solar

1.Design, development and performance evaluation of a latent heat storage unit for evening cooking in a solar cookerEnergy Conversion and Management, Volume 41, Issue 14, September 2000, Pages 1497-1508S.D Sharma, D Buddhi, R.L Sawhney, Atul Sharma

Abstract

In this paper, a PCM storage unit for a solar cooker was designed and developed to store solar energy during

sunshine hours. The stored energy was utilised to cook food in the evening. Commercial grade acetamide was used

as a latent heat storage material. Cooking experiments were conducted with different loads and loading times during

the summer and winter seasons. The thermal performance of a solar cooker with the PCM storage unit was

compared with a standard solar cooker. The experimental results showed that evening cooking is possible with

a solar cooker having the PCM storage unit and is not possible in a standard solar cooker.

2.Thermal performance of a solar cooker based on an evacuated tube solar collector with a PCM storage unitSolar Energy, Volume 78, Issue 3, March 2005, Pages 416-426S.D. Sharma, Takeshi Iwata, Hiroaki Kitano, Kazunobu Sagara

Abstract

The thermal performance of a prototype solar cooker based on an evacuated tube solar collector with phase change

material (PCM) storage unit is investigated. The design has separate parts for energy collection and cooking coupled

by a PCM storage unit. Solar energy is stored in the PCM storage unit during sunshine hours and is utilized for

cooking in late evening/night time. Commercial grade erythritol was used as a latent heat storage material. Noon and

evening cooking experiments were conducted with different loads and loading times. Cooking experiments and PCM

storage processes were carried out simultaneously. It was observed that noon cooking did not affect the evening

cooking, and evening cooking using PCM heat storage was found to be faster than noon cooking.

The cooker performance under a variety of operating and climatic conditions was studied at Mie, Japan.

3. Solar energy storage using phase change materials

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 11, Issue 9, December 2007, Pages 1913-1965Murat Kenisarin, Khamid Mahkamov

Abstract

The continuous increase in the level of greenhouse gas emissions and the climb in fuel prices are the main driving

forces behind efforts to more effectively utilise various sources of renewable energy. In many parts of the world,

direct solar radiation is considered to be one of the most prospective sources of energy. However, the large-scale

utilisation of this form of energy is possible only if the effective technology for its storage can be developed with

acceptable capital and running costs. One of prospective techniques of storing solar energy is the application

of phase change materials (PCMs). Unfortunately, prior to the large-scale practical application of this technology, it is

necessary to resolve numerous problems at the research and development stage. This paper looks at the current

state of research in this particular field, with the main focus being on the assessment of the thermal properties of

various PCMs, methods of heat transfer enhancement and design configurations of heat storage facilities to be used

as a part of solar passive and active space heating systems, greenhouses andsolar cooking.

4.Simulated energy and exergy analyses of the charging of an oil–pebble bed thermal energy storage system

for a solar cooker Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 92, Issue 12, December 2008, Pages 1668-1676A. Mawire, M. McPherson, R.R.J. van den Heetkamp

Abstract

Energy balance equations are used to model the solar energy capture (SEC) system and the thermal energy storage

(TES) system of a proposed indirect solar cooker. An oil–pebble bed is used as the TES material. Energy and exergy

analyses are carried out using two different charging methods to predict the performance of the TES system. The first

method charges the TES system at a constant flowrate. In the second method, the flowrate is made variable to

maintain a constant charging temperature. A Simulink block model is developed to solve the energy balance

equations and to perform energy and exergy analyses. Simulation results using the two methods indicate a greater

degree of thermal stratification and energy stored when using constant-temperature charging than when using

constant-flowrate charging. There are greater initial energy and exergy rates for the constant-flowrate method when

the solar radiation is low. Energy efficiencies using both methods are comparable whilst the constant-temperature

method results in greater exergy efficiency at higher levels of thesolar radiation. Parametric results showing the effect

of each charging method on the energy and exergy efficiencies are also presented.

5. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications Review ArticleRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 13, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 318-345Atul Sharma, V.V. Tyagi, C.R. Chen, D. Buddhi

Abstract

The use of a latent heat storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal

energy and has the advantages of high-energy storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process.

PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal-storage systems for heat pumps, solarengineering, and

spacecraft thermal control applications. The uses of PCMs for heating and cooling applications for buildings have

been investigated within the past decade. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify at a wide range of

temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. This paper also summarizes the investigation and

analysis of the available thermal energy storage systems incorporating PCMs for use in different applications.

6. Design, development and performance evaluation of a latent heat storage unit for evening cooking in

a solar cookerOriginal Research ArticleEnergy Conversion and Management, Volume 41, Issue 14, September 2000, Pages 1497-1508S.D Sharma, D Buddhi, R.L Sawhney, Atul Sharma

Abstract

In this paper, a PCM storage unit for a solar cooker was designed and developed to store solar energy during

sunshine hours. The stored energy was utilised to cook food in the evening. Commercial grade acetamide was used

as a latent heat storage material. Cooking experiments were conducted with different loads and loading times during

the summer and winter seasons. The thermal performance of a solar cooker with the PCM storage unit was

compared with a standard solar cooker. The experimental results showed that evening cooking is possible with

a solar cooker having the PCM storage unit and is not possible in a standard solar cooker.

7.One thousand thermal cycles of magnesium chloride hexahydrate as a promising PCM for indoor solar

cookingOriginal Research ArticleEnergy Conversion and Management, Volume 52, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 1771-1777A.A. El-Sebaii, S. Al-Heniti, F. Al-Agel, A.A. Al-Ghamdi, F. Al-Marzouki

Abstract

Cooking is the major necessity for people all over the world. It accounts for a major share of energy consumption in

developing countries. There is a critical need for the development of alternative, appropriate, affordable methods

of cooking for use in developing countries. There is a history for solar cooking since 1650 where they are broadly

divided into direct or focusing type, box-type and indirect or advanced solar cookers. The advancedsolar cookers

have the advantage of being usable indoors and thus solve one of the problems, which impede the social acceptance

of solar cookers. The advanced type solar cookers are employing additional solar units that increase the cost.

Therefore, the solar cooker must contain a heat storage medium to store thermal energy for use during off-sunshine

hours. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of the melting/solidification fast thermal cycling of

commercial grade magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2·6H2O) on its thermo-physical properties; such as melting

point and latent heat of fusion, to be used as a storage medium inside solar cookers. One thousand cycles have been

performed in a sealed container under the extra water principle. The thermo-physical properties are measured using

the differential scanning calorimetric technique. It is indicated that MgCl2·6H2O with the extra water principle and

hermetically sealing of the container is a promisingphase change material (PCM) for cooking indoors and during law

intensity solar radiation periods. It is also found from the melting/solidification behavior of MgCl2·6H2O that it is

solidify almost without supercooling; except in few cases where it showed maximum of 0.1–3.5 °C of supercooling.

8. Thermal performance of a solar cooker based on an evacuated tube solar collector with a PCM storage

unitOriginal Research ArticleSolar Energy, Volume 78, Issue 3, March 2005, Pages 416-426S.D. Sharma, Takeshi Iwata, Hiroaki Kitano, Kazunobu Sagara

Abstract

The thermal performance of a prototype solar cooker based on an evacuated tube solar collector with phase change

material (PCM) storage unit is investigated. The design has separate parts for energy collection andcooking coupled

by a PCM storage unit. Solar energy is stored in the PCM storage unit during sunshine hours and is utilized

for cooking in late evening/night time. Commercial grade erythritol was used as a latent heat storage material. Noon

and evening cooking experiments were conducted with different loads and loading times. Cooking experiments and

PCM storage processes were carried out simultaneously. It was observed that noon cooking did not affect the

evening cooking, and evening cooking using PCM heat storage was found to be faster than noon cooking. The

cooker performance under a variety of operating and climatic conditions was studied at Mie, Japan.

9. Solar cooker with latent heat storage systems: A review Review ArticleRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 13, Issues 6–7, August–September 2009, Pages 1599-1605Atul Sharma, C.R. Chen, V.V.S. Murty, Anant Shukla

Abstract

Cooking with the sun has become a potentially viable substitute for fuel-wood in food preparation in much of the

developing world. Energy requirements for cooking account for 36% of total primary energy consumption in India. The

rural and urban population, depend mainly, on non-commercial fuels to meet their energy needs. Solar cooking is one

possible solution but its acceptance has been limited partially due to some barriers. Solar cooker cannot cook the

food in late evening. That drawback can be solved by the storage unit associated with in a solarcooker. So that food

can be cook at late evening. Therefore, in this paper, an attempt has been taken to summarize the investigation of

the solar cooking system incorporating with phase change materials (PCMs).

