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POWER QUALITY GUIDEBOOK

REcOGnIzE ELEcTRIcAL DIsTURBAncEs. UnDERsTAnD ThEIR ImPAcT. sELEcT ThE cORREcT POWER sOLUTIOn.



introduction

Optiize production eciency byeliinatin power disturbances and noise.

Power Quality’s increased imPortance

Industrial environments depend on electronic equipment to succeed in today’s highly competitive,

eciency-driven business world. Computers, drives, motion controllers and sensors have become

essential or optimal productivity, consistency and quality. However, these sensitive components

require clean and stable electrical quality to perorm properly. Power quality issues, such as voltage

uctuations, harmonic distortions, noise and power outages, disrupt production, damage equipment

and corrupt valuable data.

where do Power Quality issues originate?

Poor power quality is characterized by electrical disturbances, such as transients, surges, sags, power

interruptions and harmonics. Te disturbances can originate externally without warning, but are

oten generated within your acility.

Eighty percent o electrical disturbances that cause poor power quality come rom within your

acility. Powering on and o very large equipment, wiring errors, poorly specifed or improperly-

serviced power conversion equipment, grounding loops and even normal daily operations can oster

power quality issues that lead to production disturbances and lost data.

Severe weather, utility ault clearing, power line accidents and other external network issues likegrid switching or power-actor correction capacitors represent the remaining twenty percent o

power quality problems. Tese disturbances oten generate spikes or power interruptions that can

instantly damage equipment. Worst o all, these incidents are completely unpredictable and beyond

anyone’s control.

Protect your Production and eQuiPment

One solution is typically not enough to ensure reliable power. Due to the numerous sources and

types o power disturbances, maintaining power quality requires a multi-tiered approach. Protecting

your acility begins by isolating all power-oending devices, such as drives, motors, welders and large

compressors. Essential and sensitive equipment, such as PLCs, monitors, drives, vision systems and

industrial computers must be saeguarded with Active racking® Filters and Surge Protective Devices.

It is also critical to speciy high-quality power conversion products, including K-Factor and Drive

Isolation transormers. Last, but not least, all panel points should utilize Surge Protective Devices.



3

PoWEr QuALitY diSturBAncES

Voltae Sures, Power Interruptions, Brownouts & Voltae Sas 4-5

Voltae Transients, Frequency Variations, Haronics & Electrical Noise 6-7

SlaHd PoWEr QuALitY SoLutionS

Active Trackin® Filters & Sure Protective Devices 8

Power Conditioners 9

Uninterruptible Power Supplies 10-12

Drive Isolation & Protection 13

FAQS 14-16

GLoSSArY 17-18



4

POWER QUALITY D ISTURBANCES


VOLTAGE sURGE

A voltage surge, also reerred to as an overvoltage or a line

swell, is a temporary voltage level increase or durations

rom a hal cycle to a ew seconds. Tese disturbances

can also last as long as several cycles.

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cause

Voltage surges can be caused by large load shut-downs,

such as switching o high-power electric motors and

the normal cycling o HVAC systems. Tey can also becaused externally as loads are shed rom the utility.

POWER InTERRUPTIOns

Power interruptions are a complete loss o voltage or anextended time period.

cause

Tis total power disruption is typically created throughan accident or equipment ailure in the utility’s

generation or distribution network.

BROWnOUTsBrownouts, or voltage reductions, are conditions in

which the supplied voltage level has been restricted below

normal minimum levels or an extended period that may

last days.

causeOvercapacity and other network issues can orce

utilities to intentionally create a brownout condition to

compensate or high demand on the electrical power grid

VOLTAGE sAGs

Voltage sags, sometimes called undervoltage, are a

temporary decrease in the voltage level. Te drop

typically lasts at least one hal cycle, but can endure or

up to several cycles.

cause

Voltage sags are a result o large load start-up and utility

switching. While short-lived, these disturbances can

reduce the eciency and liespan o electrical equipment.



