soil analysis and native plant propagation: a case study

Soil Analysis and Native Plant Propagation: a case study on Laysan Island,

Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.

Report for U.S Fish and Wildlife Service’s Inventory and Monitoring Initiative

By

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM)

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Honolulu, HI 96850

Introduction

For FY2012, Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge in Papahānaumokuākea Marine

National Monument (Monument) received $34,000 to fund a soils analysis project on Laysan Island. The

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) began native plant propagation on Laysan Island in 2000 in

accordance with the Laysan Island Ecosystem Restoration Plan (Morin and Conant 1998). One of the

main objectives of the plan is to, ”Recreate as nearly as possible the Laysan Island ecosystem that was

present prior to major human-caused habitat modification during the 1890s and 1900s, with the entire

island treated as an endangered ecosystem.” Unfortunately, efforts to successfully establish native plants

in their pre-1890s locations have been largely unsuccessful. One hypothesis is that it may be impractical

to attempt to restore vegetative communities in their historic locations as the soil composition has

changed significantly due to the devastating consequences of the removal of massive quantities of guano

from the island and the rabbit herbivory. Therefore, this project attempted to address this potential

complication.

Our objectives were as follows:

1) Collect soil samples via stratified random sampling for composition analysis.

2) Based on soil analysis, consult horticultural specialists to determine the best locations to outplant

specific native plant species.

3) Propagate 3 native Hawaiian plant species (Cyperus pennatiformes, Chenopodium oahuense, and

Santalum ellipticum) on Laysan Island in abundance and out-plant in the recommended areas

during the summer of 2012 to test horticulturist recommendations.

4) Develop a protocol for native plant propagation and outplanting for the Monument based on soil

composition and other propagation parameters.

Funding for this project also supported construction of two rain catchments, two shadehouses

(propagation structures similar to a greenhouse), and one hardening house to improve capabilities of the

propagation program. In addition, as this soils project is a new approach to native plant propagation

techniques on Laysan Island, a project-dedicated, temporary FWS Biological Technician (Bio Tech) was

hired to meet the demands of soil collection, plant propagation and out-planting, data entry and

management, and report writing to guarantee the most successful outcome.

Unfortunately, the Bio Tech hired for this project left without completing the required products

for each objective. This report provides a brief description of methods and results for Objectives 1-3. We

were unable to produce a protocol for native plant propagation and out-planting of the Monument based

on soil composition and other propagation parameters (Objective 4).

Methods and Results

1) Objective 1. Collect soil samples via stratified random sampling for composition analysis.

Methods (objective 1)

Strategy for representative sampling was based on a stratified random sampling scheme using the

island’s natural dune configuration, interior and exterior, predominant trade wind direction, and dominant

vegetation class. As a result, the island was divided into the four intercardinal directions and sixteen (16)

primary sampling groups were identified (Table 1; Figure 1). In addition, samples were collected from

six (6) Areas of Interest locations: Tournefortia colony, eastern desert, western blowout, Cocos colony,

Casuarina tree (camp), and lake zone. A detailed Laysan Island Soil Sampling Protocol for this project

can be found in Appendix A.

Vegetation Classes

ERAVAR IPOPES/ERAVAR P

osi

tion o

n p

rim

ary

du

ne

com

bin

ed w

ith

dir

ecti

on

al q

uad

ran

t NW:INT

1 NW:INT:ERAVAR

9

NW:INT:IPOPES/ERAVAR

NW:EXT 2

NW:EXT:ERAVAR 10

NW:EXT:IPOPES/ERAVAR

NE:INT 3

NE:INT:ERAVAR 11

NE:INT:IPOPES/ ERAVAR

NE:EXT 4

NE:EXT:ERAVAR 12

NE:EXT:IPOPES/ERAVAR

SW:INT 5

SW:INT:ERAVAR 13

SW:INT:IPOPES/ERAVAR

SW:EXT 6

SW:EXT:ERAVAR 14

SW:EXT:IPOPES/ERAVAR

SE:INT 7

SE:INT:ERAVAR 15

SE:INT:IPOPES/ERAVAR

SE:EXT 8

SE:EXT:ERAVAR 16

SE:EXT:IPOPES/ERAVAR

Table 1. NW, NE, SW, and SE = intercardinal quadrant; INT = lake side of the dune, EXT = ocean side

of the dune; ERAVAR = Eragrostis variabilis-dominant, IPOPES/ERAVAR = Ipomea

pescapera/Eragrostis variabilis-dominant vegetation. Each primary group is also accompanied with a

reference number that corresponds with its location on the map (Figure 1).

Data collected at each sample site included:

Collector

Date/Time

Sample #

Group # or Area of Interest

GPS coordinates

Slope of ground

Aspect

Elevation

Description of surrounding vegetation

% cover of the 10m² area around sample site

General description of soil (eg., color, composition (sand, bone, coarse, etc.), noticeable

stratification, etc.)

Kuo Laboratory Inc., tested for the following components:

NO3-N (#/AC)

NO3-N (ppm)

NH4-N (#/AC)

NH4-N (ppm)

Phosphorus (ppm)

Potassium (ppm)

SO4-S (ppm)

Boron (ppm)

% Organic Matter

Suspended Solids (mmho/cm)

pH

Zinc (ppm)

Manganese (ppm)

Copper (ppm)

Iron (ppm)

Calcium (meq/100g)

Magnesium (meq/100g)

Sodium (meq/100g)

Effervescence

Total Bases (meq/100g)

Calcium/Total Bases (%)

Magnesium/Total Bases (%)

Potassium/Total Bases (%)

Sodium/Total Bases (%)

Figure 1. Division of Laysan Island into four intercardinal areas and sixteen correlating sample areas for

soil collection. The solid black line follows the dune apex that separates the interior and exterior

designations. SCATAC: Scaevola taccada; IPOPES: Ipomea pes-caprae; EARVAR: Eragrostis

varabilis.

Results (objective 1)

A total of one hundred soil samples were collected between 4 June and 3 July, 2012. All samples

were transported from Laysan Island to Honolulu, HI via NOAA vessel Oscar Elton Sette on July 10,

2012 and promptly shipped to Kuo Testing Labs in Othello, WA. Results from Kuo Testing Labs were

received by July 26, 2012 (Appendix B). Data recorded for each sample site (e.g., slope, soil description,

GPS location) can be found in Appendix C. In addition, some work had been attempted by the Bio Tech

to separate each lab test parameter for analysis in an Excel file (Appendix D). Appendix D is provided as

a Supporting Excel File to this report to preserve the work attempted by the Bio Tech and for future

attempts to analyze the data. A minimum of 342 hours were dedicated toward soil collection and protocol

development and implementation while on Laysan Island.

2) Objective 2. Based on soil analysis, consult horticultural specialists to determine the best

locations to out-plant specific native plant species.

