solar pv industrial visit presentation june 15 2013 ieee 1
TRANSCRIPT
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WELCOME
TO
MEMBERS OF IEEE
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Solar PhotovoltaicSystems
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INDEX
Evaluationofthesolarresource
Increasingtheplantprofitabilityfromthe
design
Choosingthecomponents
Photovoltaicfacilitiescalculations
Single-linediagram
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INDEX
Evaluationofthesolarresource
Increasingtheplantprofitabilityfromthedesign
Choosingthecomponents
Photovoltaicfacilitiescalculations
Single-linediagram
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System losses (PR)
Shadows
Disconnections &Breakdowns
Panel tolerance
Pollution, dispersion &
reflectance
Temperature
Inverter
Cables
Towardstheprofitabilityoftheplantfromthedesign
Resource evaluation
Latitude
Longitude
Altitude
Data from closest
meteorologicalstations
Data from satellites
OPTIMUM
PROFITABILITY
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INDEX
Evaluationofthesolarresource
Increasingtheplantprofitabilityfromthedesign
Choosingthecomponents
Photovoltaicfacilitiescalculations
Single-linediagram
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The inverter can be considered as the heart of a solar facilityIts cost, in relation to the complete installation, is between 6% - 9%
Its performance is already between 95 %-97 %
It is important to know about their operation principles. We canfind 2 options:
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Inverters:Trends
Theelectricalcompaniescanaskforgalvanicisolationtransformerswhentheconnection isinlowvoltage
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Inverters:Features
Other important parameters are:
Inverterefficiency:
As it is shown in the graphic, the inverter has a different efficiencydepending on the load. Usually, the manufacturers give the maximumefficiency and the european efficiency, which is the weighting of thedifferent efficiencies when the load is: 5%, 10%, 30%...100%
Invertertemperaturerange:
This is really important, as in some places the temperature can reach
over 40, and extra cooling might be considered
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CrystallineorThin-filmPanels
Visualidentification:
Monocrystalline Policrystalline ThinfilmA-Si:H
They are cheaper, but they need larger surfaces & structures
The guaranteed output power is not as precise as in Mono/
Poly crystalline modules
There are no references from facilities producing an important
amount of years
Source: Atersa
Thin film panel observations:
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PV System Standards
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THINFILMPANEL
CGIS(Copper-Gallium-IndiumSelenide)
CIS(Copper-IndiumSelenide)
CdTe(Cadmiumtelluride)
A-Si:Htriple(Amorphoussilicon
tripleunion)A-Si:Htandem(Amorphoussilicon
doubleunion)
A-Si:Hsingle(Amorphoussilicon)
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CrystallineorThinf i lmmodules
CRYSTALLINEPANEL
Mono crystalline
Poly crystalline
EFFICIENCYREQUIREDSURFACE
This information can be altered depending on each manufacturer price policy
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PVModuleSpecs
The most important electrical spec is thepanel efficiency
Thehighesttheefficiencyis,wewill
requireasmaller surfacetoreachacertainoutputpower
Voltage and current parameters are notdeterminant, as we can connect the panels inseries or in parallels to fit the inverter input.
Source: Atersa
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STC Vs PTC Difference between STC and PTC
STCstands for Standard Test Conditions which are 1,000 watts per square meter solar irradiance, 1.5 Air Mass and 25 degrees C. cell temperature.
STC are indoor factory test conditions.
PTCstands for PV USA Test Conditions which were developed at thePV USA test site at Davis, California. PTC are 1,000 watts per square meter solar irradiance, 1.5 Air Mass, and
20 degrees C. ambient temperatureat 10 meters above ground level and wind speed of 1 meter per second.
PTC is more like "real-world" conditions but does not factor indust and dirt, module mismatch, DC and AC wire losses, actualinverter efficiency, and electric storage efficiency if you havebatteries.