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SolatronM Plus Power Conditione

S5K UPS(Modular)

effects

Surges and swells can lead to signifcant equipment and

hardware damages.

effects

Power interruptions halt production and can decreasethe liespan o electrical equipment. Te sudden

nature o most power interruptions can also create

hardware ailures and crashes in PLCs and other

computer-based equipment.

effects

Brownouts can negatively impact the eciency and

liespan o electrical equipment. Tey can also result in

hardware crashes and occasional equipment ailure.

effects

Similar to voltage reductions, repeated exposure to

voltage sags can result in hardware ailures and crashes in

PLCs and other computerized equipment.

UPS

MCR Voltage Regulator

solution

UPS

Power Conditioners*

Voltage Regulators

solution

UPS*

Generators

solution

Voltage Regulators*

solution

UPS*

Power Conditioners

Voltage Regulators

Power Supplies with sag immunity

* Optimal solution



6

SURgE PROTECTIONPOWER QUALITY D ISTURBANCES

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Voltage transients, also called spikes and impulses,

are the result o sudden massive increases in voltage.

cause

Voltage transients can come rom outside the acility

through lightning strikes, power outages and utility grid

switching. Tey can also originate inside the acility

rom short circuits, tripped breakers and the start-up o

heavy equipment.

FREQUEncY VARIATIOns

While rare in utility power, requency variations aremost common with back-up power systems, such as

standby generators.

cause

Frequency variations can exist i local power generationhas poor speed regulations or through aults in the system.

Tis disturbance can also be created by the disconnections

o a large block or load or source o generation.

hARmOnIc DIsTORTIOn

Voltage distortion is created by multiples o the undamental

requency (or example, 180 Hz in a 60 Hz system).

cause

Tis sinewave distortion is typically generated by

non-linear loads similar to switchmode power supplies

used by personal computers, oce equipment, variable-

requency drives and solid-state electronics.

ELEcTRIcAL nOIsE

Electrical noise is a low amplitude, low current,

high-requency disturbance.

cause

Electrical noise can be caused rom both inside and

outside the acility. It can also be generated by powerul

electric disruptions, normal equipment operations or

poor maintenance. Distant lightning strikes, switching

power supplies, electronic circuits, poor brush contacts

on motors, improper wiring and utility switching are just

some examples o electrical noise sources.




7


Surge Protective Devices

Isolation ransormers

SLR Line Reactors

DIN Rail AC UPS

effects

Sensitive electronic equipment is most at risk rom

these disruptions. A voltage transient may cause system

lock-up or ailure, which can corrupt or lead to loss o

valuable data.

effects

Frequency variations can cause system crashes andequipment damage, even ones that have UPS protection.

effects

Harmonics represent trouble or equipment throughout

industrial acilities by overheating neutral conductors

and transormers, tripping breakers, creating a high

neutral current, reducing system capacities and even

loosening electrical connectors.

effects

Tese random noise signals are superimposed on

voltage waveorms and can cause computer bugs,

glitches and other hard-to-diagnose computer maladies.

Tey also produce undesirable eects in the circuits o

control systems.

solution

Surge Protective Devices*

Power Conditioners

Isolation ransormers

solution

UPS*

solution

Line Reactors*

K-Rated ransormers

UPS

Power Conditioners

solution

Isolation ransormers*

Active racking® Filters

Power Conditioners

UPS

* Optimal solution



8

SolaHD POWER QUALITY SOLUTIONS

StV & StF SEriESTe SV 100/400K series consists o hardwired surgeprotective devices and the SV 25K is a DIN Rail mountablesurge protective device. Installed in electronic control cabinets,they both can be ound in harsh industrial environments suchas the actory oor or remote locations. Te SolaHD SFSeries oers the original active tracking technology to guardagainst common but very damaging lower energy transients.Oering excellent noise reduction, the flter continuously tracks the input AC power line and responds instantly upondetecting extraneous high requency noise.

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Applas

• Service entrance

• Branch and control panels

• Telecommunications equipment

• POS terminals

• Security systems

• Laboratory equipment

StFV PLuS SEriES & StFE ELitE SEriESTe SFV Plus Series & SFE Elite Series combines Activeracking fltration or low energy noise and surge protectionor high energy transients. Tese products continuously track the input AC power line and respond instantly upondetecting extraneous high requency noise and high voltagetransients caused by everyday events such as turning onmachinery, motors or equipment. Te SFV Plus Series isavailable or panel mount applications and the SFE EliteSeries is available or DIN Rail mounting applications.