Methods and results (objective 2)

Once we received the laboratory analysis results from Kuo Testing Labs, the Soils/Propagation

Bio Tech met with University of Hawaii, Manoa Associate Specialist (soils) Dr. Jonathan Deenik. With

guidance from Dr. Deenik and the Bio Tech, we were able to determine that most of the soil tested on

Laysan should be able to support healthy outplants. Additionally, the Bio Tech conveyed two areas that

may be better than anywhere else: inner northwest and inner southwest. Unfortunately, this information

was shared via satellite phone and with no clear explanation as to why these areas may be more suitable.

Attempts to reach Dr. Deenik and the Bio Tech post-season were unsuccessful. Independent examination

of the data post-season revealed no evidence to support focused outplanting in those areas over other

suitable locations. It is possible that the areas were selected due to ease of access from camp and

propagation houses (northwest area), and relatively low outplant history (southwest area) to more evenly

distribute propagated native plants around the island. Conversely, the desert area was deemed least likely

to support new native plant populations as samples contained almost no organic matter (Average %

Organic Matter = 0.09%), substantially less than any other location on the island. This information was

passed to the field crew on Laysan Island in September, 2012 to help guide outplanting locations before

the crew departed in early October.

3) Propagate 3 native Hawaiian plant species (Cyperus pennatiformes, Chenopodium oahuense, and

Santalum ellipticum) on Laysan Island in abundance and out-plant in the recommended areas

during the summer of 2012 to test horticulturist recommendations.

Methods (objective 3)

Originally, three plant species (listed above) were selected for propagation for this project. All

three are endemic to Laysan Island including one endangered species (Cyperus pennatiformes;

CYPPEN). Santalum ellipticum was dropped from the list as there were not enough ripe seeds at the

collection site on Oahu to support a successful propagation timeline prior to crew departure in March

2012. Chenopodium oahuense (CHEOAH) and CYPPEN proved to be excellent choices as both were

relatively easy to propagate and had an adequate seed source on Laysan Island.

Propagation methods from seed/cutting collections to outplanting were largely based on Lilleeng-

Rosenberger (2005). We utilized both seeds and cuttings to propagate CHEOAH. To propagate from

seeds, the small CHEOAH fruits were collected from healthy plants when ripe (dry and brown). Ripe

seeds are easily dislodged from the fruit when agitated (rubbed between hands) carefully over a strainer

separating the seeds from the fruit material. CHEOAH seeds can be stored for two years. However, we

utilized all the seeds collected during the summer. Seeds were sown into flats in shadehouses and

watered every other day. Sprouts were transferred into pots when at least four true leaves developed.

When the seedlings outgrew their pot, they were transferred to a hardening house to expose them to full

sun and other environmental conditions for two weeks prior to outplanting. If seedlings adapted poorly to

the harsher conditions, they were placed back in the shadehouse environment and allowed to develop

more before attempting to outplant.

Propagating CHEOAH from cuttings allowed for quicker turn-around from collection to

outplanting as the germination stage was bypassed. New-growth cuttings 4”-6” long were collected from

healthy source plants and placed in a Ziploc bag with a moist paper towel and transported to camp. All

leaves below 1.5” from the tip were removed; the remaining leaves were cut in half. Although Lilleeng-

Rosenberger suggests no rooting hormone is needed, we dipped the bottom end of the stems in rooting

hormone to increase the probability of successful root development. While seeds can be stored up to two

years, cutting must be sown within a week as long as they are kept moist and refrigerated. Processed

cuttings were placed into individual dibble tubes or pod trays. Once the cuttings developed a healthy root

base, they were transplanted into pots and outplanted under the same criteria as seedlings produced from

seeds. Generally, it takes 6 months from seed to outplant and 4 months from cutting to outplant for

CHEOAH.

We propagated CYPPEN by seed only. Taking cuttings from this Laysan endemic and federally

endangered plant species is more invasive than collecting from CHEOAH. Ripe spikelets (brown and

easily removed from spikes) were collected from healthy CYPPEN individuals, and then agitated to

separate the seeds from the seed coating. Seeds were soaked for 24 hours in freshwater prior to being

sown to help seeds germinate. Pre-soaked seeds were surface-sown into flats in shadehouses and watered

every other day. When sprout grew to approximately 6” tall, they were transferred into individual 4” – 6”

pots. Healthy seedlings can be moved to the hardening house when they outgrow their pot. Similar to

CHEOAH, if the CYPPEN seedlings adapt poorly to the harsher conditions of the hardening house, they

were moved back to the shadehouses to continue growing until hardy enough for outplanting.

Results (objective 3)

Collection and Propagation – approximately 37,000 CYPPEN seeds and 100,000 CHEOAH seeds and

581 cuttings were collected on Laysan and put into active propagation for this soils project (Appendix E

and F).

Outplanting – 171 CHEOAH and 177 CYPPEN were ready for outplanting at the time locations were

recommended (Appendix G). Sixty seven (67) and 104 CHEOAH were propagated from seed and

cuttings, respectively; 130 were outplanted in the northwest interior and 41 in the southwest interior areas

on 2 October, 2012. All 177 CYPPEN were outplanted in the northwest interior location on 4 October,

2012. Hundreds of CHEOAH and CYPPEN seedlings remained in propagation waiting for outplanting

by the incoming winter crew when the summer crew’s tour was completed in October.

Monitoring – As stated in the proposal for this grant, outplants were evaluated one year after outplanting

to determine their success. An attempt was made to relocate and evaluate the CHEOAH and CYPPEN

outplants during the USFWS Laysan Island camp closure in mid-September 2013. In addition, three

CHEOAH outplant groups (for the purpose of habitat restoration) in the northeast interior were evaluated

to perhaps make some comparison of success of CHEOAH outplants between recommended locations

and a separate location. These CHEOAH were outplanted on 23 July, 2013.

No CHEOAH outplants were observed in the northeast or southwest locations in September,

2013 (Table 2). In addition, outplant poles were not relocated to verify the location. There may be a

couple of explanations for this result. CHEOAH in the northeast had been subjected to flooding shortly

after outplanting; it was noted that many of the plants appeared to be dying. Most of the plants may have

died due to flooding and the remaining outcompeted by native vegetation recovering from the massive

flooding of the lake that occurred in February, 2011.

The CHEOAH in the southwest area was completely overgrown with native vegetation in

September 2013, which was not present during the initial outplanting. It is possible that the young

CHEOAH was outcompeted by the more aggressive viney plants and subsequent grass and sedge species.

However, mapping of CHEOAH conducted in March 2013 shows many CHEOAH in the general area of

both outplant locations. It remains unclear whether any of these mapped plants were outplants from 2012.

We were able to relocate CHEOAH and CYPPEN outplants in the recommended northwest

locations in September 2013. Forty six (46) of the 130 CHEOAH and 20 of 177 CYPPEN outplants were

observed, for a 35% and 11% outplant success, respectively.

Northwest Southwest Northeast

Total

Outplanted

CHEOAH - Restoration 0 0 57/0

CHEOAH - Soils Project 130/46 41/0 0

CYPPEN - Soils Project 177/20 0 0

Table 2. Total plants outplanted in October 2012/total plants observed one year later in September 2013.

