sociolect 3

7/25/2019 Sociolect 3

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Biri Ioana-Maria

An III

Romn-Englez

Sociolectul

Sociolect

From Wikipedia, the ree enc!clopedia

In "ociolingui"tic", a "ociolect or "ocial dialect i" a #ariet! o language $a regi"ter% a""ociated

&ith a "ocial group "uch a" a "ocioeconomic cla"", an ethnic group $preci"el! termed ethnolect%,

an age group, etc'()*

Sociolect" in#ol#e +oth pa""i#e acui"ition o particular communicati#e practice" through

a""ociation &ith a local communit!, a" &ell a" acti#e learning and choice among "peech or

&riting orm" to demon"trate identiication &ith particular group"'(*

Indi#idual" &ho "tud! "ociolect" are called "ociolingui"t"' Sociolingui"t" "tud! language

#ariation' Sociolingui"t" deine a "ociolect +! e.amining the "ocial di"tri+ution o "peciic

lingui"tic term"' For e.ample, a "ociolingui"t &ould e.amine the u"e o the "econd per"on

pronoun /!ou/ or it" u"e &ithin the population' I one di"tinct "ocial group u"ed 0!ou"0 a" the

plural orm o the pronoun then thi" could indicate the e.i"tence o a "ociolect' A "ociolect i"di"tinct rom a dialect +ecau"e "ocial cla"" rather than geographical "u+di#i"ion "u+"tantiate" the

uniue lingui"tic eature"'(1*


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2ontent" (hide*

) 3#er#ie&

4he dierence +et&een "ociolect" and dialect"

1 5einition"

6 E.ample"

6') 4amil 2a"te S!"tem

6' 7or&egian "ocioeconomic "ociolect

6'1 5iglo""ia

6'6 AA8E - Arican American 8ernacular Engli"h

9 Eect"

9') 2ode-"&itching

9' 5i"crimination

: See al"o

; Reerence"

3#er#ie&(edit*

A "ociolect, deined +! " ethnicit!,

age, gender, etc' A" William a+o# once "aid, =the "ociolingui"tic #ie&i" that &e are

programmed to learn to "peak in &a!" that it the general pattern o our communitie"?'(:*


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4hereore, &hat &e are "urrounded &ith in uni"on &ith our en#ironment determine" ho& &e

"peakC hence, our action" and a""ociation"'

4he dierence +et&een "ociolect" and dialect"(edit*

4he main di"tinction +et&een a "ociolect and dialect, &hich are continuall! conu"ed, are the

"etting" the! are created in' A dialect>" main identiier i" geograph! &here a certain region u"e"

"peciic phonological, morpho"!ntactic, or le.ical rule"'(;* A"i Agha e.pand" and "pecialize"

thi" concept +! "tating that, =the ca"e &here the demographic dimen"ion marked +! "peech are

matter" o geographic pro#enance along, "uch a" "peaker>" +irth locale, e.tended re"idence and

the like?'(D* 3n the oppo"ite "ide, a "ociolect>" main identiier are thing" "uch a" "ocioeconomic

cla"", age, gender, and ethnicit! "poken in a certain "peech communit!'

An e.ample o a dialectal dierence +a"ed on region i" the u"e o the &ord" "oda or pop

and coke in dierent part" o the nited State"' A" 4homa" E' Murra! "tate", =coke i" u"ed

genericall! +! thou"and" o people, e"peciall! in the "outhern hal o the countr!?'(G*

2ontra"ti#el!, pop i" kno&n to +e a term that i" u"ed +! man! citizen" in the northern hal o the

countr!'