10. Numerical heat transfer studies of PCMs used in a box-type solar cookerRenewable Energy, Volume 33, Issue 5, May 2008, Pages 1121-1129C.R. Chen, Atul Sharma, S.K. Tyagi, D. Buddhi

Abstract

Theoretical investigations on the phase change materials (PCMs) used as the heat storage media for box-

typesolar cookers have been conducted in this study. The selected PCMs are magnesium nitrate hexahydrate,

stearic acid, acetamide, acetanilide and erythritol. For a two-dimensional simulation model based on the enthalpy

approach, calculations have been made for the melt fraction with conduction only. Different materialssuch as glass,

stainless steel, tin, aluminum mixed, aluminum and copper are used as the heat exchanger container materials in the

numerical calculations. The large value of thermal conductivity of heat exchanger container material did not make a

significant contribution on the melt fraction except for at very low thermal conductivities. Based on the theoretical

results, stearic acid and acetamide are found to be good compatibility with latent heat storage system. It is also found

that the initial temperature of PCM does not have very important effects on the melting time, while the boundary wall

temperature plays an important role during the melting and has a strong effect on the melt fraction. The results also

show that the effect of thickness of container materialon the melt fraction is insignificant. The results obtained in this

paper show that in a box-type solar cooker, acetamide and stearic acid should be used as a latent heat

storage materials.

11. Study on a PCM heat storage system for rapid heat supply Original Research ArticleApplied Thermal Engineering, Volume 25, Issues 17–18, December 2005, Pages 2903-2920Jinjia Wei, Yasuo Kawaguchi, Satoshi Hirano, Hiromi Takeuchi

Abstract

A thermal energy storage system employing phase change material (PCM) FNP-0090 (product of Nippon Seiro Co.

Ltd.) for rapid heat discharge was studied numerically and experimentally. In the numerical studies, the PCM was

encapsulated in four different capsules (sphere, cylinder, plate and tube) for investigating the effects of geometrical

configurations. The effects of the capsule diameter and shell thickness and the void fraction on the performance of

the heat storage system were also investigated. The experiment was conducted by using a commercial plate heat

exchanger as the heat storage tank. It was found that the spherical capsule showed the best heat release

performance among the four types of investigated capsules, whereas the tubular capsule with low void fraction was

not ideal for rapid heat release of the thermal energy stored in the PCM. The heat release performance decreased in

the order of sphere, cylinder, plate and tube. The numerical results and the experimental data agreed within 10%.

12. Experimental investigation of novel indirect solar cooker with indoor PCM thermal storage

and cooking unitOriginal Research ArticleEnergy Conversion and Management, Volume 49, Issue 8, August 2008, Pages 2237-2246H.M.S. Hussein, H.H. El-Ghetany, S.A. Nada

Abstract

In the present study, a novel indirect solar cooker with outdoor elliptical cross section, wickless heat pipes, flat-

plate solar collector and integrated indoor PCM thermal storage and cooking unit is designed, constructed and tested

under actual meteorological conditions of Giza, Egypt. Two plane reflectors are used to enhance the insolation falling

on the cooker’s collector, while magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Tm = 89 °C, latent heat of fusion 134 kJ/kg) is used

as the PCM inside the indoor cooking unit of the cooker. It is found that the average daily enhancement in

the solar radiation incident on the collector surface by the south and north facing reflectors is about 24%. Different

experiments have been performed on the solar cooker without load and with different loads at different

loading times to study the possibility of benefit from the virtues of the elliptical cross section wickless heat pipes and

PCMs in indirect solar cookers to cook food at noon and evening and to keep food warm at nightand in early morning.

The results indicate that the present solar cooker can be used successfully for cookingdifferent kinds of meals at

noon, afternoon and evening times, while it can be used for heating or keeping meals hot at night and early morning.

13. Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis

and applications Review ArticleApplied Thermal Engineering, Volume 23, Issue 3, February 2003, Pages 251-283

Belén Zalba, José Ma Marı́Mn, Luisa F. Cabeza, Harald Mehling

Abstract

Thermal energy storage in general, and phase change materials (PCMs) in particular, have been a main topic in

research for the last 20 years, but although the information is quantitatively enormous, it is also spread widely in the

literature, and difficult to find. In this work, a review has been carried out of the history of thermal energy storage with

solid–liquid phase change. Three aspects have been the focus of this review: materials, heat transfer

and applications. The paper contains listed over 150 materials used in research as PCMs, and about 45 commercially

available PCMs. The paper lists over 230 references.

14. Thermal performance of myristic acid as a phase change material for energy storage applicationRenewable Energy, Volume 24, Issue 2, October 2001, Pages 303-317Ahmet Sarı́, Kamil Kaygusuz

Abstract

Thermal performance and phase change stability of myristic acid as a latent heat energy storage material has been

studied experimentally. In the experimental study, the thermal performance and heat transfer characteristics of the

myristic acid were tested and compared with other studies given in the literature. In the present study is included

some parameters such as transition times, temperature range, and propagation of the solid–liquid interface as well as

heat flow rate effect on the phase change stability of myristic acid as a phase change material (PCM). The

experimental results showed that the melting stability of the PCM is better in the radial direction than the axial

direction. The variety of the melting and solidification parameters of the PCM with the change of inlet water

temperature is also studied. The results show that the better stability of the myristic acid was accomplished at low

inlet water temperature compared with the obtained results at high inlet water temperature. We also observed that

while the heat exchanger tube is in the horizontal position, the PCM has more effective and steady phase

change characteristics than in the vertical position. The heat storage capacity of the container (PCM tube) is not as

good as we expected in this study and the average heat storage efficiency (or heat exchanger effectiveness) is 54%.

It means that 46% of the heat acrually lost somewhere.

15.Advantages of GeTeN material for phase change memory applications Original Research ArticleJournal of Non-Crystalline Solids, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 16 November 2011Cheng Peng, Liangcai Wu, Zhitang Song, Xilin Zhou, Min Zhu, Feng Rao, Bo Liu, Songlin Feng

Abstract

The nitrogen doped GeTe (GeTeN) thin film sputtered at a flow rate ratio (N2/Ar) of 0.04, which proves to be

outstanding in various properties comparing with GeTe, was investigated for the application of phase-changememory.

The GeTeN film crystallizes into a rhombohedral structure at ~ 372 °C with no separated Te or Ge. A relatively wider

optical band gap of GeTeN results in a lower threshold current. GeTeN material also has a better surface contact with

surrounding materials than that of GeTe according to surface roughness and adhesive strength results, which further

leads to more stable SET and RESET states for phase-change memory device

16. Mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of a short term thermal energy storage system

using phase change material for heating applications Original Research ArticleEnergy Conversion and Management, Volume 48, Issue 1, January 2007, Pages 155-165Miroslaw Zukowski

Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the heat and mass transfer in a ventilation duct filled with encapsulated

paraffin wax RII-56. A mathematical model and its numerical solution are presented. A new approach for

approximating the specific heat of the PCM as a function of its temperature is proposed for all range of operating

conditions. The interpolating cubic spline function method is used for determining an effective specific heat in each

time step of temperature calculations. Equations for three-dimensional transient thermal analysis with associated

boundary and initial conditions are solved by the control volume finite difference method with the fully implicit scheme.

Proper trends and a good agreement between the results of theoretical modeling and physical reality for the

solidification/melting process are obtained. Finally, 24 h operation of the proposed short term latent heat storage

system is analyzed and the influence of the PCM capsules geometry on the thermal performance of the tested

storage module is shown.

