socioemotionaldevelopmentininfantsandtoddlers_002 dpe
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Attachment emotional tie to a specific person or persons
exists across time and space
infants tend to form attachments with primary caregivers
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Bowlbys Early Work on Attachment
Late infancy early toddlerhoodsafe-base attachment (6-12 mos)
Actively seek to be near caregivers
Seek proximal contact
Become distressed when caregiver leaves (bond across time and space)
Toddlerhoodgoal corrected partnerships
Recognize motives of caregivers
Toddler adjusts behaviors to needs and motives of caregivers
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Ainsworths work Strange situation (page 193, Table 6.1)
Stranger anxietysignals attachment
Separation anxietysignals attachment
Attachment Status
Secure Attachment
Mother return: infant seeks contact; cling tightly; allows mother to comfort and soothe
Majority of infants show secure attachment
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Ainsworths work
Attachment Status
Insecure Avoidant Attachment
No preference for mother (avoids or shows equal
preference for mother and stranger)
Mother leaves infants undisturbed;
Continue playing with stranger
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Ainsworths work Attachment Status
Insecure Resistant\ Ambivalent Attachment
Exaggerated stranger and separation anxiety
Exaggerated need to maintain proximal contact with mother
Some resistant to mothers attempts to soothe
Some passive with mothers attempts to console
Some variable in response (cycles of calm and anger)
Variable in status
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Ainsworths work
Attachment Status Parental quality and attachment (sensitive
responsiveness) Secure Attachment
Timely response
Appropriate response
Insecure disorganized or disoriented Attachments
abusive parents or parents who suffered abuse themselves
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Ainsworths work
Insecure Attachments
indifferent parentingresponse only when necessary orwhen the parent is impacted
indulgent parentingover stimulating; intrusive;
unresponsive parentingneglectful
Mothers of insecurely attached infants
tense
irritable
unresponsive; little interest
mechanical handling
scheduled vs. demand feeding
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Infant Characteristics, Caregiver Characteristics
and Attachments Easy Infants--associated with greater frequency of
secure attachments
Special needsassociated with insecure attachmentsFussy or difficult infants associated with higher levels of
irritability-- tend to develop insecure attachmentswith mothers who have low levels of social support
Model tends to be bidirectional with infantcharacteristics interacting with caregivercharacteristics to yield the attachment status
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Infant Characteristics, Caregiver Characteristics
and Attachments
Fathers role in attachment:
fathers roles tend to reflect mothers roles in relationships with attachment statuses
Child care and caregiver attachment:
with quality child care, no difference in attachment given caregiver is responsive in
sensitive and timely ways when with infant
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Infant Characteristics, Caregiver Characteristics and
Attachments NICHDChild Care Report (2006):
Quality of out of home child care related to:
Family income, education, parenting style
Higher quality out of home child care related to higher levels of cognitive and social development
Effect sizes range from moderate to small
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Attachment and Developmental Outcomes Long-term outcomes:
securely attached infants tend to have some early advantage over other attachment
statuses;
higher quality care later in childhood and adolescence can overcome early attachment
challenges;
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Social Risk and Childrens Health Outcomes Larson, et al. (2008) High School education or less
Family income
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Social Risk and Childrens Health Outcomes Larson, et al. findings:
Overall, family income, minority status, & maternal mental health independently predicted
poorer health status
As the number of social risk factors increased the childs health status decreased
Mechanism of effect is likely related to cumulative higher levels of stress as number of
risks increase
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Eriksons first psychosocial stage:
Trust vs. Mistrust
Two tasks:
establish sense that the environment is going to meet basic needs in a timely and
appropriate manner
establish sense that the self is an active agent in ones own outcomes
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Eriksons 2nd psychosocial stage:
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Toddler seeks to assert preferences beyond simple
needs (e.g. particular type of food rather than simply
hunger) Caregivers can provide choices of acceptable options
to establish a sense of autonomy
Caregivers who are not sensitive to and provideopportunities for toddlers to exercise some preference
can create doubt within the toddler
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Temperament The reactivity of the infant to the environment
Genetics plays a significant role in temperament
Temperament is measured across nine dimensions (Table 6.5, pg 204)
Activity level, rhythmicity, intensity of reaction, etc.
Profile based on levels of each dimension
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Temperament
Temperament Constellations: Easy: generally positive; stable rhythm of movement, sleep adapts to new situations,
smiles
Slow-to-Warm-Up: slow to adapt to new situations; mildly negative response; more
intense reactions than Easy babies but less than difficult babies
Difficult: intense negative reactions to new situations; slow to adapt; irregular patterns ofsleeping and activity overall;
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Temperament Based on an interaction of genetics and interactions with the environment
Balance between temperament and environment determines outcomes
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Temperament Scarr:
Passive: infants environment is frequently based on biological parents so, genetic
tendency is reinforced by the environment
Parents who accommodate to their infants temperament tend to have more successfuloutcomes
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Emotions
In the first 12 months of life, infants tend to respond
differentially and more sensitively to expressedemotions by caregiver
Fear, anger, sadness, interest, joy resulted in differential responses to the visual cliff
Infants reference the reactions of caregivers as cues for their own reactions
From very early on, infants tend to respond to distress cries from other infants
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Emotions
Toddlers:
Sense of self as independent entity leads to:
Self conscious emotions
Expanded emotional repertoire
Guilt, embarrassed, pride
Comparison of ones own behaviors to some standard is linked to cognitive and social
development
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Infant and Toddler Play
Toddler Play With language, mobility, and cognitive development, toddlers move to more socially
mediated play
Coordinated imitationtend to repeat others actions
Early toddler play remains focused on motion and objects (e.g. block stacking)
As maturation occurs, more social role play begins;
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Infant and Toddler Play
Toddler Play
More advanced levels of social play (negotiating roles, changing roles) tend to be related
to more lasting friendships across childhood
Conflicts arise!
Distraction and diversion tend to work best with
toddlers
Conflicts tend to be based on possession of
objects or turns at some desired activity
Possession is ownership (similar to dog rules)
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Infant and Toddler Play
Toddler Play As language and symbolic thought improve, toddlers begin make-believe play
Imaginary roles and substitution of one object for another (shoe becomes a truck) occurs
Children can appear to be much more cognitively advanced in play with peers than alone.