An e.ample o a "ociolect dierence +a"ed on "ocial grouping i" the deletion o copula" in

Arican American 8ernacular Engli"h' 4he deletion occur" in a "peciic ethnic group, +ut in all

area" o the nited State"'()H* A" William a+o# gi#e" an e.ample, =he here? in"tead o =he>"

here?'())*

5einition"(edit*

2ode "&itching i" /the proce"" &here+! +ilingual or +idialectal "peaker" "&itch +ack and orth

+et&een one language or dialect and another &ithin the "ame con#er"ation'/()*


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5iglo""ia, a""ociated &ith the American lingui"t 2harle" A' Fergu"on, &hich de"cri+e"

"ociolingui"tic "ituation "uch a" tho"e that o+tain in Ara+ic-"peaking countrie" and in erman-

"peaking S&itzerland' In "uch a diglo""ic communit!, the pre"tigiou" "tandard o J@igh>$or @%#ariet!, &hich i" lingui"ticall! related to +ut "igniicantl! dierent rom the #ernacular or Jo&>

$or % #arietie", ha" no nati#e "peaker"'()1*

5omain i" /5ierent language, dialect", or "t!le" are u"ed in dierent "ocial conte.t"'/()6*

anguage Attitude" are /"ocial in origin, +ut that the! ma! ha#e important eect" on language

+eha#ior, +eing in#ol#ed in act" o identit!, and on lingui"tic change'/()9*

ingui"tic #aria+le i" /a lingui"tic unitinitiall! de#elopedin order to +e a+le to handle

lingui"tic" #ariation' 8aria+le" ma! +e le.ical and grammatical, +ut are mo"t oten

phonological?' E.ample o Briti"h Engli"h $h% &hich i" "ometime" pre"ent and "ometime" not'

():*


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4amil 2a"te S!"tem(edit*

4he ollo&ing i" an e.ample o the le.ical di"tinction +et&een the Mudali!ar and the I!engar

group" o the 4amil-"peaking ca"te in India' 4he I!engar group i" part o the Brahmin ca"te

&hich i" "cholarl! and higher in the ca"te hierarch! than the non-Brahmin, or Mudali!ar, ca"te'()G* 4he Mudali!ar" u"e man! o the "ame &ord" or thing" that are dierentiated &ithin the

I!engar"> "peech' For e.ample, a" !ou can "ee +elo&, the dierence +et&een drinking &ater,

&ater in general, and non-pota+le &ater i" u"ed +! one &ord in the non-Brahmin ca"te and three

"eparate &ord" in the Brahmin ca"te' Furthermore, Agha reerence" ho& the u"e o dierent

"peech relect" a =departure rom a group-internal norm?'(H* For e.ample, i the non-Brahmin

ca"te u"e" Brahmin term" in their mode o "peech it i" "een a" "el-rai"ing, &here a" i people

&ithin the Brahmin ca"te u"e non-Brahmin "peech it i" "een a" peKorati#e"'()* 4hereore,

depending on &hich ca"te" u"e certain &ord" the pragmatic" change' @ence, thi" "peech "!"tem

i" determined +! "ocioeconomic cla"" and "ocial conte.t'

E.ample )

lo"" Mudali!ar $non-Brahmin% I!engar $Brahmin%

5rinking Water tanni tirrto

Water in general tanni Kalo

7on-pota+le &ater tanni tanni

Wor"hip puu"e puuKe

ood "ooru "aado

&or"hip puu"e puuKe 0&or"hip0LL puu"e 0puni"hment or children0

ood "ooruL "aado "aado 0ood0LL "ooru 0ood0 $peKorati#e%

eat tinnuL"aapdo "aapdo 0eat0LL tinnu 0guzzle, etc'0 $peKorati#e%


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7or&egian "ocioeconomic "ociolect(edit*

E.ample

In the ollo&ing e.ample, &e "ee the dierence +et&een the national "tandard and the collouial

"peech ound in 7or&a! &here the phonolog! and pronunciation dier' A" Agha "tate", =Some

le.ical contra"t" are due to phonological dierence $e'g', R make" more con"onantal and #ocalic

di"tinction" than B%, &hile other" are due to morphological dierence $e'g', dierence in plural

"ui.e" and certain #er+ inlection"% +et&een t&o #arietie"'(*

lo"" 7ational Standard $Bokml, B% ocal 8ariet! $Ranaml,R%

I NOKK 3g

!ou 5OKK 5eg

@e @ann @anK

She @unn @o

I 8i"" 8e""