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ConcentrationPanel
Concentration technology is still being developed
Fresnel Lens (and other kinds)
Refractive optical system
Concentration up to 500x
Potential cost savings
Improvement in cell efficiency: from actual 30% towards 40%
Increasing the concentration: from actual 500x towards 1000x
Hardest challenges
Extremely accurate suntracking(Accuracy
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Example: ABB S800PV (Specifications)S800PV-SHighPerformanceMCB
Versions: 2P, 3P & 4P
Current: Up to 80 A
Voltage: 800 Vdc with 2P & 1200Vcc with 3P & 4P
S800PV-MSwitch-Disconnector
Versions: 2P, 3P & 4P
Current: Up to 125 A
Voltage: 800Vcc with 2P & 1200Vcc with 3P & 4P
ACMCBACDifferential
DCFuses
Source: ABB
DCMCB
ACside
Protections
The protections to be installed are:
DCside
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Type 150 275 320 385
Accordingtostandard IEC616431
Maximumvoltage(AC/DC) Uc(L-N/N-PE) 150/200V 275/350V 320/420V 385/500V
Nominaldischargecurrent(8/20) In(L-N/N-PE) 20/20kA
Maximumdischargecurrent(8/20) Imax(L-N/N-PE) 40/40kA
ProtectionLevel Up(L-N)
Up(N-PE)
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Cables
Cable Requirements for PV facilities
The facility has a lifetime of over 25 years
From solar panel to inverter: weatherproof foroutdoor conditions and suitable for indoorconditions (in houses or industries)
From inverters to meters: direct burial or insidecable ducts
If medium-voltage is required, it might besuitable:
For underground installation (inside cableducts)
For aerial installationSource: TopCable
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Cables
It is recommended to use*:
Specific PV usage cable
Main features:
Conductor: electrolytic copperInsulation: halogen free
Cover: fireproof; low emissions (corrosive gas & toxic smokes)
In case of fire
Toavoidhealthdamagesanddevicedamages
Obligatoryinpubliclocations
Source: TopCable
*Basedinpreviousslideconsiderations
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Typical elements (used in every electricalinstallation):
Earth peg: different sizes depending on therequired depth
(from 1,5 to 2,5 meters)
Cable: copper without cover >35mm2.
Depending on the installation:
Low-power installations: It would be enoughto use several earth pegs connected by acopper cable (without cover)
High-power installations: a copper cable gridis usually used (without cover). Dependingon the physical measures, earth pegs can bealso used.
EarthingSystem
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Source: Circutor
MeteringDevice
The meter must be certified
Typical specifications to meet are:
Class 1.0 ( Class B)
Bidirectional
Optical & RS 485 outputs
DependingontheinstalledpowerthemetercanbedirectlyConnected orcoilinductorsaretobeused.
The most usual cases are:
The grid connected PV facility exports all the generated electricity towards
the grid, except the consumption of its own devices: Inverters, Monitoringcommunications devices, Auxiliary services, Suntracking devices
The grid connected PV facility uses the network as a battery. This type is
known as Netmetering
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INDEX
Evaluationofthesolarresource
Increasingtheplantprofitabilityfromthedesign
Choosingthecomponents
Photovoltaicfacilitiescalculations
Single-linediagram
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Radiation(Wh/m2)
PR = 0,74 - 0.78
System Losses
Considerations:
The values considered in the following slides are estimated values andshould only be used as an approach. They may vary depending oneach location.
A detailed PerformanceRatiostudy is fundamental to evaluate theprofitability of each solar facility
TowardsthePR(PerformanceRatio)
definition
ElectricEnergy(Wh)
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1. Temperature. (9%)+10C 4% received energy
2. Inverter.We can consider about 6%. New inverters canreach 4%
3. Cable:AC, DC & other electric devices: < 2%
4. Pollution,dispersion&reflectance.
1. Fixed panel: aprox.3%2. Suntracking system: 2%.Inurbanareas,itshoulddeincreasedby2%
5. Shadowing. They should be below 4%. In case of usingsun tracking systems, a shadowing study might be necessary.
6. Otherlosses(incidences,etc).
1. Fixed panel: 2%2. Suntracking system: 4%.
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100%
91%
87,%
85,%
80%
78%
76%
SystemLossesevaluation
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Choose cool locations, as elevated areas
Select inverters with high efficiency and Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT)
Consider extra cable sizing avoiding long traces with voltage drops
Choose solar panels with tolerances between +/- 2-3%
Cleaning the modules in long periods without rain
Balance the separation between panel rows (to avoid shadowing) with the
optimization of the surface area
Minimize the impact of breakdowns, with a preventive maintenance.