This project was not designed specifically to test recommended areas based on soil quality against

non-recommended locations. However, it is clear that outplant success is contingent on multiple

variables, only one of which is soil quality.

Additional Information

Six field crew members contributed a minimum of 609 hours toward the propagation effort, with the

Biological Technician logging the greatest amount of hours.

Grant funds were also used to build five (5) native plant propagation structures. Six crew members

dedicated a minimum of 148 hours toward the following construction projects:

- Two (2) shade (propagation) houses. The addition of these two shadehouses brings the total

number of shadehouses on Laysan Island to eight.

- Two (2) rain catchment systems. Fresh water is the single most limiting factor for plant growth

on Laysan Island. The two new catchments help meet the increased demand for freshwater

especially when all eight shadehouses are full, as was the case during 2012.

- One (1) hardening house. The addition of this hardening house was necessary to accommodate

the greater than average numbers of native plants being propagated on Laysan in 2012, and

hopefully into the future.

Literature Cited

1. Lilleeng-Rosenberger, K.L. 2005. Growing Hawaii's Native Plants: A Simple Step-by-

Step Approach for Every Species.

2. Morin, Marie, and S. Conant. 1998. Laysan Island Ecosystem Restoration Plan.

University of Hawaiii at Manoa, Dept. of Zoology, Honolulu, HI, 96822

APPENDIX A. Laysan Island Soil Sampling Protocol – Draft (August 2012)

The purpose of this protocol is to conduct comprehensive sampling of Laysan Island soils in

order to determine what areas will be the most suitable for outplantings. Most plants that have evolved to

live in an atoll environment do not require an abundance of nutrients. Therefore, the limiting factor for

plant growth on an atoll is the availability of water. Water availability in atoll soils is controlled by the

amount of organic matter present. Distribution of organic matter in soil relies on several factors including

historic & current vegetation distribution, qualities of vegetation present, and weather exposure (Stone et.

al. 2000).

Study Site

Laysan Island is a coralline atoll in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands archipelago. The body of

the island is primarily composed of calcium carbonate sand which sits upon a raised coral shelf (Ely and

Clapp 1973). The island went through a period of nearly complete devegetation caused by the

introduction of rabbits during the guano mining era in the early 1900’s. It is unknown how this period of

devegetation has affected the soils of the past in order to form the soils of the present. According to Ely

and Clapp (1973), the soil on Laysan Island is primarily composed of phosphatized sand, sea bird guano

deposits, bone fragments and organic matter contributed from vegetation. Moving from the exterior of the

island to the interior the elevation rises to an apex at varying distances from the shore then begins to slope

back downward toward the lake at the center of the island. This elevation pattern forms a primary sand

dune that encircles the island. The primary dune reaches a maximum elevation of approximately 40ft just

north of the northern tip of the lake.

Sampling Strategy

We will use stratified random sampling to compare soil conditions between different sample

groups and strategic sampling to investigate specific areas of interest that do not fall into these vegetation

classifications. The criteria for forming sample groups will be vegetation class, position on the primary

dune (exterior vs. interior), and directional quadrants (NW, NE, SW, and SE). Criteria were chosen to

account for variability in the conditions of the island. By treating the windward and leeward side of the

primary dune as different conditions we hope to investigate any potential differences due to the

prevalence of northeasterly tradewinds. Separating the island into quadrants using the cardinal directions

will allow us to investigate soil composition of areas based on differential exposure to prevailing

tradewinds. Exposure to tradewinds can potentially affect areas through sand deposition/accretion,

increased/decreased evapotranspiration, and variable exposure to sea spray.

Comparing soil composition of the different vegetation classes allows us to explore the potential

difference in organic matter deposits resulting from the differing vegetation. The four dominant

vegetation classes present on Laysan Island are ERAVAR, IPOPES/ERAVAR, SCATAC, & Lake Zone

vegetation (see Table 1 for definitions of species codes). The Lake zone is subject to seasonal flooding,

which poses a serious threat to outplant survival. Therefore, the Lake Zone vegetation will be sampled but

it will not be included in forming the major sample groups. Similarly, SCATAC vegetation zone will not

be included in forming the major sample groups because it is dominated by dense SCATAC colonies and

would be unfavorable to outplant success. Therefore, we will primarily be investigating the ERAVAR and

IPOPES/ERAVAR vegetation classes. Both classes are defined as follows:

ERAVAR: Areas Containing ERAVAR but not containing IPOPES or IPOIND. May also contain

various herbaceous groundcover (CONBON, FYMSIM, BOEREP, SICMAX, SICPAC)

ERAVAR/IPOPES: Areas containing ERAVAR as well as IPOPES in addition to the various

ground cover. May also contain various herbaceous groundcover (CONBON, FYMSIM,

BOEREP, SICMAX, SICPAC), but not in the same quantities seen in the ERAVAR veg class

due to the IPOPES filling in the bare spots between EAVAR. Typically this area is also where the

viney plants SICMAX, SICPAC, & IPOIND also occur in greater densities than other places on

the island.

Table 1. Definitions for Species Codes.

Below Table 2 depicts the combination of criteria used to form 16 primary sampling groups and a

map (Figure 1) of vegetation distribution with a rough sketch of quadrant and dune divisions used to

define each primary sample group. This map was generated with vegetation maps from 2012 and it should

be noted that a current vegetation mapping will be conducted prior to sample collection. In addition to the

sample groups formed with the preceding criteria we will employ strategic sampling in several areas of

interest that do not fall into the dominant vegetation classes and have a limited distribution. These areas of

interest are described below.

TUOARG Colony: Area (approximately 15m x 150m) immediately surrounding the TUOARG

stand on the coast by the camp and stretching north. We will be collecting samples in this area

because the soils appear to be nutrient rich and it is a potential source of good soil that is easy to

access.

Eastern Desert: Large unvegetated area starting along the coast of the NE quadrant and stretching

south along the east side of the island. This is the largest separate area of interest. The 1998

Laysan Island restoration plan (Moran and Conant) calls for revegetating the desert with

outplantings. However, the desert soil does not appear to be hospitable for outplants. We will

collect samples here in order to investigate the suitability of desert soils for outplants.