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Applas

• Branch and control panels

• Point-of-use industrial service

• Factory automation installations

• Programmable logic controllers

• Dedicated industrial andmachine tools equipment

Stc SEriESTe SC series protects all susceptible low-voltage cableroutes entering a acility and at key points within thebuilding. Tese devices can be used as part o a multi-stageprotection strategy which involves clamping the initial high-energy impulse, fltering any remaining noise or transientsto the PLC or sensitive equipment and fnally, protectingthe Data/Signal lines entering and leaving the control panel.

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Applas

• Power-over-Ethernet

• Data lines

• CCTV head and camera end

• Telephone lines


• Data lines

Today’s industries depend on their production, coputin, networkin and telecounication equipent or optial anuacturinperorance. SolaHD’s sure protective and lterin devices protect these critical operations across acilities ro the continuousthreat o voltae transients and electrical noise.

ActiVE trAcKinG FiLtErS & SurGE ProtEctiVE dEVicES®



9


PoWEr conditionErS

conStAnt VoLtAGE trAnSFormErS HArdWirEd cVS SEriESConstant Voltage ransormers are excellent or industrialapplications requiring tight voltage regulation. Using apatented erroresonant transormer technology, the CVSand MCR series provide trusted solutions against powerdisturbances.

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Applas

• Factory automation

• Industrial automation control PLCs• Electronic equipment

• Machine tools

• Robotics

mcr SEriES

Te MCR Series provides excellent noise fltering and surgeprotection to protect connected equipment rom damage,degradation or misoperation. Tese units are a perectchoice where dirty power caused by impulses, swells, sags,brownouts and waveorm distortion can lead to costly

downtime because o damaged equipment.

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Applas

• Computers/printers

• POS terminals


• Telephone/fax systems

• Security systems

• LAN networks

Power conditioners hold output voltaes steady relative to the wide swins in input voltae. They also itiate noise and otherdisturbances enerated throuhout the acility. SolaHD’s power conditioners ensure that the power reachin your equipent is reero daain voltae transients, voltae reductions, sas, sures, haronics and noise.

SoLAtron PLuS tHrEE PHASE PoWEr conditionErTe rugged design o the SOLARON Plus seriesensures high perormance through inductive loads andpoor power actors. Tis power quality solution or threephase equipment is able to handle many power quality problems including isolation, voltage regulation and surgeprotection. Te lack o ans or batteries ensures long lie andmaintenance-ree reliability.

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Applas

• Automatic packaging machinery

• Large machine tool equipment

• UPS bypass circuits

• Retail store

• Process equipment

™

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10


unintErruPtiBLE PoWEr SuPPLiES - oFF-LinE

Sdu Ac din rAiL uPSTe SDU DIN Rail AC UPS combines an industry leadingcompact design with a wide operation temperature rangeand unique installation options. Tese units include easy-to-

wire screw terminations or critical devices needing battery back-up such as computer-based control systems.

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Applas

• Programmable logic controllers

• Factory automation• Robotics

• Computer-based control systems

• Conveying equipment

mini toWEr oFF-LinE uPS

Tese units include separate outlets; one or critical devicesneeding battery back-up such as the CPU and the othersurge-protected outlet can be used or non-critical devices likeprinters and ax machines. Te S1K is ideal or oceand POS use.

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Applas

• PCs

• Workstations

• Computer terminals

SolaHD's O-line Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) provide econoical protection ro daain ipulses and power interruptionsor saller, less critical, stand-alone applications. They are ideal or coputers and workstations that can tolerate the 2 – 4 illisecondso transer tie when the UPS switches ro AC input to battery power. SolaHD has UPS systes that protect your equipent ro allpower disturbances.



11


unintErruPtiBLE PoWEr SuPPLiES - LinE-intErActiVE

mini toWEr LinE-intErActiVETese units protect against over and under voltages by raisingand lowering utility power to the right level or sensitiveequipment. Most power corrections are accomplished withouttranserring to the internal battery. Utility power is continually protected and internal battery lie is optimized. Te S3K2U isthe ideal choice or networking or process control racks.