4o, to&ard 4ill 4ell

Who 8emm Pem

@o& 8ordanPele"n

5iglo""ia(edit*

E.ample 1

4he chart +elo& gi#e" an e.ample o 5iglo""ia in Ara+-"peaking nation" and &here it i" u"ed'

5iglo""ia i" deined +! Me"thrie a", = (a* "ituation &here t&o #arietie" o a language e.i"t "ide


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+! "ide?'(1* 4he 2la""ical Ara+ic i" kno&n a" QTUV, or al-u"hX, &hile the collouial dialect

depend" on the countr!' For e.ample, YZ[\ i" "poken in e+anon and part" o S!ria' In man!

"ituation", there i" a maKor le.ical dierence among &ord" in the cla""ical and collouial "peech,

a" &ell a" pronunciation dierence", "uch a" a dierence in "hort #o&el", &hen the &ord" are the

"ame' Although, a "peciic e.ample o 5iglo""ia &a" not gi#en, it" "ocial conte.t i" almo"t i not

more important' For e.ample, @allida! tell" u" that, =in area" &ith 5iglo""ia, the link +et&een

language and "ucce"" i" apparent a" the higher, cla""ical regi"ter i" learned through ormal

education?'(6*

@

Sermon in 2hurch or Mo"ue]

In"truction" to "er#ant", &aiter", &orkmen, clerk", etc' ]


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E.ample 6

Belo& i" an e.ample o the addition o the #er+al ^" not Ku"t on 1rd per"on "ingular #er+" in the

pre"ent ten"e like in SAE, +ut added onto ininiti#e", ir"t per"on pre"ent #er+", and 1rd per"on

pa"t perect #er+"' (9*

@e can goe" out'

I don>t kno& ho& to get" no girl"'

@e>d kno&" that'

Further e.ample" o phenomenon in AA8E are pro#ided +elo&'

Belo& are e.ample" o the lack o the po""e""i#e ending ^" i" u"uall! a+"ent in AA8E +ut

contain" a rule A" a+o# "ho&" "tate", = (the* u"e ^" to indicate po""e""ion +! a "ingle noun or

pronoun, +ut ne#er +et&een the po""e""or and the po""e""ed'? (:*

=4hi" i" her", 4hi" i" mine", 4hi" i" Nohn>", +ut not in her +ook, m! +ook, Nohn +ook? (;*

=Inter#ie& &ith Br!an A', "e#en !ear" old, a "truggling reader in a We"t


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4hat>" &hat he did to m! cou"in Ra!mond dog at m! cou"in hou"e'

I &a" acting like I "tole m! "i"ter ood'

At the mu"eum, it &a" un, &e &ent in "ome+od! heart'? (D*

Eect"(edit*

2ode-"&itching(edit*

Man! time" &ithin communitie" that contain "ociolect" that "eparate group" lingui"ticall! it i"

nece""ar! to ha#e a proce"" &here the independent "peech communitie" can communicate in the

"ame regi"terC e#en i the change i" a" "imple a" dierent pronunciation' 4hereore, the act o

code"&itching +ecome" e""ential' 2ode"&itching i" deined a", =the proce"" &here+! +ilingual or

+idialectal "peaker" "&itch +ack and orth +et&een one language or dialect and another &ithin

the "ame con#er"ation? (G* At time" code"&itching can +e "ituational, depending on the

"ituation or topical, depending on the topic' @allida! term" thi" the +e"t &hen he deine" the role

o di"cour"e "tating that, =it i" thi" that determine", or rather correlate" &ith, the role pla!ed +!

the language acti#it! in the "ituation? (1H* 4hereore, meaning that &hich regi"ter i" u"ed

depend" on the "ituation and la!" out the "ocial conte.t o the "ituation, +ecau"e i the &rong

regi"ter i" u"ed, then the &rong conte.t i" placed on the &ord"' Furthermore, reerring +ack to

the diglo""ia e.pre""ed in the Ara+-"peaking &orld and the 4amil ca"te "!"tem in India, &hich&ord" are u"ed mu"t +e appropriate to not onl! the "ocial cla"" o the "peaker, +ut the "ituation,

the topic, and the need or courte"!' A more comprehen"i#e deinition i" "tated, =2ode-"&itching

i" not onl! a deinition o "ituation +ut an e.pre""ion o "ocial hierarch!? (1)*

For e.ample" o the u"e o "peech &ithin certain "ituation reer +ack to the chart on 2la""ical and

