sociocultural influences of parents on body ... · and giovanni maria ruggiero, „perfectionism,...

Physical education and sport through the centuries 2017, 4(1), 45-70 ISSN 2335-0598

www.fiep-serbia.net

|45

Originalresearcharticle DOI:10.1515/spes‐2016‐0021

SOCIOCULTURALINFLUENCESOFPARENTSONBODYDISSATISFACTIONINADOLESCENTS

MiroljubIvanović1,SrdjanMilosavljević2andUgljesaIvanović3

1CollegeForEducatorsandBusinessInformatics“Sirmium”,SremskaMitrovica

2FacultyforPhysicalEducationandManagementinSport,SingidunumUniversity,Belgrade

3Facultyofmanagementinsport,AlphaUniversity,Belgrade

MiroljubIvanović,SrdjanMilosavljevićandUgljesaIvanović

UDK316.7‐053.6:796.01

SUMMARY

Thebasicgoalofthisresearchwastoevaluatesocioculturalinfluenceofparentson general body dissatisfaction among their adolescent children. The samplecomprised (N = 228) of both male and female adolescents aged between 16‐19years. In this study, two measuring instruments were applied: Body image andbody change inventory and thePerceivedSociocultural InfluencesonBody Imageand Body Change Questionnaire. These instruments show internal consistency ofhighreliability,whichmakesthemapplicabletotheSerbianpopulation.Accordingtoresultsofthecorrelationalanalysis,thereisamildcorrelationbetweenpredictorvariables(influenceofmotherandinfluenceoffather)andthecriteriageneralbodydissatisfaction.Theappliedhierarchicalregressionanalysisshowedthatpredictorvariables explain22%of the total varianceof general bodydissatisfaction. Itwasalsoestablishedthatvariables(femalegender,socioculturalinfluenceofparentsonbody image and change in physical appearance) present significant predictors ofoverall body dissatisfaction in late adolescence. The majority of the obtainedfindings is in accordancewith results from previous studies, and should providedirectionsforpredictingbodyimageandperceptivesocioculturalcontributionsonbody image, as well as designing programs of prevention regarding bodydissatisfactioninadolescentsofbothgenders.

Keywords:Adolescence,physicalappearance,bodydissatisfaction,socioculturalinfluences

CorrespondenceauthorMiroljubIvanović[email protected]


www.fiep-serbia.net

46|

INTRODUCTION

Fromthesecondhalfofthe20thcenturyuptotoday,thereisanincreasingnumberofresearchinpsychologywhichemphasizetheinfluenceofbodyimage,which presents a subjective perception of one’s own physical appearance andphysicalexperiences,aswellasexpressionofattitudes, thoughtsand feelingsoftheindividualthatrelatetoone’sownbody.1Bodyimageisgeneratedbyinternal(biological and psychological) and external (cultural and social) factors, and itdevelops, changes, ormaintains through this complex network of interactions2.Body image consists of two essential elements: perceptive and subjective. Thecoreofbodydissatisfactionoccursasaresultofdiscordancebetweenperceptiveand internal or socially conditioned, perfect body image. If this discordance isgreater,bodydissatisfactionisgreater.3Findingsoftheauthors4pointtothefactthatthenumberoffemaleadolescentswhoaredissatisfiedwiththeirownbodyissubstantially increasing in the last few decades, and that this dissatisfaction isgreaterinfemalethaninmaleadolescents.

During adolescence, physical appearance of young men and womenbecomesoneoftheirmainpreoccupations.Discordancebetweenperceptiveandperfectphysicalappearanceinadolescentageisbecomingmoreprominent,whichmakes this period of life particularly sensitive for the development of bodydissatisfaction.