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Applas

• Workstations

• PLCs

• Robotics and process control

• Automatic service and dispensing equipment

• Industrial automation systems

unintErruPtiBLE PoWEr SuPPLiES - Sdu dc din rAiL

Te SDU DIN Rail DC UPS is an advanced 24 Vdcuninterruptible power system that combines an industry leading design with a wide operational temperature rangeand unique installation options. Te SDU DC UPS is apowerul, microprocessor-controlled UPS that providesprotection rom power interruptions.

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Applas

• Industrial/machine control• Automation process control

• Control rooms

• Computer-based control systems

• Conveying equipment

• DeviceNetM

• Material handling

SolaHD’s Line-Interactive Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) eature technoloy that cobines hihly-eective power conditionin withbattery back-up capabilities. Advanced voltae reulation allows SolaHD's UPS’s to provide clean power while conservin battery lie, evendurin abnoral input voltae conditions. These UPS’s are particularly applicable in areas where power outaes are rare but where requentpower fuctuations create voltae transients, voltae reductions, sas, sures and noise.

unintErruPtiBLE PoWEr SuPPLiES - dc uPS

DC Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) provide hiher conversion eciencies by reducin the nuber o AC to DC conversions.This iniizes heat eneration and increases enery eciency or axiu reliability and a saller housin desin.



12


unintErruPtiBLE PoWEr SuPPLiES - on-LinE

SolaHD’s On-Line Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) provide hihly-eective power conditionin and battery back-up. Advancedvoltae reulation allows the UPS to provide clean power to the load while conservin battery lie, even durin abnoral inputvoltae conditions. SolaHD’s series o On-Line UPS’s protect equipent ro all power disturbances, but are particularly useul whererequent power fuctuations create voltae transients, voltae reductions, sas, sures and noise.

S4K2u induStriAL on-LinE SEriESTe S4K2U series eliminates a wide range o power problems,even dicult-to-track harmonics and requency variationsthat are common with standby generator operation. Te slim2U (3.5”) package maximizes available space.

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S5K moduLAr SEriES

Te S5K Modular Series was designed to be ully confgured,tested and shipped in the confguration you need. It is scalablerom 4 to 20 kVA. Te optional N+x redundancy providesa ault-tolerant group o power modules and controls. Eachmodular component can be hot-swapped making it easy toincrease power or extend back-up runtime without interruptingpower to the load.

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Applas

• Network servers• Enterprise telecommunications systems

• LAN gateways, bridges and routers

• Mini-computers, superservers and server clusters

• Clusters of PCs or workstations and peripherals

• RAID arrays and other large-scale data handling systems

S4K 6 & 10 KVA induStriAL on-LinE SEriESTe S4K 6 and 10 kVA Industrial UPS Series are the frst trueOn-Line industrial UPS's that provide exible output voltage,an integrated maintenance bypass switch and internal batteriesall in slim enclosures. Tese units eature true On-Line (doubleconversion) topology providing the ultimate in protectionagainst a wide range o potential power problems. Te 6 kVA unit is available in 50 Hz international units.

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Applas

• Industrial computers

• Robotics and process controls

• Industrial automation systems

• Enterprise telecommunication systems

• Pharmaceutical and medical diagnostic equipment

• Network servers

• Printing and publishing machinery



13


driVE iSoLAtion trAnSFormErS & LinE rEActorS

driVE iSoLAtion trAnSFormErSDesigned or use with SCR (Silicon Control Rectifer) variablespeed motor drive applications, drive isolation transormersmagnetically isolate the incoming line rom the motor drive.Tese units also provide a voltage change to match the requiredvoltage o the SCR drive. Standard designs are delta primary and secondary to match the common power sources required inmost three phase rectifer circuits.

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Applas

• SCR variable speed drives

SLr LinE rEActorS

Te SLR Series is a CE style, DIN Rail Mounted line reactorthat provides sae, compact protection or high requency drives and electronic equipment. Te SLR inductive flterprevents damage to any three phase electronic system plaguedby capacitor or large load switching. Other benefts includereduced harmonics and input line distortion.

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• Variable frequency drives

• Robotics

• Any three phase electronic products subject to highcurrent anomalies such as Power Factor Correctioncapacitor switching

• SCR variable speed drives

SolaHD Drive Isolation Transorers are specically desined or use with SCR-controlled variable speed otor drives. They isolatevariable speed drives ro other non-linear devices on the sae circuit and handle lare voltae chanes. Line Reactors anae rapidchanes in electrical current, as well as reulate haronics and electronic noise. They are saller, lihter and less expensive than drivetransorers, but don’t provide isolation, step-up or step-down voltaes.