Scientific Name Species Code Hawaiian Name Common Name

Boerhavia repens BOEREP Alena

Cyperus laevigatus CYPLAE Makaloa Smooth flatsedge

Eragrostis varabilis ERAVAR Kāwelu Bunchgrass Variable lovegrass

Heliotropium curassavicum HELCUR Kipukai Seaside heliotrope

Ipomea pes-caprae IPOPES Pōhuehue Beach Morning Glory

Beach Morning Glory

Ocean-blue morning glory

Naupaka kai

Naupaka kahakai

Sesuvium portulacastrum SESPOR 'Ākulikuli Sea purslane

Sicyos maximowiczii SICMAX 'Anunu Puaokama

'Anunu

Kupala

Tribulus cistoides TRICIS Nohu Jamaican fever plant

Casuarina equisetifolia CASEQU Paina Ironwood

Conyza bonariensis CONBON Lani wela Hairy Horseweed

Tournefortia argentea TOUARG Beach/Tree Heliotrope

Cocos nucifera COCNUC Niu Coconut tree

Fimbristylis cymosa FIMCYM Mau'u Button sedge

Tournefortia argentea TOUARG Beach/Tree Heliotrope

Cocos nucifera COCNUC Niu Coconut tree

Fimbristylis cymosa FIMCYM Mau'u Button sedge

Sicyos pachycarpus SICPAC

Ipomea indica IPOIND Koali’awa

Scaevola taccada SCATAC Beach Naupaka

Western blowout: An area in the southwest quadrant that remained unvegetated as areas

surrounding it regrew vegetation. It is currently very sparsely vegetated with ERAVAR, IPOPES,

& FYMSIM.

Cocos colony: Area (approximately 20m diameter) immediately surrounding and under the

COCNUC colony just northwest of the lake. This area is in the flood zone, but it is suspected to

be nutrient rich and we will collect samples here for future reference.

Camp CASEQU: Area (approximately 10m diameter) immediately surrounding and under the

CASEQU adjacent to camp. We will be collecting samples in this area because the soils appear to

be nutrient rich and it is a potential source of good soil that is easy to access.

Lake Zone: The vegetated zone surrounding the lake. We did not include this vegetation zone in

forming our sample groups due to current management decisions calling for a halt in outplanting

here. However, it is suspected that this area is nutrient rich and we will collect samples here for

future reference.

Vegetation Classes

ERAVAR

IPOPES/ERAVA

R

Po

siti

on o

n p

rim

ary d

une

com

bin

ed w

ith d

irec

tional

quad

rant NW:IN

T

1 NW:INT:E

RAVAR

9

NW:INT:IPOPES/

ERAVAR

NW:EX

T

2

NW:EXT:E

RAVAR

10

NW:EXT:IPOPES

/ERAVAR

NE:INT

3

NE:INT:ER

AVAR

11

NE:INT:IPOPES/

ERAVAR

NE:EX

T

4

NE:EXT:ER

AVAR

12

NE:EXT:IPOPES/

ERAVAR

SW:IN

T

5

SW:INT:ER

AVAR

13

SW:INT:IPOPES/

ERAVAR

SW:EX

T

6

SW:EXT:E

RAVAR

14

SW:EXT:IPOPES

/ERAVAR

SE:INT

7

SE:INT:ER

AVAR

15

SE:INT:IPOPES/

ERAVAR

SE:EXT

8

SE:EXT:ER

AVAR

16

SE:EXT:IPOPES/

ERAVAR

Table 2. NW, NE, SW, and SE = northwest quadrant, etc., INT = lake side of the dune, EXT = ocean side

of the dune. Each primary group is also accompanied with a reference number that corresponds with its

location on the map.

Figure 1. Division of Laysan Island into four intercardinal areas and sixteen correlating sample areas for

soil collection. The solid black line follows the dune apex that separates the interior and exterior

designations. SCATAC: Scaevola taccada; IPOPES: Ipomea pes-caprae; EARVAR: Eragrostis

varabilis.

Collecting samples

Sample sites within each group will be determined using a random grid sampling pattern. Each

sample group will be divided into a grid using intervals of 50m². Grids will be numbered and selected

using a random number generator. Samples will be collected from the center point of each grid. For

groups defined with the IPOPES/ERAVAR vegetation classification we will be collecting four samples

per group. For groups defined by the ERAVAR vegetation classification we will be selecting four sample

grids and collect two samples within selected grid, for a total of eight samples per group. In the ERAVAR

groups we will collect a sample near an ERAVAR clump and then in a clearing adjacent to the sampled

clump. This design is in order to investigate the potential variability in organic matter deposits in relation

to the proximity of the plant. The first sample will be collected one inch from the base of the ERAVAR

clump that is closest to the randomly selected sample point within the grid. Then the second sample will

be collect 1 meter from the original clump in a random direction. If the second sample point in the grid is

within 1 m of a neighboring ERAVAR clump then you must select an alternate random direction until the

1m distance criteria is met. If the 1m criteria cannot be met then sample at a point equidistant between

original sample clump and farthest neighboring clump.

Sampling methods for strategic areas of interest will vary due to the relatively small size and

irregular shape of some of the areas (see below). Four samples will be collected from each area and all

samples will be taken at a depth of 0”-6”.

Sampling methods for each strategic area of interest:

TUOARG Colony: Samples will be taken at a random distance from the northern start point

of the TUOARG colony. Two samples will be collected on either side of colony and they will

be collected directly below the outermost branches of the nearest TUOARG tree.

Eastern Desert: The eastern desert will be divided into a grid with 50m intervals then each

grid will be numbered. Grids to be sampled will be selected using a random number generator

Western Blowout: The western blowout will be divided into a grid with 20m intervals then

each grid will be numbered. Grids to be sampled will be selected using a random number

generator

Cocos colony: The Cocos colony occurs in a relatively small area (20m radius) in a roughly

circular pattern. The center point of the area will be determined using GIS mapping. Samples

will be taken at a random distance <20m from the center point in a randomly chosen

direction.

Camp CASEQU: Samples will be collected on the perimeter of the CASEQU tree at each of

the cardinal directions.

Lake Zone: Samples will be collected along four transects. There will be two transects on

both the east and west side of the lake. Transects will run from north to south equidistant

from the lake edge and the exterior edge of the lake vegetation. For each side (E & W) one

transect will start at a point aligned with the northern tip of the lake and another will start at a

point aligned with the southern tip of the lake. The transects will run through the middle of

the lake zone vegetation meeting at the halfway point of the length of the lake, producing four

transects that represent the NW, NE, SW, & SE, portions of the lake. One sample will be

taken in the middle of each transect.

All samples will be collected at a depth of 0”-6” using a makeshift soil coring device constructed

out of 1 ½” PVC pipe. Samples will be air dried and sealed in an air tight container and stored in a

refrigerator to be shipped out for analysis in June. Samples will be analysed for organic matter content,

extractable phosphorous (using olsen extraction ), base cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na using ammonium acetate

extraction), and pH. Analysis will be conducted by Kuo Labs, Inc. Data to be recorded at each sample site

include:

Collector

Date/Time

Sample #

Group # or Area of Interest

GPS coordinates

Slope of ground

Aspect

Elevation

Description of surrounding vegetation

% cover of the 10m² area around sample site

General description of soil (eg. color, composition (sand, bone, coarse, etc.), noticeable

stratification, etc.)

