidence for earth-sized planets
- will send back 1st pictures of nearby planetary systems
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What is your favorite planetary body?
Give one scientific reason why.