2ollouial Ara+ic'

For an e.ample o dialect "election +a"ed on topic reer +elo&_


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A" 4rudgill deine" it the Ara#anikita i", =the name gi#en in reece gi#en to the language o the

indigenou" Al+anian-"peaking lingui"tic minorit! in that countr!'? (1* 4hi" communit! i"

dierent lingui"ticall! than the "urrounding area and mu"t u"e their language accordingl!' For

e.ample, no&ada!", Ar#anitika i" onl! u"ed at home and other "ituation", "uch a" in "chool

during game", on the pla!ground, or or =chatting up girl"?, &hile onl! reek i" "poken in cla""'

(11* 4hereore, it i" +oth topical and "ituational in conte.t'

5i"crimination(edit*

4he Ar#anitika communit! al"o "uer" rom di"crimination +ecau"e the! are ca"t under

"tereot!pe" +! the u"e o their nati#e language' A" arrett &rite", =a num+er o Ar#anite" had

"uered rom &hat the! regarded a" di"crimination, particularl! during militar! "er#ice, and at

"chool/'(16* E#en though, the language i" the onl! thing that dierentiate" them rom the

"urrounding reek", it "till deine" them a" a di"tinct cla"" and place" them &ithin a "ocial

hierarch!' Furthermore, &ithin "ocietie" that maintain a diglo""ic "tate, the @igh $J@>% and o&

$J>% orm" "er#e a" a +a"i" or di"crimination' A" Me"thrie &rite", =Since the @ orm i" learned

#ia ormal education, diglo""ia can +e a mean" o e.cluding people rom acce"" to ull

participation in "ociet!?'(19*

See al"o(edit*

5ialect


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2hronolect

Nargon

anguage and gender


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Nump up ` Agha, A"i' anguage and Social Relation"' 2am+ridge_ 2am+ridge ni#er"it!


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Nump up ` Agha, A"i' anguage and Social Relation"' 2am+ridge_ 2am+ridge ni#er"it!


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Nump up ` arrett,


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n "ocioling#i"tic, "ociolectul "au dialectul "ocial e"te o #ariant a lim+ii $un regi"tru%

a"ociat cu un grup "ocial precum o cla" "ocioeconomic, o etnie $termenul mai "peciic iind

etnolect%, un grup dup criteriul #r"tei etc'

Sociolectele implic att achizi ia pa"i# a anumitor practici comunicati#e prin a"ociereacu o comunitate local, ct i n# area acti# i alegerea dintre ormele #or+irii i ale "crierii

pentru a demon"tra identiicarea cu anumite grupuri'

3amenii care "e ocup cu "tudiul "ociolectelor "e nume"c "ocioling#i ti' Socioling#i tii

"tudiaz #aria ia unei lim+i' Socioling#i tii deine"c "ociolectul prin e.aminarea di"tri+uirii

"ociale a unor anumi i termeni ling#i"tici' 5e e.emplu, un "ocioling#i"t ar e.amina utilizarea

pronumelui de per"oana a II-a f!ou? $lim+a englez% n cadrul popula iei' 5ac un grup di"tinct

"ocial olo"e te f!ou"? drept orma la plural a pronumelui, atunci ace"t apt ar putea indica

e.i"ten a unui "ociolect' n "ociolect e"te dierit a de un dialect, pentru c o cla" "ocial, mai

degra+ dect "u+di#iziunile geograice udamenteaz caracteri"ticile ling#i"tice unice'

Rezumat

n "ociolect, deinit de


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geograia unde o anumit regiune olo"e te reguli onologice, moror"intactice "au le.icale

"peciice' A"i Agha dez#olt i "pecializeaz conceptul, airmnd_ fcazul n care dimen"iune

demograic marcat de #or+ire reprezint "u+iectul unei pro#enien e geograice, precum

localitatea na terii #or+itorului, reziden a e.i"tin" de acela i el?'