Withinthisperiodoflife,bodydissatisfactionisincorrelationwithagreatersociocultural pressure on physical attractiveness, particularly for female gender.The perfect body image of women today assumes characteristic thinness, and

1 Nicole Kraus, Julia Lindenberg, Almut Zeeck, Joachim Kosfelder, and Silja Vocks, „Immediate Effects of Body Checking Behaviour on Negative and Positive Emotions in Women with Eating Disorders: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Approach“, European Eating Disorders Review 23–5 (2015): 399.

2 Deschamps Valérie, Salanave Benoît, Chan Chee Christine, Vernay Michel, and Castetbon Katia, „Body-weight perception and related preoccupations in a large national sample of adolescents“, Pediatric Obesity 10–1 (2015): 16.

3 Jacinthe Dion, Marie-Eve Blackburn, Julie Auclair, Luc Laberge, Suzanne Veillette, Marco Gaudreault, Patrick Vachon, Michel Perron and Évelyne Touchette, „Development and aetiology of body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls“, International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 20–2 (2015): 151.

4 Analisa Arroyo, „Magazine Exposure and Body Dissatisfaction, „The Mediating Roles of Thin Ideal Internalization and Fat Talk“, Communication Research Reports 32–3 (2015): 247.


www.fiep-serbia.net

|47

emphasizing itssignificancegeneratesbodydissatisfaction5.Resultsofnumerousresearchessignalizeonthesignificantpresenceofpreoccupationduetophysicalappearance amongmale and female adolescents.6 On the other hand, failure inreaching the perfect physical appearance set by the society can cause bodydissatisfactionregardlessofgender.7

Thesignificanceofbodyimage,aswellasbodydissatisfactionisimportantin understanding eating disorders and dieting. 8 Authors9 conclude that besidebodydissatisfaction,thesignificanceofbodyimageisalsoanintensivepredictorof body transformation among adolescents of both genders. Authors10 haveestablishedintheirstudythatifapersondoesnotpayattentiontotheirphysicalappearance, there is a small probability that his/her physical appearance willcontributetotheirfeelingofownvaluableness,evenifhe/sheisnotsatisfiedwithit. Moreover, the emphasis is on the significance of body image, and how itpossesses an indirect function between sociocultural influences of parents andbody dissatisfaction.11 Research findings12 turn the attention to the fact that

5 Tanja Legenbauer, Pia Thiemann and Silja Vocks, „Body Image Disturbance in Children and Adolescents with Eating Disorders“, Zeitschrift für Kinder-und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 42 (2014): 51

6 Soledad Cruz-Sáez, Normal-weight and overweight female adolescents with and without extreme weight-control behaviours: Emotional distress and body image concerns, Journal of Health Psychology 20 (2015): 730.

7 Kendrin R. Sonneville, Carlos M. Grilo, Tracy K. Richmond, Idia B. Thurston, Maryam Jernigan, Loren Gianini and Alison E. Field, „Prospective Association Between Overvaluation of Weight and Binge Eating Among Overweight Adolescent Girls“, Journal of Adolescent Health 56–1 (2015): 25.

8 Carmelo La Mela, Marzio Maglietta, Saverio Caini, Giuliano P. Casu, Stefano Lucarelli, Sara Mori

and Giovanni Maria Ruggiero, „Perfectionism, weight and shape concerns, and low self-esteem: Testing a model to predict bulimic symptoms“, Eating Behaviors 19 (2015): 155–158. 9. SE Jackson, F Johnson, H Croker and J Wardle, „Weight perceptions in a population sample of English adolescents: cause for celebration or concern?“ International Journal of Obesity 39 (2015): 1488.

9 SE Jackson, F Johnson, H Croker and J Wardle, „Weight perceptions in a population sample of English adolescents: cause for celebration or concern?“ International Journal of Obesity 39 (2015): 1488.

10 Rita Francisco, Paola Espinoza, Marcela L. González, Eva Penelo, Marisol Mora, Rocío Rosés and Rosa M. Raich, „Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among Portuguese and Spanish adolescents: The role of individual characteristics and internalisation of sociocultural ideals“, Journal of Adolescence 41 (2015): 7.