Date: 07/26/12 APPENDIX B. Kuo Testing Labs, Inc.Report No: S36752-1 337 South 1st

Project: Laysan Soils Project Othello, Washington 99344

Client: U.S. Fish & Wildlife, Honolulu, HI (509) 488-0112; Fax (509) 488-0118Sampler: Tawn Speetjens Email: [email protected]

Sample Date: June 2012 Web: www.kuotesting.comEmail To: [email protected]

[email protected]

SOIL ANALYSIS REPORT 65-75% 15-20% 2-9% <1.0%

Lab # Depth Field ID NO3-N NO3-N NH4-N NH4-N P K SO4 B Organic pH SS Zn Mn Cu Fe Ca Mg Na Effer- Total Ca / Total Mg / Total K / Total Na / Total

& Grid No. Bicar Acet -S Matter mmho/ meq/ meq/ meq/ vescence Bases Bases Bases Bases Bases

Inches #/AC ppm #/Ac ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % cm ppm ppm ppm ppm 100g 100g 100g Meq/100g % % % %

PMNW

5388 0-6 1 46 23.0 5 2.3 101 32 12 0.71 0.96 7.8 0.40 1.7 1 0.3 4 6.6 0.8 0.12 Heavy 7.6 86.8 10.5 1.1 1.6

5389 0-6 2 12 6.0 2 0.8 58 10 7 0.27 0.30 8.2 0.22 0.8 1 0.1 1 5.0 0.5 0.07 Heavy 5.6 89.4 8.9 0.5 1.3

5390 0-6 3 15 7.3 2 1.0 115 8 10 0.56 0.62 7.9 0.25 1.4 1 0.2 2 5.2 0.4 0.04 Heavy 5.7 91.9 7.1 0.4 0.7

5391 0-6 4 42 21.0 3 1.3 130 30 13 0.78 1.04 7.9 0.36 1.8 1 0.3 2 6.1 0.7 0.10 Heavy 7.0 87.4 10.0 1.1 1.4

5392 0-6 5 4 1.8 1 0.5 17 4 6 0.25 0.10 8.8 0.23 0.3 1 0.1 1 4.7 0.5 0.10 Heavy 5.3 88.5 9.4 0.2 1.9

5393 0-6 6 4 2.0 2 0.8 40 8 6 0.24 0.22 8.3 0.19 0.9 1 0.1 1 4.9 0.5 0.09 Heavy 5.5 88.9 9.1 0.4 1.6

5394 0-6 7 3 1.5 1 0.3 21 12 5 0.20 0.08 8.7 0.18 0.3 1 0.1 1 5.7 0.4 0.08 Heavy 6.2 91.8 6.4 0.5 1.3

5395 0-6 8 30 14.8 2 0.8 53 12 8 0.18 0.41 8.3 0.29 0.8 1 0.1 1 5.6 0.4 0.07 Heavy 6.1 91.8 6.6 0.5 1.1

5396 0-6 9 26 12.8 4 2.0 72 15 10 0.64 0.45 8.0 0.31 1.2 1 0.2 2 5.6 0.6 0.08 Heavy 6.3 88.6 9.5 0.6 1.3

5397 0-6 10 37 18.5 4 1.8 47 21 7 0.29 0.28 8.3 0.26 0.6 1 0.1 1 5.9 0.5 0.11 Heavy 6.6 89.9 7.6 0.8 1.7

5398 0-6 11 13 6.3 3 1.3 46 17 10 0.26 0.13 8.5 0.28 0.5 1 0.1 1 6.6 0.4 0.09 Heavy 7.1 92.5 5.6 0.6 1.3

5399 0-6 12 15 7.5 2 1.0 58 13 6 0.27 0.36 8.1 0.25 0.7 1 0.1 1 5.2 0.5 0.04 Heavy 5.8 90.1 8.7 0.6 0.7

5400 0-6 13 4 2.0 2 0.8 31 12 6 0.22 0.55 8.7 0.18 0.3 1 0.1 1 5.7 0.4 0.05 Heavy 6.2 92.2 6.5 0.5 0.8

5401 0-6 14 7 3.3 3 1.3 41 10 6 0.22 0.54 8.6 0.23 0.4 1 0.1 1 5.3 0.4 0.07 Heavy 5.8 91.4 6.9 0.4 1.2

5402 0-6 15 5 2.3 3 1.5 56 7 5 0.26 0.90 8.6 0.21 0.4 1 0.1 1 6.0 0.4 0.05 Heavy 6.5 92.8 6.2 0.3 0.8

5403 0-6 16 8 4.0 2 0.8 41 4 6 0.23 0.10 8.7 0.23 0.4 1 0.1 1 5.5 0.4 0.04 Heavy 6.0 92.4 6.7 0.2 0.7

5404 0-6 17 19 9.3 5 2.3 11 10 10 0.55 0.77 7.9 0.35 1.6 1 0.4 2 5.2 0.5 0.08 Heavy 5.8 89.6 8.6 0.4 1.4

5405 0-6 18 45 22.5 4 2.0 95 13 11 0.54 0.83 7.7 0.54 1.3 1 0.2 1 5.9 0.6 0.10 Heavy 6.6 88.9 9.0 0.5 1.5

5406 0-6 19 16 8.0 4 2.0 64 7 8 0.20 0.35 8.1 0.27 0.5 1 0.1 1 4.5 0.4 0.04 Heavy 5.0 90.8 8.1 0.4 0.8

5407 0-6 20 32 16.0 4 2.0 114 17 12 0.81 1.78 7.8 0.40 1.7 1 0.3 2 6.6 0.6 0.11 Heavy 7.4 89.8 8.2 0.6 1.5

Page 1

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APPENDIX C. LAYSAN ISLAND SOIL SAMPLING SITE DATA, 2012

Heading Definitions

% Cover Percent vegetative cover of the 102m area surrounding the sample site

Soil Description General description of the soil such as color, composition (sand, bone, coarse, etc.),

noticeable stratification, etc.

Veg. Pres. #2 The second most dominant vegetative species present at sample location

Veg. Pres. #3 The third most dominant vegetative species present at sample location

Other Veg. Any other vegetative species present minus the top three dominant species

Slope Slope of the ground at sample location, in degrees

Aspect Direction the slope face at sample location, in degrees

Veg. Pres. #1 The most dominant vegetative species present at sample location

Time Time sample was taken

Latitude Latitude for sample location in decimal degrees

Longitude Longitude for sample location in decimal degrees

INT/EXT Interior or Exterior island location

Sub-Sample # Four sub-samples were taken in each sample location

Date Date sample was collected

Sample # Sample ID

Veg. Class Vegetation Class, uses 6-letter species code for plants

DIR. Direction

APPENDIX C. LAYSAN ISLAND SOIL SAMPLING SITE DATA, 2012

Sample # Veg. Class DIR. INT/EXTSub.