17. Diesters of high-chain dicarboxylic acids with 1-tetradecanol as novel organic phase change

materials for thermal energy storage Original Research ArticleSolar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 104, September 2012, Pages 102-108Ahmet Alper Aydı́n

Abstract

A series of diesters of high-chain dicarboxylic acids with 1-tetradecanol (myristyl alcohol) was synthesized by using

decanedioic, dodecanedioic and tetradecanedioic acids under vacuum and in the absence of catalyst for the first

time. These diesters were particularly investigated in terms of their thermo-physical properties to be further used

as phase change materials (PCMs) in thermal energy storage. High purity syntheses were controlled via FT-IR, GC–

MS and elemental analyses and thermo-physical properties were determined with differential scanning calorimeter

(DSC) and thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA). Thermal properties of the diesters were expressed in terms of phase

change temperature, enthalpy, specific heat (Cp), thermal decomposition and reliability after 1000 thermal cycles with

necessary statistical data. In addition to that, the GC–MS data were also presented to specify the mass fragmentation

fingerprints of the diesters. The yield of diester formation was found to be in the range of 95–97%. The DSC analyses

indicated that the melting temperatures of the high-chain diesters with myristyl alcohol were between 50 °C and 58 °C

with phase change enthalpy above 200 kJ/kg. The results showed that these materials were favorable for low

temperature heat transfer applications with successful thermal properties and reliability.

18. High-chain fatty acid esters of myristyl alcohol with even carbon number: Novel organic phase change

materials forthermal energy storage—1 Original Research ArticleSolar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 95, Issue 10, October 2011, Pages 2752-2762Ahmet Alper Aydı́n, Hasancan Okutan

Abstract

High-chain fatty acid esters have not been investigated for their thermal properties as phase change materials(PCMs)

in thermal energy storage. A series of high-chain fatty acid esters of myristyl alcohol (1-tetradecanol) were

synthesized via esterification of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and arachidic acids under vacuum and in the

absence of any catalyst. The esterification reactions were studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. A differential scanning

calorimeter (DSC) and a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) were intensively used to determine the thermalproperties

of the introduced thermal storage materials. The thermal properties were given in terms of phase

change temperature, enthalpy, specific heat (Cp) and thermal decomposition temperature with related statistical data.

The thermal reliability of the novel organic PCMs was investigated by thermal cycling with 1000 thermalcycles with

respect to the thermal properties of the original synthesized PCMs. In addition to the synthesized esters, one

commercial product was also investigated. The DSC analyses indicated that the melting points of the novel organic

PCMs were between 38 and 53 °C with phase change enthalpy above 200 kJ/kg. The effect of chemical structure of

the materials on thermal properties was also discussed. The results showed that thesematerials were favorable for

low temperature heat transfer applications with superior thermal properties and reliability.

19. High-chain fatty acid esters of myristyl alcohol with odd carbon number: Novel organic phase change

materials forthermal energy storage—2 Original Research ArticleSolar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 95, Issue 8, August 2011, Pages 2417-2423Ahmet Alper Aydı́n, Hasancan Okutan

Abstract

A series of high-chain fatty acid esters of 1-tetradecanol (myristyl alcohol) were synthesized via esterification of 1-

tridecanoic, 1-pentadecanoic, 1-heptadecanoic and 1-nonadecanoic acids under vacuum and in the absence of

catalyst. The esterification reactions were controlled by FT-IR spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)

and thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) were intensively used to determine the thermal properties of the presented

novel organic phase change materials (PCM). The thermal properties were given in terms of phase

change temperature, enthalpy, specific heat (Cp) and thermal decomposition temperature with related statistical

calculations. The thermal reliability of the synthesized PCMs, which is an important property for utilization, was

determined via measuring the change in thermal properties after 1000 thermal cycles. The DSC analyses indicated

that the melting points of the novel organic PCMs were between 40 and 50 °C with phase changeenthalpy above

200 kJ/kg. The results showed that these thermal storage materials were favorable for low temperature heat transfer

applications with superior thermal properties and reliability among the known PCMs.

20.Micro-encapsulated paraffin/high-density polyethylene/wood flour composite as form-stable phase

change material forthermal energy storage Original Research ArticleSolar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 93, Issue 10, October 2009, Pages 1761-1767Jianli Li, Ping Xue, Wenying Ding, Jinmin Han, Guolin Sun

Abstract

Six novel polymer-based form-stable composite phase change materials (PCMs), which comprise micro-

encapsulated paraffin (MEP) as latent heat storage medium and high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/wood flour

compound as supporting material, were prepared by blending and compression molding method for potential latent

heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) applications. Micro-mist graphite (MMG) was added to

improvethermal conductivities. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed that the form-stable PCMs

have homogeneous constitution and most of MEP particles in them were undamaged. Both the shell of MEP and the

matrix prevent molten paraffin from leakage. Therefore, the composite PCMs are described as form-stable PCMs.