14

FrEQuEntLY ASKEd QuEStionS

FAQS

What is a constant voltage power conditioner?

Although a constant voltage power conditioner (sometimesreerred to as constant voltage transormer or voltage

regulator) is a transormer-like device, its design andunction are totally dierent. Te unction o a constantvoltage power conditioner is to provide a voltage across itssecondary terminals within a specifed tolerance (usually ±5%) as long as the voltage impressed on the primary is

within the specifed bandwidth (usually +10% to -20%).

What are the dierences among SolaHDpower conditioners?

All three products use SolaHD’s patented erroresonanttechnology. Te primary design considerations or the CVS

series were voltage stabilization and magnetic isolation.Tis group provides ±1% output voltage regulation with aninput voltage range o +10%/-20% with moderate (1000:1)normal (transverse) noise attenuation.

Te MCR series was designed to address both voltageregulation and magnetic isolation. Tis group oers ±3%output regulation with an input range o +10%/-20% but alsooers magnetic isolation or excellent 1,000,000:1 commonmode and 1000:1 normal (transverse) mode attenuation.

Te Tree Phase power conditioners utilize micro-processor-based tap switching technology to provide ±5%

regulation in three phase installations. Te CVS and MCR Series are single phase only.

Are there any special considerations needed when Iselect a constant voltage power conditioner?

Special consideration must be given to the type o load to

be powered (inductive loads need to be sized to start-upcurrents), load power actor, ambient temperature and where the unit will be installed.

What exactly is Ferroresonance?

Ferroresonance is the principle behind SolaHD’svery popular CVS and MCR power conditioners.Ferroresonance is the property o a transormer design in

which the transormer contains two separate magneticpaths with limited coupling between them. Te outputcontains a parallel resonant tank circuit and draws power

rom the primary to replace power delivered to the load.Note that “resonance” in erroresonance is similar to thatin linear circuits with series or parallel inductors andcapacitors, where the impedance peaks at a particularrequency. In a nonlinear circuit, such as SolaHD’serroresonant transormers, “resonance” is used to reducechanges in supply voltage to provide a more consistentvoltage to the load.

A magnetic device is nonlinear. Its reluctance changesabruptly above a certain magnetic ux density. At this point,the magnetic device is defned as being in saturation. Tedesign o the SolaHD transormer allows one magnetic path

(the resonant path) to be in saturation, while the other isnot (See Figure 1). As a result, urther change in the primary voltage will not translate into changes in the saturated orsecondary voltage and voltage regulation results.

Figure 1: Saturation Curve



16

FrEQuEntLY ASKEd QuEStionS

FAQS

How should Surge Protective Devices be applied?

• SPDs should be installed with the shortest lead length possibleand as close as possible to the load it is protecting.

• SPDs protecting panels should be wired in parallel with theservice entrance or distribution panels. A disconnecting meansmust be provided or servicing and or short circuit and over-current protection.

• When a circuit breaker cannot be installed, install a tap onthe buss or lugs. Wire in a used disconnect to provide the abovementioned protection or the SPD. Tis method o installationallows the SPD to be replaced saely without shutting downthe power.

• SPDs must be wired and grounded according to the (NEC)National Electrical Codes.

• Using Whole Facility Protection would safeguard your electrical system against most transients. Tis means that the protectionis staged; service entrance protection, sub-panel protection, andpoint-o-use protection.

What loads should not be powered by a UPS?

Loads that are highly inductive may cause a UPS to malunction.Examples o equipment that should not be powered by a UPS include:

• Air conditioners

• Drills• Space heaters

• Vacuum cleaners

• Bung machines

• Fans

• Laser printers

• Transformers (step up/step down)

Te majority o loads that require UPS protection are electronic-type loads. For example; process control, automation equipment,computer, and telecommunication. A UPS is also recommended to

support microprocessor-based technology-type loads.

In addition, CVS and MCR power conditioner products are notrecommended or use on the input and or output side o the UPS.

Why should only an on-line UPS be used with a standby generator?