11 Rebecca A Spencer, Laurene Rehman and Sara FL Kirk, „Understanding gender norms, nutrition, and physical activity in adolescent girls: a scoping review“, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 12–6 (2015): 2.

12 Margery J. Holman, Jay Johnson and Mary-Kaye Lucier, „Sticks and stones: the multifarious effects of body-based harassment on young girls’ healthy lifestyle choices“, Journal of Sport and Society 18 (2013): 527.


www.fiep-serbia.net

48|

female adolescents, whowere teased because of their physical appearance, aremoredissatisfiedwiththeirbodyfromclassmateswhoweren't.Inthestudy13itispointed out that frequency of teasing is in significant mutual relation withdevolvingone’sownbody,andoverestimatingitsshape.

Gender, as a significant biological factor in adolescence has particularlyimportant effect on the development of body dissatisfaction since it ischaracterized by various strong changes in physical appearance. It has beendeterminedthatboysandgirlswhoareenteringthisagebecomemoreself‐aware,and physical appearance is one of their main concerns14. Body changes withfemaleadolescentsaremanifestedintheincreaseofbodymassandaccumulationof fatty tissue on hips and posterior. The study15 shows that girls view thesechanges as negative because they distance them from perfect, lean physicalappearance.Ontheotherhand,thechangesinphysicalappearanceofboyscausetheformationofbroadshoulders,flatstomach,slimwaistandincreaseofmusclemass.16 Hence, the differences in the perception of perfect physical appearancewithboysandwithgirls,whichgenerateshigherbodydissatisfactionoffemales.

Apart from the biological factor of gender, a significant function in thecreation, development, and maintenance of body dissatisfaction also havedifferent sociocultural factors, primarily influence of parents. Negativecontribution of parents on the dissatisfaction of adolescents can be achieved inseveral ways: directly, through teasing in the form of critic regarding physicalappearance, and indirectly, through expression of concern regarding their ownphysical appearance and, as well as emphasizing the sociocultural influencetowardaperfectbodyappearance.17

13 Deborah Mitchison and Jonathan Mond, „ Epidemiology of eating disorders, eating disordered behaviour, and body image disturbance in males: a narrative review“, Journal of Eating Disorders 3–20 (2015): 2–9.

14 By Martin-Storey and Crosnoe, Robert, „Trajectories of overweight and their association with adolescent depressive symptoms“, Health Psychology 34–10 (2015): 1004.

15 Yiting Chang and Linda C. Halgunseth, „Early Adolescents’ Psychosocial Adjustment and Weight Status Change: The Moderating Roles of Gender, Ethnicity, and Acculturation“, Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44–4 (2015): 870.

16 Enrique Llorente, David H. Gleaves, Cortney S. Warren, Lourdes Pérez-de-Eulate and Liya Rakhkovskaya BS, „Translation and validation of a spanish version of the sociocultural attitudes towards appearance questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4)“, International Journal of Eating Disorders 48–2 (2015): 170.

17 N. Micali, B. De Stavola, G. Ploubidis, E. Simonoff, J. Treasure and A. E. Field, „Adolescent eating disorder behaviours and cognitions: gender-specific effects of child, maternal and family risk factors“, The British Journal of Psychiatry Oct, 207–4 (2015): 320.


www.fiep-serbia.net

|49

Findingsregardinghowthemotherandthefatherinfluencetheformationand development of body image, as well as the intensity, are not consistent.Certainstudiesthathaveinvestigatedthesephenomenaemphasizethedifferenceincontributionofthemotherfromthefather.Accordingtothestudy18,influenceof the mother has a greater impact on the development of body image amongadolescents. Findings19 turn the attention to the fact that parents evaluate theirdaughters more critically than their sons in adolescent age, which could beexplainedbygreaterpressureoffemalechildrentoacceptthesocioculturalidealof thinnessagainst theirwill.Also, according to research20,mothersand fathersgive infrequent positive feedback about the physical appearance of theirdaughters.Moreover,research21establishedthatthemajorityadolescentsofbothgenderswithanincreasedbodymassperceivethattheirmothersencouragethemto lose bodymass, particularly girls, and experiencemore critics frommotherswithnegativefeedbackregardingtheirphysicalappearance.