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KeystooptimizethePR
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Shadowingevaluation
Depending on the type of installation, the shadowing study and the surface
optimization, the project profitability may vary.
The main aspect to study are:
Azimuthal deviation from the south (North hemisphere) or north
(South hemisphere)
Tilt of the solar panelShadows of extern elements
Shadows of own elements
FIX - GROUND SUNTRACKING-GROUND FIX - ROOF INTEGRATION
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Fix-Ground
1. Distance between panel rows
A basic rule would be to avoid shadows during the 4 central hoursof the day, in the day of the year with less radiation.
This implies calculating the angle of the sun (height regarding the line
of the horizon) to +/-2 hours regarding the solar midday.This angle will vary depending on the latitude
The objective is to avoid that the top of the front panel projects ashadow to the lowest part of the panel that is placed behind.
d=h/k
Latitudek
291,600
372,246
392,475
412,747
433,078
453,487
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The optimum tilt angle of the solar panel can be expressed by the following
simplified formula: Tilt = Latitude 10 for Latitude above 30deg
In India, tilt angles from 15 to 33 are considered as optimum, but tilt angles
between 30 40 dontmean considerable system losses
Tilt angles below 15 in urban areas may cause system losses due to pollution
and dirt accumulation on the panels.
Local land slope will be logically taken into account, which can help reducing
distance between the panel rows to improve the surface profit. (Obviously, the
opposite effect can happen)
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F ix-Ground
2. Tilt angles
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The most favorable orientation is 0 South (North hemisphere).An orientation deviation below 20 (East or West) cause negligible system losses.
The following graph (which is valid for a 40 latitude) shows how additional
Losses may appear depending on the combination of orientation and tilt angle.
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Fix-Ground
3. Orientation angle
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Environmental conditions
Urban conditions
Topography
External elements shadowing study (trees, electrical posts, etc)
Own elements shadowing study: direct & crossed (in suntracking
cases)
Definition of the distance between suntrackers (or panel rows)
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Suntracking-ground
Locationoptimization
Previous tasks:
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To adapt the solar panels to the roof shape
We should take into account:
Impact of angle orientation.
Impact of tilt angle.
Impact of shadows
Roof geometrical limits
Remarks: be careful with panels fromthe same rowin different planes
Fix-Roofs
As grid connected solar facilities are considered as an investment, we have
to choose between the following cases:To place the solar panels at the optimum tilt and orientation angle.
OPTIMUMANGLE&ORIENTATION
ROOFADDAPTED
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Twopossibilities:
To avoid visual impact, adapting the solar panels to the roof shape
To integrate the panel as a constructive element with a certain function:
Electricity generation
Sunshade effect: special panels which allow some sunlight to gothrough
Innovative design: usually special structures are required, and this
may increase the installation costs
In architectural integration, the solar facility is not considered as just
a profitable investment, but also as an image and design element
Architecturalintegration
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Hmed-day Average solar radiation per day
PR Performance ratio for the solar installation. Dimensionless
Finc Tilt coefficient: a ratio normally obtained from the optimum tilt for a
fixed panel(Which optimizes its performance).In
Hyderabad(Latitude=17.36) it is1.0
Pinst Installed solar power
ISTC Average irradiance in the horizontal plane
(5.6 kW-h/ m2 day x 0.74 x 1.0 x 365 day x 1 kW) / 1 kW/m2
Expected production for this horizontal radiation, with a PR = 0.74,would be: 1512.56kW-h
Hmed day PR finc days/ year Pinst
ISTCEannual/kWp
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Annualproduction
Production by kWp (installed with 5.6kwh/sq.m Irradiance)
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Maximum input voltage of the inverter
Maximum input current of the inverter
Voltage and current at Maximum Power Point
Whendesigningthesolarpanelconfigurationinseriesandparallels,wemusttakeinto accountthatthevoltageandcurrentofthebranchwillchangedependingonthe temperature.Thereforeitwillbenecessarytochooseextremevaluesoftheregionforthe calculation.