The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) results showed that the melting and freezing temperatures as well as

latent heats of the prepared form-stable PCMs are suitable for potential LHTES applications. Thermalcycling test

indicated the form-stable PCMs have good thermal stability although it was subjected to 100 melt–freeze cycles.

The thermal conductivity of the form-stable PCM was increased by 17.7% by adding 8.8 wt% MMG. The results of

mechanical property test indicated that the addition of MMG has no negative influence on the mechanical properties

of form-stable composite PCMs. Taking one with another, these novel form-stable PCMs have the potential for

LHTES applications in terms of their proper phase change temperatures, improved thermalconductivities, outstanding

leak tightness of molten paraffin and good mechanical properties.

21. Form-stable phase change materials for thermal energy storage Review ArticleRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 16, Issue 4, May 2012, Pages 1999-2040Murat M. Kenisarin, Kamola M. Kenisarina

Abstract

The present paper considers the state of investigations and developments in form-stable phase change

materials for thermal energy storage. Paraffins, fatty acids and their blends, polyethylene glycol are widely used as

latent heat storage component in developing form-stable materials while high-density polyethylene (HDPE), styrene–

butadiene–styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer, Eudragit S, Eudragit E, poly (vynil chloride) (PVC), poly (vynil alcohol)

(PVA) and polyurethane block copolymer serve as structure supporting component. A set of organic and metallo-

organic materials with high transition heat in solid–solid state is considered as perspective for-stablematerials to

store thermal energy. Another perspective class of form-stable materials are the materials on the basis of such

porous materials as expanded perlite and vermiculite impregnated with phase change heatstorage materials. The

technology of producing new form-stable ultrafine heat storage fibers is developed. It opens availability to produce the

clothers with improved heat storage ability for extremely cold regions. The perspective fields of application of form-

stable materials are discussed. The further directions of investigations and developments are considered.

22. High-temperature phase change materials for thermal energy storage Review ArticleRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 14, Issue 3, April 2010, Pages 955-970Murat M. Kenisarin

Abstract

The development of energy saving technologies is very actual issue of present day. One of perspective directions in

developing these technologies is the thermal energy storage in various industry branches. The review considers the

modern state of art in investigations and developments of high-temperature phase change materials perspective

for storage thermal and a solar energy in the range of temperatures from 120 to 1000 °C. The considerable quantity

of mixes and compositions on the basis of fluorides, chlorides, hydroxides, nitrates, carbonates, vanadates,

molybdates and other salts, and also metal alloys is given. Thermophysical properties of potential heat storage salt

compositions and metal alloys are presented. Compatibility of heat storage materials (HSM) and

constructional materials have found its reflection in the present work. Data on long-term characteristics of some

HSMs in the course of repeated cycles of fusion and solidification are analyzed. Article considers also other problems

which should be solved for creation of commercial high-temperature heatstorage devices with use of phase change

materials.

23. High-chain fatty acid esters of 1-hexadecanol for low temperature thermal energy storage with phase

change materials Original Research ArticleSolar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 96, January 2012, Pages 93-100Ahmet Alper Aydı́n, Adnan Aydı́n

Abstract

High-chain fatty acid esters of higher alcohols have recently been investigated as novel organic phase change

materials (PCM) for thermal energy storage. A series of high-chain fatty acid esters of 1-hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol)

were prepared through esterification reaction between 1-hexadecanol and C10–C20 fatty acids with even carbon

number in the absence of catalyst and under vacuum. FT-IR spectrometer, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)

and thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) were intensively used for chemical and thermalanalyses. Phase

change temperature, enthalpy, specific heat (Cp), thermal decomposition and reliability after 1000 thermal cycles

were obtained with necessary statistical data to clarify the thermal properties of thematerials. The DSC analyses

indicated that the melting temperatures of the high-chain fatty acid esters of cetyl alcohol were between 29 oC and

60 oC with phase change enthalpy above 185 kJ/kg. The results showed that these materials were favorable for low

temperature heat transfer applications with superior thermal properties and reliability.