A significant difference in evaluation of feedback regarding physicalappearancefromthemotheramongmaleandfemaleadolescentsisnotobserved,butwhen it comes to evaluating feedback from the father, however, differencesare observed. Female adolescents perceive that fathers more strictly evaluatetheirphysicalappearance.22Inaddition,theseauthorsconcludethatamongmaleadolescents, fathers have a more intensive influence on their attitudes towardtheir body, while female adolescents are influenced more intensively by theirmothers. Also, it was established that mothers and fathers have a relevantfunctioninadoptingsocioculturalclaimsabouttheperfectphysicalappearanceintheir adolescent children, emphasizing which physical characteristics are

18 Rohde, P., Stice, E., C., and Marti, N. Development and predictive effects of eating disorder risk factors during adolescence: Implications for prevention efforts“, International Journal of Eating Disorders 48–2 (2015): 187.

19 Kirsten Beyer, Jessica Bizub, Aniko Szabo, Beth Heller, Amy Kistner, Erin Shawgo and Corey Zetts, „Development and validation of the attitudes toward outdoor play scales for children“, Social Science & Medicine 133 (2015): 253.

20 Elizabeth A. McLaughlin , Katherine E. Belon, Jane Ellen Smith and Sarah J. Erickson, „Mothers’ and daughters’ beliefs about factors affecting preadolescent girls’ body satisfaction“, Body Image 13 (2015): 9.

21 Melissa Kimber, Jennifer Couturier, Katholiki Georgiades, Olive Wahoush and Susan M. Jack, „Ethnic Minority Status and Body Image Dissatisfaction: A Scoping Review of the Child and Adolescent Literature“, Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 17– 5, 1567.

22 Hannah J. White, Emma Haycraft and Caroline Meyer, „Family mealtimes and eating psychopathology: The role of anxiety and depression among adolescent girls and boys, Appetite 75–1 (2014): 173.


www.fiep-serbia.net

50|

recommended, andwhich are not.23 Research findings turn the attention to thefactthatthefamilyenvironmentinwhichphysicalappearanceisemphasized,aswell as sociocultural patterns of the ideal physical appearance, can lead toincreasedbodydissatisfactioninadolescentswhenestablishingtheir(dis)contentor (dis)approval on achieving or not achieving these norms24. Furthermore, thequalityof therelationshipbetweenparentsandadolescentscontributes tobodyimage.Itwasobservedthatreductionofemotionalwarmthandsupport,aswellas troubling relationships with parents stimulates the development of bodydissatisfaction,whilemorepositiverelationshipswithparentsarecorrelatedwithdevelopingpositiveattitudestowardbodyimage.25

Having in mind the disparity in results of research performed regardingthistopic,itisessentialtoconductresearchontheSerbianadolescentpopulationas well, in order to thoroughly evaluate the influences of sociocultural factors(parents) on body dissatisfaction among adolescents of both genders. Findingsthat will be revealed in this study can provide a better understanding of bodydissatisfaction development during adolescence, and aid in creating steps andprogramsforitsprevention.

METHOD

Sampleandprocedure

In this cross‐sectional study, performed in January 2017, 228 Serbianstudentsofbothgendersparticipated. Meanageofadolescentswas17,30years(SD = 1,38). Our subjectswere students of 3rd and 4th grades of Economic andTechnicalSchoolsinValjevo.Thesamplewasequallydistributedbetweengenders(Nf=116or51,55%andNm=112or49,77%).