Systemconfiguration
Once the modules and inverters are selected, the configuration of the
system allows to maximize the produced energy
It is possible that in some cases we should consider the use of a differentmodule or inverter in order to improve the system performance.
The configuration of the systems takes into account:
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Systemconfiguration
Source: PVsyst
Aconfiguration example of a designing software for Solar Plants
(PVSYS screen shot )OR SOLAR PATHFINDER
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/Final%20Report%20on%20system.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/Final%20Report%20on%20system.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/Final%20Report%20on%20system.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/Final%20Report%20on%20system.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/Final%20Report%20on%20system.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/Final%20Report%20on%20system.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/Final%20Report%20on%20system.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/Final%20Report%20on%20system.pdf -
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ElectricalcalculationIt is very important to take into account:
Maximum current in the cables
Maximum allowed voltage drop.
If there is a long distance the main factor to determine the cable section
will be the voltage drop.
If there is a very short distance the current that flows along the cable will
determine the section of the cable
El t i l d i
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TypeofSoil Soilresistivity(Ohm)
Cultivable and fertile soils, compact and wet soils 50
Cultivable non fertile soil,or other soils 500
Naked rock soils, and dried and permeable soils 3.000
Electrode Soilresistivity(Ohm)
Buriedplate R=0,8/P
Verticalpeg R=/L
Buriedconductor R=2/L
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Electricaldesign
In order to do a simplified earthing calculation, we can start with the following formulas
depending on the soil resistivity and the electrode characteristics
,soil resistivity (Ohm x m)
P, Plate perimeter (m)
L, Peg or conductor length (m)
The average values of the resistivity, depending on the type of soil are:
El t i l l l ti
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Material 20 70 90
Copper 56 48 44
Aluminium 35 30 28
Temperature 20C 70C 90C
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Electricalcalculations
The cable sizing is based on the following formulas:
Three Phases
OnePhase
Considering:
P = Power
L = Cable length
= Cable conductivity
E = Allowed voltage drop
U= Line voltage
For example, for LV in Europe:
400V in Three-phase
230V in One-phase
TABLEOFCONDUCTIVITYDEPENDINGONTHETEMPERATURE
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DEVICE PROTECTIONLEVEL
INVERTER
METER
CC CABINET49
High Middle Low
OverVoltage
A lightning may produce a transitoryovervoltageof
short duration, with a huge amplitude.
The overvoltage produced due to network unbalances is
a permanentovervoltage, with a longer duration and a
lower amplitude.
Inordertoprotectourinstallationagainstovervoltage,
electricaldischargerscanbeconnectedattheinputand
outputofeachdevicetobeprotected.
There are three different protection levels:
Source: Cirprotect
TRANSITORYOVERVOLTAGE
PERMANENTOVERVOLTAGE
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Transformersconnectiontopology
In installations where more than one Medium Voltage transformer is required, it is
important to define the correct topology for the connection between all the MV
transformers and the main grid (Power line).
The possible connections options are:
STAR
RING
PRODUCTION
LOSSES
CABLEBREAKDOWN
NOPRODUCTION
LOSSES
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INDEX
Evaluationofthesolarresource
Increasingtheplantprofitabilityfromthedesign
Choosingthecomponents
Photovoltaicfacilitiescalculations
Single-Linediagram
Single line diagram
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Single-linediagram
FUSE
DC
MCB
DIFERENTIAL
PROTECTION
AC
MCB
ELECTRICALCOMPANY
DEVICE
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Why Rooftop PV?
Reduced reliance on the grid
Offsetting the usage of diesel generators, leading to lower pollution
Max power generation at max load(for commercial segment)
Consumption at the point of generation
Significantly reduced transmission losses.