24. Thermal performance of myristic acid as a phase change material for energy storage application

Renewable Energy, Volume 24, Issue 2, October 2001, Pages 303-317Ahmet Sarı́, Kamil Kaygusuz

Abstract














25.Thermal performance of myristic acid as a phase change material for energy storage applicationRenewable Energy, Volume 24, Issue 2, October 2001, Pages 303-317Ahmet Sarı́, Kamil Kaygusuz

Abstract














26. Solar water heaters with phase change material thermal energy storage medium: A review Review ArticleRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 13, Issue 8, October 2009, Pages 2119-2125Anant Shukla, D. Buddhi, R.L. Sawhney

Abstract

Latent heat thermal energy storage is one of the most efficient ways to store thermal energy for heating water

byenergy received from sun. This paper summarizes the investigation and analysis of thermal energy

storageincorporating with and without PCM for use in solar water heaters. The relative studies are classified on the

basis of type of collector and the type of storage used i.e. sensible or latent. A thorough literature investigation into

the use of phase change material (PCM) in solar water heating has been considered. It has been demonstrated that

for a better thermal performance of solar water heater a phase change material with high latent heat and with large

surface area for heat transfer is required.

27. Thermal performance of palmitic acid as a phase change energy storage material Original Research Article

Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 43, Issue 6, April 2002, Pages 863-876Ahmet Sari, Kamil Kaygusuz

Experimental investigation of palmitic acid as a phase change material (PCM) for energy storage has been conducted

in this study. The performance and heat transfer characteristics of a simple tube-in-tube heat exchanger system were

studied, and the obtained results were compared with other studies given in the literature. The present study included

some parameters, such as transition times, temperature range and propagation of the solid–liquid interface, as well

as the heat flow rate characteristics of the employed cylindrical tube storage system. The experimental results show

that the melting front moves in the radial direction inward, as well as in the axial direction from the top toward the

bottom of the PCM tube. It was observed that the convection heat transfer in the liquid phase plays an important role

in the melting process. The flow rate and inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid to the PCM tube in the

experimented range has an insignificant effect on the phase change processes. On the other hand, the melting and

solidification times of the PCM can be reduced significantly by placing the tube containing the PCM in a horizontal

position rather than a vertical one. The heat storage capacity of the PCM tube is not as good as we expected in this

study, and the average heatstorage efficiency (or heat exchanger effectiveness) is 53.3. It means that 46.7% of the

heat actually is lost somewhere.

28. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)/diatomite composite as a novel form-stable phase change material for thermal

energy storage Original Research ArticleSolar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 95, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 1647-1653Sedat Karaman, Ali Karaipekli, Ahmet Sarı́, Alper Biçer

Abstract

This paper deals with the preparation, characterization, and determination of thermal energy storage properties of

polyethylene glycol (PEG)/diatomite composite as a novel form-stable composite phase change material(PCM). The

composite PCM was prepared by incorporating PEG in the pores of diatomite. The PEG could be retained by 50 wt%

into pores of the diatomite without the leakage of melted PEG from the composite. The composite PCM was

characterized by using SEM and FT-IR analysis technique. Thermal properties of the composite PCM were

determined by DSC analysis. DSC results showed that the melting temperature and latent heat of the composite

PCM are 27.70 °C and 87.09 J/g, respectively. Thermal cycling test was conducted to determine

the thermal reliability of the composite PCM and the results showed that the composite PCM had

good thermal reliability and chemical stability. TG analysis showed that the impregnated PEG into the diatomite had

good thermal stability. Thermal conductivity of the composite PCM was improved by adding expanded graphite in

different mass fractions. Thermal energy storage performance of the composite PCM was also tested.

29. An effectiveness-NTU technique for characterising tube-in-tank phase change thermal energy

storage systemsOriginal Research ArticleApplied Energy, Volume 91, Issue 1, March 2012, Pages 309-319N.H.S. Tay, M. Belusko, F. Bruno

Abstract

Thermal storage systems with phase change materials are predominantly designed, analysed and optimised through

numerical modelling. An alternative simplified method is being proposed for the characterisation of these phase

change thermal storage systems. The method is based on the effectiveness-number of transfer units (ε-NTUs)

technique. A simplified mathematical representation has been analytically developed using the ε-NTU technique for a

cylindrical tank filled with phase change material (PCM), with heat transfer fluid flowing through tubes inside the tank.