An on-line UPS accepts input power with relatively widevariations in voltage and requency, a common occurrence in

power produced by standby generators. Te true on-line(double conversion) technology provided by an on-line UPShandles these variations by converting the input power rom

AC to DC and then converting DC to AC output power.Generators should be equipped with an electronic governor tominimize requency variations. Always check the requency range o the generator output as the use o a mechanicalgovernor does allow or large changes in requency to reach theload. A wide requency swing may cause the UPS to switch tothe battery more requently.

An o-line or line-interactive UPS is not recommended or use with a standby generator. An o-line UPS passes utility power

straight through to the load. When a variation is detected, itcan protect the load rom the requency variations o thestandby generator by transerring to battery power.Occasionally, the input requency will match the specifcationso the o-line UPS and it will transer back rom battery.Tese occurrences are inrequent and short-lived, but thebattery may not have sucient time to recharge. It will supportthe load only until it is completely depleted and then shutdown the load.

A line-interactive UPS aces the same issue as the o-line.Te power conditioning (tap switching) unctions o theline-interactive units ocus on correcting voltage variations

and have no eect on requency variations. Te line-interactiveunit reacts to out-o-spec requencies similar to the o-lineUPS.

Te same input requency variations that would cause ano-line or a line-interactive UPS to transer to battery are o little concern or have no eect on the on-line UPS. On-lineUPS's compensate or generator requency variations whileprolonging battery lie.



17

GLoSSArY oF tErmS

gLOSSARY

AC (Alternating Current) - Current that reverses direction in responseto voltage that is changing polarity.

Attenuation - Decrease in signal voltage or power.

Battery Run ime - Te amount o time (in minutes) a battery systemcan support a load.

Blackout - Slang term or the total loss o electrical power or morethan one minute.

Bypass - A mechanical or electronic switch to provide an alternate pathor the line current.

CE Mark (Conormité Européenne) - A marking that shows theproduct meets the undamental saety, health, environmental andconsumer protection requirements o the European Community.

Common-Mode Noise - Noise that occurs between the currentcarrying conductors and ground.

Constant Current Power Supply - A power supply that regulates itsoutput current or changes in line, load, ambient temperature, and time.

Constant Voltage Power Supply - A power supply that regulates its'output voltages or changes in line, load, ambient temperature, and time.

CV (Constant Voltage ransormer) - A power conditioner thatprovides a stable and regulated sinewave output voltage.

Continuous Duty - Te service requirement that demands operation ata constant load or an indefnite period o time.

Control ransormer - Usually reerred to as an Industrial Controltransormer. Designed or good voltage regulation characteristics whenlow power actor and /or large inrush currents are drawn (5 to 15times normal).

Cross-Regulation - In a multiple output power supply, the percentvoltage change at one output caused by the load change on anotheroutput.

Crowbar - An overvoltage protection circuit which rapidly placesa low resistance shunt across the power supply output terminals i apredetermined voltage is exceeded.

CSA - Canadian Standard Association.

DC (Direct Current) - Current that ows in only one direction.

Derating - Te specifed reduction in an operating parameter toimprove reliability.

Dierential Mode Noise - Noise that occurs between the currentcarrying conductors.

DIN Rail - A standard rail (typically 35 mm wide) that mounts tothe chassis and allows other electrical components to be installed and

replaced easily.Drit - Te change in output voltage o a power supply over a specifedperiod o time, ollowing a warm-up period, with all other operatingparameters such as line, load, and ambient temperature held constant.

Dynamic Load Regulation - Te ratio o change in output voltage tochange in load current.

Eddy Currents - Additional currents caused by a magnetic feld.

Efciency - A measure o energy loss in a circuit.

EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) - A directive necessary to getthe CE Mark, which shows the electrical device will not create highlevels o EMI and will not ail due to normal levels o EMI.

Encapsulated - A method o sealing a device with epoxy to resistenvironmental eects.

Ferroresonance - A method o producing a constant voltage by use o a special saturated transormer. Invented and patented by Joseph Solain 1938.

Ferroresonant Power Supply - A stabilized power supply (CVDC)driven by a constant voltage transormer.

Filter - A device that reduces unwanted electrical noise.

Foldback Current Limiting - A power supply output protectioncircuit whereby the output current decreases with increasing overload,reaching a minimum at short circuit.