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Atitudinile ling#i"tice "unt f"ociale la origine, dar "-ar putea " nu ai+ eecte importante

a"upra comportamentului ling#i"tic, iind implicate n acte de identitate i n "chim+area

ling#i"tic?'

8aria+ila ling#i"tic e"te fo unitate ling#i"tic'''ini ial dez#oltat'''pentru a putea icapa+ili " acem a #aria iei ling#i"tice' 8aria+ilele pot i le.icale "au gramaticale, dar ele "unt

cel mai ade"ea onologice?' E.emplul englezei +ritanice $h% care e"te uneori prezent, iar, alteori,

nu'


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E.emplul )

E.plica ie Mudali!ar $non-Brahmin% I!engar $Brahmin%Ap pota+il tanni tirrtoAp n general tanni Kalo

Ap ne+u+il tanni tanniIdolatrizare puu"e puuKeMncare "ooru "aadoIdolatrizare puu"e puuKe $idolatrizare% LL puu"e

$pedeap" pentru copii%Mncare "ooruL "aado "aado $mncare% LL "ooru

$mncare peiorati#%A mnca tinnuL "aapdo "aapdo $a mnca% LL tinnu $a "e

ndopa peiorati#%

Sociolectul "ocioeconomic nor#egian

n urmtorul e.emplu, o+"er#m dieren a dintre "tandardul na ional i #or+irea

coloc#ial din 7or#egia, unde onologia i pronun ia dier' A a cum airm Agha_ fnele

contra"te le.icale "e datoreaz dieren ei onologice $de e.emplu, R determin di"tinc ii mai

con"onantice i #ocalice dect B%, n timp ce altele "e datoreaz dieren ei morologice $de

e.emplu, dieren a n "ui.ele pentru plural i anumite inle.iuni #er+ale% ntre dou #ariante'

E.emplul

E.plica ie Standard na ional $Bokmal, B% 8ariant local $Ranamal, R%I NoeKK 3gou 5oeKK 5eg@e @ann @anKShe @unn @oI 8i"" 8e""


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4o, to&ard 4ill 4ellWho 8emm Pem@o& 8ordan Pele"n

5iglo"ie

4a+elul de mai Ko" oer un e.emplu de diglo"ie n cadrul na iunilor #or+itoare de ara+ i

unde "e olo"e te' 5iglo"ia e"te deinit de Me"thrie ca fo "itua ie n care dou #ariante ale lim+ii

e.i"t una alturi de cealalt?' Ara+a cla"ic e cuno"cut drept QTUV "au al-u"ha, n timp ce

dialectul local depinde de ar' 5e e.emplu, YZ[\ e"te #or+it n e+anon i n pr i din Siria' n

multe "itua ii, e"te o dieren le.ical maKor ntre cu#intele din #or+irea cla"ic i cea

coloc#ial, precum i dieren e de pronun ie, precum dieren a ntre #ocalele "curte, atunci cnd

cu#intele "unt la el' 2u toate ace"tea, un e.emplu "peciic pentru diglo"ie nu a o"t dat,

conte.tul "u "ocial iind aproape, dac nu, chiar cel mai important' 5e e.emplu, @ellida! "pune

c fn zonele cu diglo"ie, legtura ntre lim+ i "ucce" e"te ca aptul c regi"trul cla"ic, mai nalt

e"te n# at prin educa ia ormal?'