Anonymous questioning was conducted in groups, during regular schoolclasses. Group size varied from20 to 30 subjects. The average time of fulfillingquestionnaireswas45minutes.Inaccordancewiththeethicalcodesofresearch

23 Nichole R. Kelly, Lauren B. Shomaker, Courtney K. Pickworth, Sheila M. Brady, Amber B. Courville, Shanna Bernstein, Natasha A. Schvey, Andrew P. Demidowich, Ovidiu Galescu, Susan Z. Yanovski, Marian Tanofsky-Kraff, and Jack A. Yanovski, A prospective study of adolescent eating in the absence of hunger and body mass and fat mass outcomes“, Obesity 23–7 (2015): 1472.

24 Marita P. McCabe, Lucy Busija, Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Lina Ricciardelli, David Mellor and Alexander Mussap, „Sociocultural influences on strategies to lose weight, gain weight, and increase muscles among ten cultural groups“, Body Image 12 (2015): 108.

25 Emma Halliwell, Future directions for positive body image research“, Body Image 14 (2015): 177.


www.fiep-serbia.net

|51

in which subjects are under age, school principals and parents gave a formalconsent for participation of students in the research. Before giving out thequestionnaires,whichservedasmeasuring instruments,subjectswere informedaboutthescopeofresearch,aswellasthemethodofdataprotection,afterwhichtheysignedaconsentformforvoluntaryparticipationintheresearch.Duringtheresearch, students were able to withdraw from the study at any point (threestudentswithdrewfromthestudy).

Afterapplyingmeasuringinstruments,fiveUnivariate(z>+/‐3,34)andfivemultivariateout layers– extreme resultsofmeasurements [χ2 (10)>30,22,p <.001],wereeliminatedinthepreliminaryoverviewofthesummationscoresofallvariables.

Instruments

Body image and body change inventory (BIBCI; Ricciardelli andMcCabe26,2002)

In relation to the original inventory which contains a total of 69 itemsacrosseightscales,theadaptedversionofthisinstrumenttoevaluatebodyimageandthebody‐image importanceamongmaleand femaleadolescents,whichwasused in this research, consists of two scales: scale body image satisfaction (10items)andscalebody‐image importance(14 items).BothscalesweretranslatedfromEnglishtoCroatianlanguage.

Firstthreeitemsofthescalebodyimageimportanceareindependentandare an individual aspect of body dissatisfaction (for ex. “How satisfied are youwith your body mass/body shape/muscle mass?”). The remaining seven itemscomprise dissatisfaction of certain body parts. Subjects answered on each itemthrough a 5‐degree Likert scale, depending on how they were satisfied withcertainbodyparts,from1(veryunsatisfied)to5(verysatisfied).Thetotalresultis shapedasa single linear combinationof evaluationson these items.Ahigherscore points toward a greater dissatisfaction with body appearance or certainbodyparts.

The value of the Cronbach‐alpha reliability coefficient for the entiremodified scalewas (α= .89), which is a satisfying indicator of consistency andreliability. This finding is in accordance with research conducted by Jugović(2015)onasampleofadolescentsinCroatia.

26 Lina Ricciardelli and Marita McCabe, „Psychometric evaluation of the Body Change Inventory: An assessment instrument for adolescent boys and girls“, Eating Behaviors 3–1 (2002): 45.


www.fiep-serbia.net

52|

Thefirstfiveitemsinthescalebody‐imageimportancemeasureshowmuchmeaning a person gives to certain aspects of body appearance (significance ofbody mass, body shape, size and strength of muscles, and muscle tone). Theremainingnineitemsmeasurehowimportantisappearanceofcertainbodypartsto a person. Depending on how important is appearance of certain body parts,subjects answered to each item through a 5‐degree Likert scale: from 1 (notimportant at all) to 5 (very important). The scale enables obtaining individualresultsregardingthebody‐imageimportance,andthetotalscoreiscalculatedasasimple linear combinationof evaluationof subjects on all items.The theoreticalrangeofresultsforbody‐imageimportanceisfrom14to70,whilesignificanceofcertain aspects of body appearance from 1 to 5, with an increasing number ofpoints pointing to a more pronounced meaning toward body appearance oraspectsofitbyanindividual.

