sociology part 8

7/27/2019 Sociology Part 8

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Sociology

UNIT 8

Settlement type and Management of society

(Type of growth and role of institution in the settlement of society)


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Functional types of human settlements

Organic settlement

Inorganic settlement


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Types of human settlements

Dispersed settlement

Nucleated settlement

Linear settlement


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A settlement is a place where people live.


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It includes the temporary camp of the hunters and

herders;


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the permanent settlements called villages;


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and large urban agglomerations.


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Human settlements may consist of only a few dwelling units(hamlets),


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or they may be as large as megalopolis with a bigcluster of buildings accommodating millions of people.


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Settlements types


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Conurbation/metropolitan area a super city consisting ofmultiple cities and towns. The population is usually severalmillion.

Large City a city with a large population and many services.The population is >1 million people.

City a city would have abundant services, but not as many as alarge city. The population of a city is over 100,000 people.

Large town a large town has a population of 20,000 to100,000.

Town a town has a population of 1,000 to 20,000

Village a village generally does not have many services,possibly only a small corner shop or post office. A village has apopulation of 100 to 1,000.

Hamlet a hamlet has a tiny population (


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Isolated dwelling


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Hamlet

A hamlet is (usuallysee below) a rural community asmall settlement which is too small to be considered

a village. A hamlet has a tiny population (


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Village

A village is a clustered human settlement or

community, larger than a hamlet, but smaller than atown or city. Though generally located in rural

areas.

A village generally does not have many services,possibly only a small corner shop or post office. A

village has a population of 100 to 1,000.


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Town

A town has a population of 5,000 to 20,000.

A town is a type of settlement ranging from a fewto several thousand (occasionally hundreds of

thousands) inhabitants. Usually, a "town" is thought

of as larger than a village but smaller than a "city",


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City

A city would have abundant services, but not

as many as a large city. The population of acity is over 100,000 people.

A city is an urban area with a large populationand a particular administrative, legal, or

historical status.


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Metropolitan area

A metropolitan area is a large population

center consisting of a large metropolis and itsadjacent zone of influence


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Conurbation A conurbation is an urban area or agglomeration

comprising a number of cities, large towns and larger

urban areas that, through population growth andphysical expansion, have merged to form onecontinuous urban and industrially developed area.

A conurbation can be confused with a metropolitanarea. As the term is used in North America, ametropolitan area consists of many neighborhoods,while a conurbation consists of many differentmetropolitan areas that are connected with oneanother and are usually interdependent economicallyand socially.


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Factors effecting SettlementsSite

Site refers to the actual piece of ground on

which the settlement is built. The site of a settlement is its exact location.


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The physical geography of an area was veryimportant to early people when they weredeciding on the site for a new settlement.

Site Factors:

Water supply: a clean supply of water wasneeded for drinking, cooking and cleaning.

Water could be taken from a river or a well.


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Relief- the area needed to be high enough to be

safe from flooding, but low enough to besheltered from strong winds.

Acropolis, literally means the 'high city,' is the origin of the Athens

city that we know of today. Standing high above the hill in the centreof Athens, it is visible from almost anywhere.


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Defence - a hilltop, or the inside of a river

meander, would provide protection fromattackers.


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Transport - a site at a crossroads, on a river or at

the coast gave easier access to other settlements.


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Soil - deep fertile soil made it easier to farm crops

and rear animals.Resources - a source of timber or rock was

needed for building. Wood was needed as a fuel

for heat and cooking.


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ReligeousPresent of temples, musk, or churches

like structures make a city to grow on religiousbelieve ground and other social factors.


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Government bodies Presence of stable govt. in

the locality which allows to grow and gives specialbenefit in terms of social, environmental and

financially to grow a city.


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Settlement patterns When early settlements began to grow there

were no planning regulations. People built houseswhere they wanted to. Some houses were builtfar apart from each other (dispersed). Otherhouses were built close together, making villages.

Villages began to grow outwards and the shapeof the settlements changed. Some settlementsbecame long and narrow (linear), others stayedclustered together (nucleated). Today, people

must have permission from the local authority tobuild houses. Settlements now grow in a plannedway.


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Dispersed settlements


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Dispersed settlements are usually farms. They

are spread out because of the space taken upby fields. Other dispersed settlements are

found in mountainous areas where it is

difficult to live.


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Linear settlements sometimes follow the

shape of the land. It is easier to build on thefloor of a valley than on the steep sides. Linear

settlements also follow features such as roads,

railway lines or rivers.


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Nucleated settlements are where buildings are

clustered round a central point. The centre ofthe settlement may be a crossroads, a church,

a water supply, or a market place. Nucleated

settlements also occur on hill tops.


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Planned settlements often have a regular

pattern. They may have a square shape, or acrescent shape for example. Brasilia, the

capital of Brazil, is a planned settlement in the

shape of an aeroplane


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City layout The layout of a city is the way its estreets and

buildings are distributed.

There are different types of layout:


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Irregular layout The urban growth has not been planned.

It has no particular order. The streets may benarrow and winding. There are few open

spaces. There are typical of Muslim and

medieval towns.


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Grid plan The grid plan or gridiron plan is a type of city

plan in which streets run at right angles toeach other, forming a grid. It is typical of

North American cities, and of newer districts

in European cities.


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Radiocentric layout The streets radiate out from a central point.


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Settlement functions

The functions of a settlement are the things

that happen there. The function of most early settlements was

farming. As settlements grew, the functions

increased to include things such as markets

and inns. Today settlements have many

functions, which continue to change overtime.


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Residential

- the main function of many settlements today

is to give people places to live. People may livein one settlement and work in another.

d


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Administrative

local authority offices run the local services,

such as road maintenance and wastedisposal.

d l


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Industrial

goods are manufactured in factories. Today

many factories are located in business parkson the outskirts of settlements.

C i l


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Commercial

- shopping centres and recreation facilities,

such as sports centres and cinemas, provideservices for people.

S i


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Services

settlements contain public services, such as

schools, hospitals and libraries.

T i


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Tourism

- some settlements are

attractive to tourists. Many coastalsettlements in Spain have changed

from fishing villages into large

tourist resorts.

sociology part 8

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