soil environmental chemistry - sjtusese.sjtu.edu.cn/web/upload/200752313066491.pdf · soil...
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Soil Environmental ChemistrySoil Environmental Chemistry
YUAN TaoYUAN TaoDr., Associate Professor Dr., Associate Professor [email protected]@sjtu.edu.cn517#, Building of Environment , SJTU 517#, Building of Environment , SJTU
22Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Perceptions of SoilAgriculture
Environment
Science
33Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Course Objectives
• Comprehend the physical, chemical, and biological processes functioning within soils
• Obtain an appreciation for soils as dynamic, non-renewable natural resources
44Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Outline Outline
General introduction General introduction Soil components Soil components Soil taxonomy Soil taxonomy Properties of soil Properties of soil Soil pesticides pollution Soil pesticides pollution Soil heavy metal contamination Soil heavy metal contamination Soil remediationSoil remediation
55Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
General introductionGeneral introduction
Soil developmentSoil developmentSoil roleSoil roleGlobal soil issues Global soil issues Soil pollution and healthSoil pollution and healthResearch briefing Research briefing
66Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil DevelopmentSoils are formed by the weathering of parent rocks as the result of interactive geological, hydrological and biological process.
77Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
88Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
magma
99Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
1010Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
1111Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
?
Soil Profile Development
1212Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
The BeginningThe Beginning
1313Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil Forming Factors
•Time
•Parent Material
•Climate
•Biota
•Topography
•Time
•Parent Material
•Climate
•Biota
•Topography
1414Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil roleSoil role(open system that undergo continual exchange (open system that undergo continual exchange
of matter and energy with atmosphere, of matter and energy with atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. )hydrosphere, and biosphere. )
1.1. Most fundamental requirement for agriculture Most fundamental requirement for agriculture
2.2. Receptor of large quantities of pollutants Receptor of large quantities of pollutants
1515Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Global soil issuesGlobal soil issuesSoil acidification Soil acidification Soil Soil salificationsalification and and alkalificationalkalificationDesertification Desertification Soil loss and degradation Soil loss and degradation
1616Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Acid Soils
1717Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Salt Affected Soils
1818Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
1919Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil pollution and health Soil pollution and health Sources of soil pollution Sources of soil pollution Human activitiesHuman activities: wastewater, solid waste , : wastewater, solid waste ,
pesticide , fertilizer, recycling of wastes pesticide , fertilizer, recycling of wastes atmospheric sedimentation atmospheric sedimentation
Natural sourcesNatural sources : mine areas, mineral : mine areas, mineral degradation and weathering degradation and weathering
2020Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil pollution and healthSoil pollution and healthHealth concern Health concern
Crop growth and nutrients loss Crop growth and nutrients loss Food chain Food chain Pollutants releasing to water body Pollutants releasing to water body
2121Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Research briefing Research briefing
Some topics of soil researchSome topics of soil research–– Degradations and behaviors of toxic Degradations and behaviors of toxic
organics organics –– Forms and transformations of heavy metals Forms and transformations of heavy metals –– SolidSolid--liquid interface actions of pollutants liquid interface actions of pollutants –– Emissions and fates of green houseEmissions and fates of green house–– Chemical remediation Chemical remediation –– BioBio--remediation remediation
2222Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Outline Outline
General introduction General introduction Soil componentsSoil taxonomy Soil taxonomy Properties of soil Properties of soil Soil pesticides pollution Soil pesticides pollution Soil heavy metal contamination Soil heavy metal contamination Soil remediationSoil remediation
2323Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil Profile DevelopmentSoil Profile Developmentcontains characteristic contains characteristic
layers called layers called horizonshorizons
BedrockBedrock
A
EE
B
C
BedrockBedrock
soil
development
2424Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil profileSoil profile
B
C
BedrockBedrock
soilA
A horizon, topsoil (typically several inches in thickness, maximum biological activity, contains most of the soil organic matter, metal ion
and clay particles leaching )
B horizon, subsoil (receives material such as organic matter, salts and clay particles
leached form topsoil)
C horizon, weathered parent rock (composed of weathered parent rocks
from which the soil originated)
Bedrock
2525Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil componentsSoil components
Major components Major components Solid phaseSolid phaseLiquid phaseLiquid phaseGas phaseGas phase
2626Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Major ComponentsMajor Components
mineral45%
air25%
water25%
organic 5%
2727Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Major ComponentsMajor Components
mineral45%
air25%
water25%
organic 5%
Other populations in soils: bacteria, virus, fungi, animals such as earthworm
2828Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil components Soil components
Minerals Minerals Original: physical weathering Original: physical weathering Secondary: chemical weatheringSecondary: chemical weathering
Depends on chemical element and Depends on chemical element and crystal structure crystal structure
2929Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Organic matterOrganic matterHumusHumus : the residue left when bacteria and : the residue left when bacteria and fungi biodegrade plant material.fungi biodegrade plant material.