The Aggregated Technical and Commercial (ATC) losses in India are expected to be about 32%.
1 kWh of power lost for every 3 kWh generated, which means 2 kWh of power from rooftop = 3kWh of kWh from far-off thermal plant
Operation and MaintenanceEasy and inexpensive
Off-grid PV 48
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Off-grid or grid-tied PV?
Parameters Off-grid Grid-tied
Grid
connection
Operates independent of the utility
power grid
Connected to the utility power grid
Suitability Suitable when utility power is not
easily accessible or cannot be
installed
Used when selling power to utility or
the system smaller than the minimum
power load.
Storage
required
Yes No
Cost Costlierdue to battery bank Less expensive
Installation Easy to commission Complexrestricted by the utility grid
Monitoring Important, but not critical Requires grid related monitoring,
feedback and safety features
Off-grid PV 49
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Off Grid System
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Grid Connected System
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GRID INTERACTIVE
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POWER MW WITH SUNTRACKER WITHOUT SUNTRACKER
0,1
0,5 MW
1 PERSON.
INTERMITTENT
INFORMATION FROM THE
INVERTERS
0,51 MW 1 PERSON. HALFTIMEINFORMATION FROM THEINVERTERS
12 MW
1 PERSON. FULL TIME
WITH MONITORING
SYSTEM1 PERSON. HALFTIME
25 MW
2 PERSONS. FULL TIME
WITH MONITORING SYSTEM
1 PERSON. FULL TIME
WITH MONITORINGSYSTEM
FOR EACH 5 MW
ADDED.+ 2 PERSON. FULL TIME .+ 1 PERSON. FULL TIME
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Operation&MaintenanceOptions(IV)
Depending on the plant size and technology, we should answer the followinquestions:
Who? How? Withwhich tools?
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Componentstobemaintained:ThePVmodule(I)
It is the most massive element within the facilityIt has a guarantee for manufacturing defects during its first period of lif
Usually, from 3 to 5 years
It has a guarantee for producing with a minimal performance during
25 years
Duetothesereasons,thiselementshouldneverberepaired.Weanalyzethepanel,ifithasanydefect,itis
replacedbythemanufacturer
PanelAnalysis:Manufacturingdefects
They should be detected visuallyDefective frames
Yellowing (Thepanelbecomesyellow)
Defective connection boxes
Broken glass
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Componentstobemaintained:ThePVmodule(II)
PanelAnalysis:Productiondefects(I)They are harder to be detected, as other components may beinvolvedIt is important to isolate the defect, and confirm it has been
produced in the panels
Testingmechanisms
1. Todetectwhicharrayhastheissue
a. Within large facilities: The monitoringsystem could control each array separately
b. Within small facilities: we have to do amanual testing for each array
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2. Todetectthedefectivepanelswithinthearray:
a. Test both the voltage and the current for each panel:
Thevoltagemaybereducedifacellhasanydefects
Componentstobemaintained:ThePVmodule(III)
PanelAnalysis:Productiondefects(II)
b. The hot spots may produce a voltagereduction:
They can be detected visually, but a
thermographic camera can help to findthem out
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Componentstobemaintained:Theinverter(I)
TypeofinverterThe maintenance strategy may vary depending on the type of inverter
Small inverters: to be placed on the wall
Big inverters: to be placed on the ground
Smallinvertersmaintenance
We should have a number of inverters in stock, ready to replaceany defective one
When a malfunction is detected:
The inverter is replaced by one in stock
And it is sent to the factory for its reparation
NOTE:Thisoperationcanbedonereallyfast,sothatwecanavoid productionlosses,asifwehaveastockwedonotdependonthird parties
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Manufacturer maintenance Maintenanceby our own company
No need of qualifiedpersonnel in the plant The reparationmight be done faster
Thirdparty dependence when any incidence happens Need of qualifiedpersonnel in the plant,It mightbe profitable from a certain installed
power
Try to avoid sending the inverter to be repairedin the
factory
Itmay take more than a week to be repaired
In the contract, it is essentialto add a clause for indemnity
in case of production losses
Ifthe reparation takes more than a certain period, theindemnity may be executed
This period should be less than48 hours (weekends
included)
In thiscase, the spare parts stock
management is really important
For large inverters, the cost of the spare parts
can be important
Pros
Cons
O
bservaciones
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Componentstobemaintained:Theinverter(II)
Biginvertermaintenance
We can find two options:
NOTE:inanycase,ifwewanttoguaranteeafast
reparationwemusthavesparepartsintheplant
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Componentstomaintain:Thesuntracker
The suntracker has software, mechanical & electrical devicesMechanical:
Its preventive maintenance is very important:
Motor lubrication
Sensor state supervision
Any corrective measure will be more expensive
Control
The software must be always updated to the last version
The possibility to remotely update the software can reduce the
time to update it locally
NOTE:As in the inverters case, depending on the amount of units, it can be
interesting either to outsource the maintenance of the suntrackers, or to
employ qualified personnel to do it ourselves.