E.emplul 1

@


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iteratur popular ]

AA8E ^ Engleza #ernacular american-arican

E.emplu 6

Mai Ko" e"te un e.emplu al adaugrii particulei #er+ale f-"? nu doar la #er+ele de

per"oana a III-a, "ingular, la prezent, ci i la ininiti#e, la prezentul #er+elor de per"oana I i la

#er+ele la pa"t perect $mai-mult-ca-perect%, la per"oana a III-a'

)' @e can goe" out' $El poate ie"e aarC corect_ El poate ie i aar%' I don>t kno& ho& to get" no girl"' $7u tiu cum " nu o+ in ete% 1' @e>d kno&" that' $El tiu"e acel lucru%

Mai multe e.emple ale enomenului n AA8E "unt prezentate mai Ko"'

Mai Ko" "unt e.emple n care lip"e te termina ia f-"? care indic po"e"ia, acea"t

termina ie iind de o+icei a+"ent n AA8E, dar con ine o regul, a a cum airm a+o#_ fuzul

lui ^" pentru a indica po"e"ia de un "ingur "u+"tanti# "au pronume, dar niciodat ntre po"e"or i

o+iectul po"edat?'

f4hi" i" her", 4hi" i" mine", 4hi" i" Nohn>", +ut not in her +ook, m! +ook, Nohn +ook?'

$Ace"ta e al ei, ace"ta e al meu, ace"ta e al lui Nohn, dar nu n cartea ei, cartea mea, cartea lui

Nohn%'

f Inter#ie& &ith Br!an A', "e#en !ear" old, a "truggling reader in a We"t " &hat he did to m! cou"in Ra!mond dog at m! cou"in hou"e'6' I &a" acting like I "tole m! "i"ter ood'9' At the mu"eum, it &a" un, &e &ent in "ome+od! heart'?

Inter#iu cu Br!an A, de ; ani, un cititor cu pro+leme de la coala elementar din We"t


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)' 5ac nu ie" din camera mamei, #oi a#ea pro+leme i cnd nu ie" din camera "urorii

mele m lo#e te''


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2oncluzii

n ling#i"tic, "ociolectul "au dialectul "ocial reprezint o #ariant a lim+ii a"ociat cu ocla"a "ocioeconomic, o genera ie "au un grup etnic $n ace"t caz "e poate olo"i i termenul de etnolect% etc'

Sociolectele includ att achizi ia pa"i# a ctor#a practici comunicati#e prin a"ocierea cu

o comunitate local, ct i n# area acti# i alegerea ntre orme ale #or+irii i ale "crierii pentru a demon"tra identiicarea cu anumite grupuri'

Socioling#i tii "tudiaz "ociolectele, #aria iile lim+ii' Ace tia deine"c "ociolectul drept o di"tri+u ie "ocial a unor anumi i termeni ling#i"tici'

Socioling#i"tul englez


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termeni $de e.emplu doar I!engar au termeni dieri i pentru apa pota+il i cea ne+u+il% arat aptul c "ociolectul depinde de conte.tul "ocial i de cla"a "ocioeconomic'

n al doilea e.emplu ar i "ociolectul "ocioeconomic nor#egian, dieren e ntre lim+a"tandard i #or+irea coloc#ial cu dieren e att n "criere, ct i n onologie'

n alt e.emplu ar i diglo"ia, e.emplu aplicat pe na iunile #or+itoare de lim+a ara+'5iglo"ia reprezint o "itua ie n care dou #ariet i ale lim+ii coe.i"t' A"tel, a#em ara+a cla"ic, iar dialectul coloc#ial depinde de ar' 5ieren ele dintre cele dou #ariante "unt att le.icale, ct i la ni#elul pronun iei'

Alt e.emplu e engleza #ernacular a arican-americanilor' n cazul ace"tui e.emplu de"ociolect, putem g"i multe dieren e la ni#el morologic'

Eectele "ociolectelor con"tau n "chim+area codului lim+ii i di"criminare' n ceea cepri#e te "chim+area codului, ace"ta e"te un proce" nece"ar n care comunit ile independente din

punctul de #edere al di"cur"ului pot comunica n acela i regi"tru' 2el mai +un e.emplu pentrudi"criminare e"te comunitatea Ar#anikita, comunitate al+anez din recia, ndeprtat pe +azaunor "tereotipii din cauza olo"irii lim+ii lor nati#e'

sociolect 3

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