BaseBase--soluble , soluble , humichumic acid, acid, fulvicfulvic acid acid Insoluble , Insoluble , huminhumin
NonNon--humus:humus:Fats, resins and waxes Fats, resins and waxes SaccharideSaccharide (cellulose, starches, (cellulose, starches, hemicellulosehemicellulose, gums), gums)NN--organics (Norganics (N--humus, amino acid, amino sugars)humus, amino acid, amino sugars)PP--compounds (phosphate ester, compounds (phosphate ester, inositolinositol phosphate, phosphate,
phospholipids ) phospholipids )
Soil components Soil components
3030Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Organic matter Organic matter –– Determines soil productivity Determines soil productivity –– Serves as food for microorganism Serves as food for microorganism –– Undergoes chemical reactions Undergoes chemical reactions –– Sorbs solutes in soilSorbs solutes in soil
Soil components Soil components
3131Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil solution Soil solution
WaterWater →→ plants (Rain , snow, irrigation , plants (Rain , snow, irrigation , groundwater (2groundwater (2--3m) )3m) )
Solutes Solutes ↔↔ soil particles soil particles
Note: Plant root nutrients Note: Plant root nutrients ↔↔ solid soilsolid soil(waterlog)(waterlog)
Soil components Soil components
3232Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil componentsSoil components
Soil air Soil air Basic components are same with atmosphere Basic components are same with atmosphere
((NN22, O, O22, CO, CO22))Differences to atmosphere Differences to atmosphere
Uneven and Uneven and incontinuousincontinuousHigher COHigher CO22, lower O, lower O22, higher moisture, higher moistureReductive gases, such as CHReductive gases, such as CH44, H, H22S, HS, H22
3333Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Other components in soilsOther components in soils
Plant nutrients Plant nutrients Macronutrient Macronutrient CC, , HH, , OO, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S , N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S Micronutrient Micronutrient B, B, ClCl, Cu, Zn, , Cu, Zn, MnMn, iron. , iron. Pollutants (details will be discussed in Soil Pollutants (details will be discussed in Soil pollution section)pollution section)
NEXT
3434Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Fertilizer
H2O
Nitrogen,Phosphorus,Potassium...
* Soils act as a storagebank for plant nutrients
* retain water
* filter contaminants
Retention within Soils
BACK
3535Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Outline Outline
General introduction General introduction Soil components Soil components
Soil taxonomySoil taxonomyProperties of soil Properties of soil Soil pesticides pollution Soil pesticides pollution Soil heavy metal contamination Soil heavy metal contamination Soil remediationSoil remediation
3636Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Long history Long history Many pathways ( application, color, texture, Many pathways ( application, color, texture, hardness, region, etc. )hardness, region, etc. )Trend, Q, S, I, Trend, Q, S, I,
Soil taxonomySoil taxonomy
3737Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil Color Originates from the Molecular Framework
3838Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soft soil
Mollisol
3939Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Grey soil
SpodosolSpodosol
4040Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Oxide soil
(Soils of the Tropics)
Oxisol
4141Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Organic soil
(Soils from Wetlands )
Histosol
4242Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Inception (initial) soil
Soils from Recent Landscapes
InceptisolInceptisol
4343Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Arid soil (Soils Near Recent Volcanic Activity)
AridisolsAridisols
4444Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil classification Soil classification
Soil texture:Soil texture:Soil condition represented by the different Soil condition represented by the different
degrees of fine and rough particles degrees of fine and rough particles
Physical properties are influenced by particle size
Size Classification (USDA):
Soil < 2 mm
Sand, 2 - 0.05 mm
Silt, 0.05 - 0.002 mm
Clay, <0.002 mm
4545Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Sandy Soils(coarse textured)
SandLoamy
Sand
Sandy Loam
20
10
70 50
4646Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Outline Outline
General introduction General introduction Soil components Soil components Soil taxonomy Soil taxonomy
Properties of soil Properties of soil Soil pesticides pollution Soil pesticides pollution Soil heavy metal contamination Soil heavy metal contamination Soil remediationSoil remediation
4747Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Properties of soil Properties of soil
Physical propertiesPhysical propertiesAdsorption (colloid)Adsorption (colloid)AcidAcid--base base RedoxRedox (reduction(reduction--oxidation)oxidation)
4848Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Ion exchange adsorptionIon exchange adsorption
Keynotes Keynotes –– Same charge exchangeSame charge exchange–– Dynamic balance (or kinetic equilibrium)Dynamic balance (or kinetic equilibrium)–– Mass balance Mass balance –– Equivalent exchange based on ionic valenceEquivalent exchange based on ionic valence
4949Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Cation exchange adsorptionCation exchange adsorptionWhat is What is cationcation? ?