Force Air Cooled - A means o accelerating heat dissipation to lowerthe temperature rise o an electrical device.

Frequency (Hertz) - Cycles per second.

Harmonics Distortion - Te distortion o the AC waveorm due tothe addition o sine waves o dierent requencies being added to the

AC voltage.

Holdup ime - Te length o time a power supply’s output voltageremains within specifcations ollowing the loss o input power.

Impulse - A high amplitude, short duration spike (milliseconds)superimposed on the normal voltage or current.

Input Line Filter - A low-pass or band-reject flter at the input o apower supply which reduces line noise ed to the supply. Tis fltermay be external to the device.

Input Voltage Range - Te high and low input voltage limits within which a device meets its specifcations.

Inrush Current - Te peak instantaneous input current drawn by adevice at turn-on.

Inrush Current Limiting - A circuit which limits the inrush currentduring turn-on o a device.

kVA Rating - A measurement o apparent power. 1 kVA = 1000 VA.

KW Rating (kilowatts) - A measurement o real power delivered toa load 1 KW = 1000 VA x Power Factor.

Line Regulation - Te change in output voltage due to a variation ininput voltage.

Linear Power Supply - A power supply that uses a control device,like a transistor, in series (or parallel) with the load. Te control device

adjusts the eective resistance to give a constant voltage output.Load Regulation - Te change in output voltage due to a variationin load.

Noise/Electrical Noise - Also called electromagnetic intererence, orEMI. Unwanted electrical signals that produce undesirable eects andotherwise disrupt the control system circuits.

O-Line UPS - A UPS where the inverter is normally o until thereis a power ailure. Also known as a Standby UPS.



18

GLoSSArY oF tErmS

gLOSSARY

On-Line UPS - A UPS where the inverter is always powering theload. AC is converted to DC to charge the battery then DC isconverted to AC to power the load. On-Line UPS are oten reerred toas “Stand-by UPS” or “Double Conversion UPS”.

Output Current Limiting - An output protection eature which

limits the output current to a predetermined value in order to preventdamage to the device under overload conditions.

Output Voltage - Te nominal value o the voltage at the outputterminals o a device.

Overshoot - A transient change in output voltage, in excess o specifed output accuracy limits, which can occur when a power supply is turned on or o, or when there is a step change in line or load.

OVP (Overvoltage Protection) - A power supply eature whichshuts down the supply, or crowbars or clamps the output, when itsvoltage exceeds a preset level.

Parallel Operation - Te connection o the outputs o two or moreidentical devices to obtain a higher output power.

PARD (Periodic and Random Deviation) - A term used or thesum o all ripple and noise components measured over a specifed band

width and stated in either peak-to-peak or RMS values.

PE (Protective Earthing) - Te incoming earthing conductorprovided by the utility.

PI Filter - A commonly used flter at the input o a switching supply or DC/DC converter to reduce reected ripple current. Te flterusually consists o two parallel capacitors and a series inductance and isgenerally built into the supply.

Post Regulator - A linear regulator used on the output o a switchingpower supply to improve line and load regulation and reduce outputripple voltage.

Power Boost™ - Describes the advanced overload capability o theSDN and SDP power supplies to power high inrush loads withoutoversizing.

Power Factor - Te ratio o true power (Watts) to apparent power (VA).

Power Fail Detection - A power supply option which monitors theinput voltage and provides an isolated logic output signal when there isloss o line voltage.

Pre-regulation - Te regulation at the ront-end o a power supply,generally by a type o switching regulator, this is ollowed by outputregulation, usually by a linear type regulator.

Rated Output Current - Te continuous load current that a device was designed to provide.

Redundancy - Te addition o extra devices to provide a backup in theevent o the loss o one o those devices.

Remote Sensing - Te ability or a power supply to sample the loadvoltage located a distance away, and adjust or the resulting voltagedrop.

Reverse Voltage Protection - A eature which protects a power supply against a reverse voltage applied at the input or output terminals.

Ripple - A small AC voltage on the DC output o a power supply thatremains ater fltering.

Ripple and Noise - A small AC voltage on the output o a powersupply at a specifed bandwidth. Tis is the result o eed through o the rectifed line requency, internal switching transients and otherrandom noise.