Sample

#Date Time Latitude Longitude Slope

1 IPOPES NW INT 1 4-Jun-12 13:50 N25.77485 W171.73539 2




5 IPOPES NW EXT 1 8-Jun-12 9:30 N25.77313 W171.74076 6




9 IPOPES NE INT 1 11-Jun-12 18:00 N25.77434 W171.72823 2




13 IPOPES NE EXT 1 11-Jun-12 12:53 N25.76927 W171.72780 3




17 IPOPES SW INT 1 6-Jun-12 13:54 N25.76020 W171.73910 3




21 IPOPES SW EXT 1 8-Jun-12 10:37 N25.76835 W171.74159 2




25 IPOPES SE INT 1 8-Jun-12 13:50 N25.75934 W171.73292 2




29 IPOPES SE EXT 1 8-Jun-12 13:51 N25.76804 W171.72763 4




33 ERAVAR NW INT 1A 5-Jun-12 12:13 N25.77230 W171.73839 6

34 ERAVAR NW INT 1B 5-Jun-12 12:13 N25.77230 W171.73839 6







41 ERAVAR NW EXT 1A 4-Jun-12 15:15 N25.77699 W171.74001 0

42 ERAVAR NW EXT 1B 4-Jun-12 15:15 N25.77699 W171.74001 0


Appendix C. Continued

Sample # Aspect Veg. Pres. #1 Veg. Pres. #2 Veg. Pres. #3 Other veg. % Cover

1 92 IPOPES ERAVAR Sicyos spp. 100

2 167 IPOPES ERAVAR BOEREP 95

3 75 IPOPES ERAVAR BOEREP Sicyos spp. 98


5 299 SCATAC IPOPES NAMSAN ERAVAR 15

6 311 IPOPES ERAVAR CONBON BOEREP, NAMSAN 45

7 0 IPOPES SCATAC NAMSAN 45

8 280 ERAVAR IPOPES BOEREP FIMCYM. CONBON 70


10 185 IPOPES ERAVAR 100

11 251 IPOPES ERAVAR Portulaca spp. 80


13 76 IPOPES Portulaca spp. 90


15 83 IPOPES Portulaca spp. 80

16 140 IPOPES Portulaca spp. ERAVAR 85

17 13 IPOIND ERAVAR CONBON 55

18 335 IPOPES ERAVAR BOEREP 98

19 119 ERAVAR IPOPES BOEREP CONBON 45

20 91 IPOPES ERAVAR BOEREP Sicyos spp. 98

21 235 ERAVAR IPOPES CONBON Portulaca spp. 75

22 210 IPOPES SCATAC 30

23 321 ERAVAR IPOPES CONBON BOEREP 70

24 265 ERAVAR IPOPES BOEREP CONBON 75

25 320 ERAVAR IPOPES BOEREP Portulaca spp. 70

26 263 IPOPES ERAVAR BOEREP Portulaca spp. 98




30 120 IPOPES ERAVAR Portulaca spp. 90

31 0 IPOPES ERAVAR Portulaca spp. BOEREP 85

32 0 IPOPES NAMSAN 15

33 82 ERAVAR BOEREP CONBON 50

34 82 ERAVAR BOEREP CONBON 50

35 61 ERAVAR CONBON BOEREP Portulaca spp. 45


37 0 ERAVAR FIMCYM CONBON 40


39 115 ERAVAR BOEREP CONBON FIMCYM 55


41 240 ERAVAR CONBON Portulaca spp. 60




Sample # Soil Description

1 Light brown, dry, hydrophobic

2 Loose, Tan, dry & Sandy

3 Light brown, fine sand


5 Light tan, coarse sand

6 Light tan, coarse sand, darker below 4"

7 Tan, coarse sand

8 Tan, fine sand

9

10 Light brown, fine sand, darker below 4"

11 Tan, coarse sand, pockets of organic matter



14 Tan, darker below 5"

15

16 Coarse, pockets of organic matter

17 Light brown

18 Light bron, fine sand

19 Tan, large pieces of organic matter

20 Light brown

21 light brown with large pieces of organic matter

22 Light tan, coarse

23

24 Tan, visible organic matter pieces

25 Brown, egg fragments on surface

26 Very fine sand, brown

27 Fine sand, light brown

28 Tan, fine sand

29 Tan, fine sand, pockets of organic matter


31

32 Tan, coarse sand, pockets of organic matter

33 Tan, fine sand, darker below 4"

34 Tan, fine sand, darker below 4"

35 Light brown, fine sand w/ fine dust

36 Light brown, fine sand w/ fine dust

37 Tan, minimal organic matter

38 Tan, fine sand

39 Fine sand, tan, darkerer below 3"

40 Fine sand, tan, darkerer below 3"

41 Sandy, fine brown dust, w/ lighter top layer

42 Sandy, fine brown dust, w/ lighter top layer

43 Fine sand, fine brown powder



Sample







49 ERAVAR SW INT 1A 6-Jun-12 10:06 N25.76907 W171.73697 3

50 ERAVAR SW INT 1B 6-Jun-12 10:06 N25.76907 W171.73697 3







57 ERAVAR SW EXT 1A 6-Jun-12 14:14 N25.75929 W171.73990 8

58 ERAVAR SW EXT 1B 6-Jun-12 14:14 N25.75929 W171.73990 8







65 ERAVAR SE INT 1A 11-Jun-12 14:34 N25.76728 W171.72884 0

66 ERAVAR SE INT 1B 11-Jun-12 14:34 N25.76728 W171.72884 0







73 ERAVAR SE EXT 1A 11-Jun-12 16:18 N25.76351 W171.72993 3

74 ERAVAR SE EXT 1B 11-Jun-12 16:18 N25.76351 W171.72993 3







81 LZ VEG NW INT 1 18-Jun-12 13:48 N25.77545 W171.73432 0

82 LZ VEG NE INT 2 18-Jun-12 12:06 N25.77399 W171.72995 0

83 LZ VEG SW INT 3 18-Jun-12 11:21 N25.76119 W171.73606 2

84 LZ VEG SE INT 4 18-Jun-12 11:44 N25.76453 W171.73118 0

85 COCNUC INT 1 18-Jun-12 13:30 N25.77735 W171.73328 0

86 COCNUC INT 2 18-Jun-12 13:30 N25.77741 W171.73325 0










51 85 ERAVAR CONBON 35

52 85 ERAVAR CONBON 35





57 170 ERAVAR FIMCYM CONBON BOEREP 50

58 170 ERAVAR FIMCYM CONBON BOEREP 50



61 0 FIMCYM ERAVAR CONBON 45

62 0 FIMCYM ERAVAR CONBON 45



65 0 ERAVAR Portulaca spp. BOEREP 15

66 0 ERAVAR Portulaca spp. BOEREP 15

67 250 ERAVAR BOEREP 35

68 250 ERAVAR BOEREP 35

69 270 ERAVAR NAMSAN Portulaca spp. 10

70 270 ERAVAR NAMSAN Portulaca spp. 10

71 298 ERAVAR SCATAC NAMSAN 15

72 298 ERAVAR SCATAC NAMSAN 15

73 60 ERAVAR Portulaca spp. CONBON 30

74 60 ERAVAR Portulaca spp. CONBON 30

75 0

76 0