----Any element with a positive chargeAny element with a positive chargeTwo groups of Two groups of cationscations in soilsin soils----Basic (electropositive )Basic (electropositive )cationscations: Ca: Ca+2+2, Mg, Mg+2+2, K, K+1+1 and and
NaNa+1+1
----Acidic Acidic cationscations: H: H+1+1 and Aland Al+3 +3
Ion exchange adsorptionIon exchange adsorption
5050Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected]) BACK
5151Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Notes for CECNotes for CECAn indication of the soils potential to hold plant nutrients An indication of the soils potential to hold plant nutrients ( the larger this number, the more ( the larger this number, the more cationscations the soil can the soil can hold)hold)Including both mineral and organic portions (e.g., clay Including both mineral and organic portions (e.g., clay and humus)and humus)Different Different cationscations with different exchange ability (e.g., with different exchange ability (e.g., higher charges with higher exchange ability, Fehigher charges with higher exchange ability, Fe3+ 3+ > Ca> Ca2+2+))Factors affecting CECFactors affecting CEC–– Soil colloid, e.g., organic colloid > Soil colloid, e.g., organic colloid > kaolinekaoline–– Soil texture, e.g., fine particles with higher CEC Soil texture, e.g., fine particles with higher CEC –– Soil condition, e.g., low pH Soil condition, e.g., low pH ------hydroxyl ( OH) dissociation hydroxyl ( OH) dissociation
decreaseddecreased------ negative charge reducednegative charge reduced------CEC decreased CEC decreased
5252Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
A related concept to CECA related concept to CECPercent base saturationPercent base saturation (electropositive (electropositive saturabilitysaturability ))--------tells what percent of the exchange sites are occupied tells what percent of the exchange sites are occupied
by the basic by the basic cationscations. .
PBS (%)= (exchangeable basic PBS (%)= (exchangeable basic cationscations/ CEC) / CEC) ××100%100%FYI: FYI: ☺☺----Basic (electropositive )Basic (electropositive )cationscations: Ca: Ca+2+2, Mg, Mg+2+2, K, K+1+1 and Naand Na+1+1
----Acidic Acidic cationscations: H: H+1+1 and Aland Al+3 +3
Note: PBS depends on matrix of soil and the climate, etc. Note: PBS depends on matrix of soil and the climate, etc. WHY ? WHY ?
Ion exchange adsorptionIon exchange adsorption
5353Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Ion exchange adsorptionIon exchange adsorption
Cation exchange adsorption Cation exchange adsorption Anion exchange adsorptionAnion exchange adsorption
5454Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Ion exchange adsorptionIon exchange adsorption
Anion exchange adsorptionAnion exchange adsorption
{Soil colloid{Soil colloid++} A} A-- + {Soil solution} B+ {Soil solution} B--
{Soil colloid{Soil colloid++} B } B -- + {Soil solution} A + {Soil solution} A --
Anions exchanges occur between positively charged soil colloid Anions exchanges occur between positively charged soil colloid and soil solutionand soil solution
5555Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Ion exchange adsorptionIon exchange adsorption
Anion exchange adsorptionAnion exchange adsorption–– Strongly adsorptionStrongly adsorption----precipitationprecipitation------
{ PO{ PO4433-- , HPO, HPO44
22-- }+ {Ca}+ {Ca2+2+, Fe, Fe3+3+, Al, Al+3+3}}
–– Less adsorption Less adsorption ClCl--, NO, NO33
--, NO, NO22--, hard to form insoluble salt , hard to form insoluble salt
(any indication? )(any indication? )
5656Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
CationCation exchangeexchangeNitrification Nitrification OM. DecompositionOM. DecompositionBasic Basic cationscationsAcid rain Acid rain Hydrogen and aluminum Hydrogen and aluminum cationscationsOxidation of sulfur (S) or pyrite (FeS2) Oxidation of sulfur (S) or pyrite (FeS2) Acid residue of inorganic fertilizer Acid residue of inorganic fertilizer
……
Sources of acidSources of acid--base in soil base in soil
5757Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Soil Soil acidacid--base scalebase scale
5858Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
AcidAcid--base property base property
Overview Overview –– Why acidWhy acid--base property occurs in soil?base property occurs in soil?–– Grades of acidGrades of acid--base scalebase scale–– Significance of acidSignificance of acid--base in soilbase in soil
5959Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
AcidAcid--base property base property
Overview Overview –– Why acidWhy acid--base property occurs in soil?base property occurs in soil?–– Grades of acidGrades of acid--base scalebase scale–– Significance of acidSignificance of acid--base in soilbase in soilAcidity and Acidity and basicitybasicity of soilof soil
(several concepts and buffering effect )(several concepts and buffering effect )
6060Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Acidity and Acidity and basicitybasicity of soilof soilActive acidity– is that acidity found in the soil solution or [H+]. Active
acidity is measured by the glass electrode and pH meter.