Experiments have been carried out on a cylindrical tank filled with PCM and with one, two and four coils of tubes to

validate the technique. Experimental results for the systems with a high heat transfer area compare well with those

calculated from the model. The results show that this technique can readily be used as a design tool for sizing and

optimising a thermal storage unit with phase change materials. From this study, it may be concluded that the model

based on the ε-NTU technique can accurately predict the average heat exchange effectiveness of the thermal

storage system with a high heat transfer surface area during charging and discharging.

30. Granular phase change materials for thermal energy storage: Experiments and numerical

simulationsOriginal Research ArticleApplied Thermal Engineering, Volume 29, Issues 14–15, October 2009, Pages 3149-3159

Abstract

The present paper reports on the utilization of granular phase change composites (GPCC) of small particle diameter

(1–3 mm) in latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems. The phase changing parameters (phase

change temperature, latent heat, and energy storage capacity) of GPCC have been determined using differential

scanning calorimeter (DSC) and temperature-history methods. Further analysis of measurement results has been

conducted to describe the evolution of latent heat with temperature during phase change in terms of liquid fraction–

temperature relationships. Charging and discharging packed bed column experiments have been also carried out for

different operating conditions to analyze the potential of GPCC for packed bedthermal energy storage. The present

column results clearly demonstrate the dependence of temperature variation along the packed bed and the overall

performance of the storage unit on the phase changecharacteristics of GPCC. Small and non-uniform particles

diameters of GPCC and heterogeneity of the bedmaterial complicate the phenomena of heat transfer and evolution of

latent heat in the packed bed. Mathematical modeling of the packed bed that considers the GPCC and air as two

separate phases with inter-phase heat transfer is presented. Comparisons between experimental and numerical

results are used to evaluate the sensitivity of numerical simulations to different model parameters.

31. Stearic acid/silica fume composite as form-stable phase change material for thermal energy

storageOriginal Research ArticleEnergy and Buildings, Volume 43, Issue 9, September 2011, Pages 2365-2370Yi Wang, Tian Dong Xia, Han Zheng, Hui Xia Feng

Abstract

The aim of this research is to prepare a novel form-stable composite phase change material (PCM) for the latent

heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) in buildings, passive solar space heating by impregnating of stearic acid (SA)

into silica fume (SF) matrix through the technique of solution impregnation. The

structure, thermalproperties, thermal reliability, thermal conductivity and heat storage or release performance of the

composite PCM were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR),

differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal cycling test analysis technique. The results show that the form-

stable composite PCM has the optimal effect, preventing the leakage of SA from the composite, emerges when the

SA and SF mass ratio is 1:0.9. The SA loaded on the matrix surface by physical attraction with the mass ratio of 47%

during the preparation process. The latent heat of the composite PCM is measured as 82.53 J/g for the melting

process and 84.47 J/g for the freezing process, respectively, which indicate the heat storage ability of composite is

connected with the mass ratio of SA in composite. The results of DSC, FTIR and thermal cycling test are all show that

the thermal reliability of the composite PCM has an imperceptible change. The increase of thermalconductivity was

also confirmed by comparing the melting time, freezing time and phase change time of the composite with that of SA.

All of the conclusions indicate that the composite has a better thermal conductivity and good thermal and chemical

stability.

32.Enthalpy of melting and solidification of sulfonated paraffins as phase change materials for thermal

energy storageOriginal Research ArticleThermochimica Acta, Volume 451, Issues 1–2, 1 December 2006, Pages 126-130Cemil Alkan

Abstract

Paraffins are used as phase change material (PCM) for latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES). The efficiency of

a PCM is dependent on the encapsulated quantity and energy storage capacity per unit mass during its melting and

solidifying. Two different kinds of paraffin (docosane and hexacosane with melting points of 317.15 and 329.45 K,

respectively) were sulfonated at three different mole percentages to increase the LHTES efficiency for this purpose.

The sulfonation of paraffin samples was proven by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Adiabatic Bomb

Calorimetry was used to determine sulfonation percentages of paraffin samples. Enthalpies of melting and solidifying

of docosane, hexacosane, and their sulfonated derivatives were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

method. Thermal properties obtained by the DSC analysis indicated that the enthalpy of melting and solidifying of

docosane and hexacosane could be extended by sulfonation.

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