77 119 ERAVAR 55

78 119 ERAVAR 55

79 117 ERAVAR NAMSAN 10

80 117 ERAVAR NAMSAN 10

81 0 CYPLAE HELCUR 90

82 0 HELCUR Sicyos spp. SESPOR 65

83 284 CYPLAE 70

84 0 HELCUR CYPLAE Sicyos spp. ERAVAR, SESPOR 75

85 0 CYPLAE SESPOR HELCUR ERAVAR, IPOPES 15





45 Coarse sand, light brown dust

46 Coarse sand, light brown dust

47 Light brown w/ fine dust

48 Light brown w/ fine dust

49 tan, fine sand, w/ large pieces of organic matter

50 tan, fine sand, w/ large pieces of organic matter

51 Fine sand, tan, large pieces of organic matter below 4"

52 Fine sand, tan, darker below 2"

53 Tan, coarse sand, w/ some fine dust

54 Tan, coarse sand, w/ some fine dust

55 Light tan, fine sand

56 Light tan, fine sand

57

58

59 Coarse sand


61 Coarse sand, light brown

62 Coarse sand, tan

63 Coarse sand on top, fine brown powder below.

64 Coarse sand on top, fine brown powder below.



67 Very fine, light brown

68 Very fine, light brown

69 Tan w/ pockets of organic matter

70 Tan, fine sand

71 Fine sand, tan, Light brown below 4"

72 Tan, fine

73 Loose, fine, dark tan

74 Loose, fine, dark tan

75

76

77

78

79 Tan, fine sand

80 Tan, fine sand

81

82 Dark brown, hard crust below 4"

83 Brown

84 Dark brown, mudlike below 4"

85 Dark brown, lighter below 4"




Sample


87 COCNUC INT 3 18-Jun-12 13:30 N25.77737 W171.73333 0

88 COCNUC INT 4 18-Jun-12 13:30 N25.77733 W171.73331 0

89 TUOARG EXT 1 18-Jun-12 N25.77409 W171.73972

90 TUOARG EXT 2 18-Jun-12 15:00 N25.77660 W171.74038 4

91 TUOARG EXT 3 18-Jun-12 15:10 N25.77642 W171.74019 0

92 TUOARG EXT 4 18-Jun-12 15:26 N25.77624 W171.74009 3

93 CASEQU #1 N EXT 1 18-Jun-12 16:01 N25.77437 W171.73915 8

94 CASEQU #2 S EXT 2 18-Jun-12 16:19 N25.77419 W171.73923 6

95 CASEQU #3 E EXT 3 18-Jun-12 16:25 N25.77430 W171.73911 4

96 CASEQU #4 W EXT 4 18-Jun-12 16:09 N25.77428 W171.73928 10

97 Desert EXT 1 3-Jul-12 11:38 N25.77219 W171.72541 3

98 Desert EXT 2 3-Jul-12 10:51 N25.78049 W171.72646 4

99 Desert EXT 3 3-Jul-12 10:01 N25.78119 W171.73206 0

100 Desert EXT 4 3-Jul-12 11:17 N25.77661 W171.72420 4





89

90 230 TUOARG 98

91 0 TUOARG 98

92 230 TUOARG 98

93 286 CASEQU ERAVAR CONBON Portulaca spp. 80

94 260 CASEQU ERAVAR CHEOAH CONBON 80



97 90 Portulaca spp. <1

98 344 NAMSAN 3

99 0 NAMSAN <1

100 60 NAMSAN <1





89

90 Dark brown, coarse sand

91 Dark brown, coarse sand

92 Stratified dark and light

93

94

95

96

97

98 Coarse sand, tan

99 Coarse sand, tan

100 Fine sand, tan

Appendix D. Laysan Soil Analysis Metadata

This Appendix is available as a Supporting Excel File (Appendix D_Metadata_Laysan_Soils.xlsx). The

Workbook includes the following Worksheets:

-Metadata

-NO3-H

-NH4-N

-P-Bicar

-K_Acet (ppm)

-B (ppm)

-SO4-S (ppm)

-% O-Matter

-pH

-SS (mmho/cm)

-Zn (ppm)

-Mn (ppm)

-Cu (ppm)

-Fe (ppm)

-Ca (meq/100g)

-Mg (meq/100g)

-Na (meq/100g)

-Total Bases (meq/100g)

-65-75% Ca/total Bases (%)

-15-20% Mg/Total Bases (%)

-2-9% K/Total Bases (%)

-<1% Na/Total Bases (%)

Appendix E. Native Plant Seed Collection Data, Soils Project, Laysan Island, Summer 2012

Species Date Propagule No. Propagules # of Source Plants Collection Source

CHEOAH 10-Apr-12 Seed 20,000 6-10 source plants Laysan Island, Camp Beach

CHEOAH 18-Apr-12 Cutting 138 Not recorded Laysan Island, Camp Beach

CHEOAH 24-May-12 Seed 20,000 6-10 source plants Laysan Island, Camp Beach

CHEOAH 30-Jun-12 Cutting 80 Not recorded Laysan Island, Cocos Colony

CHEOAH 30-Jun-12 Cutting 174 Not recorded Laysan Island, Camp Beach

CHEOAH 8-Jul-12 Seed 60,000 Not recorded Laysan Island, Camp Beach

CHEOAH 12-Aug-12 Cutting 189 Not recorded Laysan Island, Camp Beach

CHEOAH Seeds 100,000

CHEOAH Cuttings 581

CYPPEN 4-Jun-12 Seed 8,000 2 source plantsLaysan Island, Original colony south

of the lake

CYPPEN 11-Jun-12 Seed 8,000 6-10 source plants Laysan Island, Lake Gauge Colony

CYPPEN 19-Jun-12 Seed 12,000 Not recorded Laysan Island, Camp beach colony

CYPPEN 25-Jun-12 Seed 6,000 Not recorded laysan Island, Cocos Colony

CYPPEN 12-Jul-12 Seed 3,000 2 source plantsLaysan Island, Outplanted colony

around SH 3 & 4

Total

Collected37,000

Total

Collected

CYPPEN Seeds

Appendix E continued

Species Date Propagule Notes Database ASC. #

CHEOAH 10-Apr-12 Seed ASC.2012.0022

CHEOAH 18-Apr-12 Cutting ASC.2012.0039

CHEOAH 24-May-12 Seed ASC.2012.0027

CHEOAH 30-Jun-12 Cutting Collect by JV & AM ASC.2012.0040

CHEOAH 30-Jun-12 Cutting Collected by TRC, TMS, CM ASC.2012.0041

CHEOAH 8-Jul-12 Seed

CHEOAH 12-Aug-12 Cutting

CYPPEN 4-Jun-12 Seed ASC.2012.0032



CYPPEN 25-Jun-12 Seed

Seeds collected from CYPPEN

colony that resprouted after the

2011 flood. Collected by TRC &

AM.