Exchangeable acidity– is that acidity found on colloid surfaces in soil that are
displaced into solution by a salt solution (usually 1 MKCl).
E.g. Al3+, Al(OH)2+, Al(OH)2+ and other hydroxy compounds on clay surfaces
Al complexed by soil OM carboxyl groups on soil OM
6161Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Acidity and Acidity and basicitybasicity of soilof soilNon-exchangeable acidity– is acidity (H+, Al3+) that is not displaced or displaced
very slowly by a salt solution. E.g., weak acid groups on soil OM
organically complexed Al Al- hydroxy cations retained strongly on colloid surfaces
Reserve acidity– is all titratable acidity associated with the solid phase.
It is equal to the sum of exchangeable and non-exchangeable acidity and represents the buffer capacity of a soil.
Percent base saturation vs. reserve acidityWhen PBS =100%, there is no reserve acidity
6262Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Acidity and Acidity and basicitybasicity of soilof soil
Active acidity Vs. reserve acidity reserve acidity >> active acidity
e.g., in sand soil, 1000 timesin clay soil (with organic matters), 5X104-1X105 times
Buffering effect{Soil colloid {Soil colloid -- } Na} Na+ + ++HClHCl {Soil colloid {Soil colloid -- } H+ +} H+ +NaOHNaOH
{Soil colloid {Soil colloid -- } H} H+ + + + NaClNaCl {Soil colloid {Soil colloid -- } Na} Na+ + + H+ H22O O
6363Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
AcidAcid--base property base property
Overview Overview Acidity and Acidity and basicitybasicity of soilof soilAdjustment of soil pH (supplement)Adjustment of soil pH (supplement)
–– Adding acid: FeAdding acid: Fe+3+3, Al, Al3+3+, S, S–– Adding alkali: liming (CaCOAdding alkali: liming (CaCO33))
6464Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Oxidant and reductants
Oxidants Oxidants i.i. OO22
ii.ii. NONO33--
iii.iii. MMxx+ + (with higher ionic valences)(with higher ionic valences)
ReductantsReductantsi.i. Organic mattersOrganic mattersii.ii. MMy+ y+ (with lower ionic valences)(with lower ionic valences)
OthersOthersplant roots ; soil biota plant roots ; soil biota ……
6565Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
RedoxRedox property property
Redox reaction Oxidant and reductantsEEh of soil h of soil
Potential of soil Potential of soil redoxredox ( to evaluate the condition ( to evaluate the condition of of redoxredox ))
Factors affecting redox condition
6666Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
RedoxRedox property property
Redox reaction Oxidant and reductantsEEh of soil h of soil
Factors affecting redox condition
Significance
6767Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Properties of soil Properties of soil
Physical propertiesPhysical properties
AdsorptionAdsorptionAcidAcid--base base RedoxRedox (reduction(reduction--oxidation)oxidation)
Biological property (supplement)Biological property (supplement)
6868Dr. Yuan T, Room 517, Env. Building, Minhang campus, SJTU. (Email: [email protected])
Just for fun Just for fun ☺☺Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer inwaht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny
iprmoetnt tihng is tahtthe frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The
rset can be a totalmses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm.
Tihs is bcuseae thehuamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef,
but the wrod as a wlohe.