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Componentstomaintain:Controlcabinets,protections&cables(I)
Controlcabinets
Preventive:Visual inspection is very important to know
their state.
Punctual:if they are in the open air, if it is important to
check their state after bad weather conditions
For example, after a hard storm, water could have
gone inside the cabinet
If the control cabinet has lost its capabilities, it must bereplaced as soon as possible
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Componentstomaintain:Controlcabinets,protections&cables(II)
Protections
Preventive:
Periodical tests to the protections that allow them will be
done.
Periodical inspections will be done, specially in the
connections
If any defect is detected, the device will be immediately
replaced. Thesparepartstockisimportant
NOTE:Abadconnectioncanproduceanelectricalarc,thatmayraise
thetemperatureandcausethedevicebreakdown
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Componentstomaintain:Controlcabinets,protections&cables(III)
Cable
Preventive
To check the connections between the different
equipments
To check those parts where the cable cover can
be damaged
Facilities without suntracker: once the cable installation
has been verified, and its voltage and connection have
been checked, the cable shouldnthave any problems
Facilities with suntracker: it is important to periodically
check the cable route and test if there are any importantmechanical tensions at any point, which may cause a
serious problem in the future
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23
Componentstomaintain:Themeter
The meters are solid devicesThey have a critical function
Once they are installed and the plant has been commissioned,
the electric company seals them to avoid being operated
Anyway,apreventivemaintenanceshouldbedone:
To check if the data being sent by the meter is logical, and isthe same as the one
we can read at the display
When handling any incidence, we must contact the electric
company:
They can send their own personnel
They can allow us to operate the meter
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SOLAR SYSTEM AT SYNERGY infra
110 MODULES EACH OF 240W
POLY CRYSTALLINE MODULES
11MODULES IN EACH STRING WITH VOLTAGE OF 330V
MPPT RANGE OF INVERTER : 280-360V
10 STRINGS TOTALLY
ONE ARRAY JUNCTION BOX
25KW INVERTER GRID INTERACTIVE
BATERY OF 150AH CAPACITY
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SOLAR SYSTEM AT SYNERGY infra
MAKES OF COMPONENTS MODULES : PHOTON
INVERTER : NEOWATT
BATTERIES : EXIDE
ARRAY JUNCTION BOX : LOCAL
COST ANALYSIS INITIAL COST :
MODULES : RS 12LAKHS
INVERTER : RS 7LAKHS
BATTERY : RS 3 LAKHS
STRUCTURE : RS 6 LAKHS
OTHERS : RS 4 LAKHS
TOTAL : RS 32LAKHS
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SOLAR SYSTEM AT SYNERGY infra
PHOTOS
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/PHOTOS/Photos-%20Terrace/DSC00265.JPGhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/PHOTOS/Photos-%20Terrace/DSC00265.JPG -
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208KWp system at Bellary
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208KWp system at Bellary
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1000KWp system at Hyderabad
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1000KWp system at Hyderabad
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1000KWp system at Hyderabad
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Thankyou