ASC.2012.0037

CYPPEN 12-Jul-12 Seed ASC.2012.0036

Appendix F. Native Plant Propagation Data, Soils Project, Laysan Island, Summer 2012

3-step

Bleach

Treatment

Scarification Fungicide/

Sulfur

Powder

Fruit

Removed

Gibberelic

Acid

Freshwater

Pre-

soak/Hours

Rooting

Hormone

CHEOAH 17-Apr-12 Seeds into ground of

Shadehouse 4

73 NO NO NO NO NO 0 No

CHEOAH 18-Apr-12 2 pod trays containing 40

pods each

80 NO NO NO NO NO 0 YES

CHEOAH 18-Apr-12 (1) pod tray with 40 pods 40 NO NO NO NO NO 0 YES

CHEOAH 19-Apr-12 18 Dibble tubes 18 NO NO NO NO NO 0 YES

CHEOAH 21-Apr-12 4 flats 20,000 NO NO NO NO NO 0 NO

CHEOAH 12-Jul-12 6 flats 20,000 NO NO NO NO NO 0 NO

CHEOAH 30-Jun-12 (2)40 plug-plug trays, each

inside a humidifying chamber


CHEOAH 30-Jun-12 (96) dibble tubes and (1)

40plug-plug tray


CHEOAH 8-Jul-12 6 flats 60,000 NO NO NO NO NO 0 NO

CHEOAH 12-Aug-12 3 pod trays 120 NO NO NO NO NO 0 not recorded

CHEOAH 12-Aug-12 Dibble tubes 69 NO NO NO NO NO 0 not recorded

CYPPEN 26-Jun-12 2 flats 8,000 NO NO NO NO NO 24 hours NO

CYPPEN 26-Jun-12 2 Flats 8,000 NO NO NO NO NO 24 hours NO

CYPPEN 26-Jun-12 3 flats 12,000 NO NO NO NO NO 24 hours NO

CYPPEN 30-Jun-12 2 Flats 6,000 NO NO NO NO NO 24 hours NO

CYPPEN 18-Jul-12 1 Flat 3,000 NO NO NO NO NO 24 hours NO

Total Propagated CHEOAH Seeds 100,000 581 CYPPEN Seeds 37,000

Pre-treatment

CHEOH Cuttings

Species Date #/Type of Container# of

Propagules

Appendix F. continued

Species Date Other Sand Perlite Vermicu-

lite

Other Other-description

CHEOAH 17-Apr-12 35 35 0 30 Soil from TUOARG

colony

PROP.2012.0010

CHEOAH 18-Apr-12 Cut off all leaves except from

the top 1.5"

0 50 0 50 Soil from TUOARG

colony

PROP.2012.0011

CHEOAH 18-Apr-12 Cut off all leaves except for

the top 1.5" remaining leaves

were cut in half.


colony

PROP.2012.0013

CHEOAH 19-Apr-12 all leaves were removed

axcept for the top 1.5" of

cutting


colony

PROP.2012.0014

CHEOAH 21-Apr-12 Fruits were agitated to

remove seeds

35 35 0 30 soil from TUOARG

colony

~5000 seeds sown per flat. PROP.2012.0015

CHEOAH 12-Jul-12 Fruits were agitated to

remove seeds


colony

Seeds were sewn into 6

flats with ~3333 seeds per

flat.

PROP.2012.0036

CHEOAH 30-Jun-12 Cut off all leaves except for

the top 1.5"-2".

0 75 0 25 soil from TUOARG

colony

PROP.2012.0039

CHEOAH 30-Jun-12 0 75 0 25 Soil from TUOARG

colony.

PROP.2012.0040

CHEOAH 8-Jul-12 35 35 0 30 Soil from TUOARG

colony.CHEOAH 12-Aug-12

CHEOAH 12-Aug-12

CYPPEN 26-Jun-12Spikelets were agitated to

remove seeds35 35 0 30

Soil from TUOARG

colony

Seeds were sown into 2

flats (CYPPEN #001-002) PROP.2012.0026


remove seeds.35 35 0 30

Soil from TUOARG

colony

Seeds were sown into two

flats (CYPPEN #003-004) PROP.2012.0027



Soil from TUOARG

colony

Seeds were sown into 3

flats (#005-007) with PROP.2012.0028



Soil from TUOARG

colony


flats(CYPPEN #008-009) PROP.2012.0031

CYPPEN 18-Jul-12Spikelets agitated to remove

seeds.35 35 0 30

Soil from TUOARG

colony


flat (CYPPEN #11) with PROP.2012.0037

Notes Database PROP #

Soil MixturePre-treatment

not recorded

not recorded

Appendix G. Native Plant Outplant Data, Soils Project, Laysan Island, Summer 2012

SpeciesOutplanting

NumberDate Category

Number of

PlantsRegion North West

CHEOAH CHEOAH 012 23-Jul-12 Restoration 20Behind dead PLUIND stand in

PLUIND zone 3.171.73446 25.77531


PLUIND zone 3.171.72953 25.77284


PLUIND zone 3.171.72876 25.77250

CHEOAH CHEOAH 016 2-Oct-12 Soils 41Behind dead PLUIND stand in

PLUIND zone 6.25.76208 171.73637


PLUIND zone 1.25.77551 171.73506


PLUIND zone 1.25.77567 171.73492


PLUIND zone 1.25.77493 171.73540

CYPPEN CYPPEN 001 4-Oct-12 Soils 26Between the Lake trail and the dead

stand in PLUIND zone 125.77427 171.73895





Appendix G continued

SpeciesOutplanting

NumberDate

CommentsDatabase Outplant ID

CHEOAH CHEOAH 012 23-Jul-12(10) 6" pots 2 per pot

OUT.2012.0023

CHEOAH CHEOAH 013 23-Jul-12(9) 6" pots 2 per pot(5 from PROP.0010, & 4 from

PROP.0009), & (1) 5" pot 1 per pot.OUT.2012.0024

CHEOAH CHEOAH 014 23-Jul-12

OUT.2012.0025

CHEOAH CHEOAH 016 2-Oct-12

(41) 4" pots 1 per pot ( 38 in square pots from

PROP.2012.0011 and 3 round pots from

PROP.2012.0010)

OUT.2012.0037

CHEOAH CHEOAH 017 2-Oct-12(46) 4" square pots 1/pot (PROP.2012.0015)

OUT.2012.0038

CHEOAH CHEOAH 018 2-Oct-12(40) 4" square pots 1/pot (PROP.2012.0039)

OUT.2012.0039

CHEOAH CHEOAH 019 2-Oct-12

(44) 4" pots 1/pot ( 26 square pots from

PROP.2012.0039 and 18 round pots from

PROP.2012.0010)

OUT.2012.0040

CYPPEN CYPPEN 001 4-Oct-12PROP.2012.0026

OUT.2012.0041


OUT.2012.0042


OUT.2012.0043

Northwest Southwest Northeast

CHEOAH - Restoration 0 0 57/0

CHEOAH - Soils Project 130/46 41/0 0

CYPPEN - Soils Project 177/20 0 0

Total

Outplanted

soil analysis and native plant propagation: a case study

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