Sag - A temporary drop in the RMS voltage, which may last rom one

cycle to a ew seconds.Short-Circuit Protection - A eature which protects the device roma short-circuit so that the device will not be damaged.

SPD (Surge Protection Device) - Protects equipment romdamage due to voltage transients.

Swell - A temporary increase in the RMS voltage, which may lastrom a hal cycle to a ew seconds.

Switching Frequency - Te rate at which the voltage is switched in aDC-DC converter or switching power supply.

Switching Regulator - A high eciency circuit used to regulateoutput voltages.

Switchmode Power Supplies (SMPS) - A power supply that uses a

switching regulator.

Termal Protection - An internal saeguard circuit that shuts downthe unit in the event o excess internal temperatures.

HD (otal Harmonic Distortion) - Te ratio o the harmoniccontent to the undamental requency expressed as a percent o the undamental.

ranser ime - Te amount o time a device takes to switch romone mode o operation to another.

VSS (ransient Voltage Surge Suppressor) - See SPD.

ransormer - An electrical device that changes AC voltage rom onelevel to another.

ransient - A high amplitude, short duration (milliseconds) spikesuperimposed on the normal voltage or current. Sometimes called aspike or a surge.

ransient Recovery ime - Te time required or the outputvoltage o a device to settle within specifed output accuracy limitsollowing a step change in output load current or a step change ininput voltage.

UL (Underwriters Laboratories) - Acronym or UnderwritersLaboratories tested.

UL Recognized - Designation given to components that when usedproperly in an end product are deemed to be sae.

UL Listed - Designation given to products ready or end use.

Undervoltage - See Brownout.UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) - A device which suppliespower to the critical load when the existing AC line voltage is not

within normal operating values, or ails completely.

VA (Voltamp) - A measure o power. 1000 VA = 1 kVA.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/solahd-product-guide-book 19/20OVERVIEW

Establishin and aintainin production eciencies requently

requires a ulti-staed approach that addresses the various

ors o power disturbances. Only SolaHD oers the breadth o

products that are desined to neutralize the entire rane o power

disturbances throuhout acilities. That’s why or ore than 100

years, industries have turned to SolaHD or total power quality.

®



SolaHD has been providing

power-conversion and power quality

solutionsor over 90 years. Our ull line

o premium products eatures proven

technologies that protect operations

throughout your acility or improved

eciency, productivity and longevity.

Emerson Industrial Automation bringsintegrated manuacturing solutions to

diverse industries worldwide. Our

comprehensive product line, extensive

experience, world-class engineering and

global presence enable us to implement

solutions that give our customers the

competitive edge.

For over 150 years, our electrical

product brands have been providing a

rich tradition o long-term, practical,

high-quality solutions with applicationsranging rom the construction and sae

operationo petrochemical and process

plants to the provision o quality power

that precisely controls automotive

robotic production.

Engineers, distributors, contractors,

electricians and site-maintenance

proessionals around the world trust

Emerson Industrial Automation brands

to make electrical installations saer,

more productive and more reliable.

EGS is organized into three ocused

businesses that provide distributors

and end-users expert knowledge and

excellent service.

Electrical Construction Materials

Tis group manuactures a broad range

o electrical products including conduit

and cable fttings, plugs and receptacles,enclosures and controls, conduit bodies

and industrial lighting. Whether the

application is hazardous location, industrial,

or commercial, the ECM group has the

products to meet your needs.

Power Quality Solutions

Tis group oers the broadest power

quality line, including UPS, power

conditioners, voltage regulators, shielded

transormers, surge suppression devices

and power supplies.

Heating Cable Systems

Tis group oers a broad range o electrical

heating cable products or residential,

commercial, and industrial applications.

Electrical Construction Materials

Power Quality Solutions

Heating Cable Systems

EgS Electrical group

9377 W. Hiins Road

Roseont, IL 60018

1.800.621.1506

www.solahd.co

Canada

888.765.2226

Latin Aerica

52.55.5366-6180 x125

Asia/Pacic

65.6745.0114

China

86.21.54260668 x305

middle East

971.4.8838.831

Europe

33.1.4817.8502

Th A l t O Z/G d S l HD E H t N l d E l i t d i th U S P t t d T d k Of

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