TheCronbach‐alphareliabilitycoefficientinthisscalewas(α= .93),whichillustrateshighreliabilityofinternalconsistency.

Perceived Sociocultural Influences on Body Image and Body ChangeQuestionnaire(TPSIBIBCQ;McCabeandRicciardelli,272001)

The original questionnaire contains 62 items distributed in five scales.Havinginmindthegoalofthisresearch,thismeasuringinstrumentwasadapted,andonlytwoscaleswereused:Scaleinfluenceofthefather(13items)andscaleinfluenceofthemother(13items).

Items in both scales relate to feedback regarding physical appearance,feedbacktoincreasebodymass,feedbacktoloseweight,andfeedbacktoincreasemuscles, aswell ashowmuchdosubjectsgivemeaning to the feedbackofbothparentsregardingtheirphysicalappearance.Bothscaleswere,forthepurposeofthisresearch,adjustedbyaddingitems(fiveitemsmoreforeachscale)inordertoevaluateteasing,encouragingtheincreaseinmuscletone,andincreaseinmusclesize more completely. First three items of each scale measurenegativity/neutrality/positivity of feedback from either mother or the fatherregardingthephysicalappearanceofadolescents,thefourthitemmeasureshowimportant is feedback from the parents to adolescents regarding their physicalappearance, while the remaining three itemsmeasure the frequency of teasing

27 Marita P. McCabe, Lina A. Ricciardelli, „Parent, peer, and media influences on body image and strategies to both increase and decrease body size among adolescent boys and girls“, Adolescence; Roslyn Heights 36 (2001): 225.


www.fiep-serbia.net

|53

and supporting weight loss, weight gain, as well as increase in body bulk andmusclestiffness.

Subjectsevaluatedhowmuchtheyagreetotheclaimsregardingcommentsabouttheirphysicalappearancebyansweringthefirstthreeitemsonthesescalesusing a 6‐degree Likert scale: 0 – no comment, 1 – strongly disagree , to 5 –stronglyagree.Importanceofopinion(fourthitem)wasevaluatedsinga5‐degreeLikert scale: from 1 – not relevant at all, to 5 – extremely relevant. For thefrequency of teasing and encouragement for changing physical appearance, thesamescalewasused:from1–never,to5–allthetime.

ThecalculatedvalueofCronbach‐alphacoefficientforbothscaleswas(α=.90),whichpointstoarelevantreliabilityofinternalconsistency.

ScaleInfluenceoftheMother

The factorial structure of this scale was examined using the principalcomponentanalysis,usingVarimaxrotation,andwasinterpretedusingthegroupmatrix (Table1).TheGuttman‐Kaiser criterionwasused for isolating factorsofsecondorder.

Table1.ResultsoffactorialanalysisofitemsfromthescaleInfluenceofthemother

ContentoftheitemF F F F F h

MymothertellsmethatIshouldstrengthenmymuscles.

.879 .819

My mother tells me that I should increase mymuscles.

.848 .768

MymothertellsmethatIshouldexercisemore. .651 .565

My mother teases me that my muscles aren'tstrongenough.

.596

Mymotherteasesmethatmymusclesaren'tbigenough.

.857 .576

MymotherteasesmethatIamoverweight. .837 .598

MymotherteasesmethatIshouldeatless.

.808 .789

MymothertellsmethatIshouldloseweight. .809 .747

Howdoesyourmothercommentyourphysicalappearanceandyourbody?

.805 .758

How does your mother comment your eatinghabits(what,when,andhowmuchyoueat?)

.778 .669

Howdoesyourmothercommentyourphysical .85 .656


www.fiep-serbia.net

54|

activities(forex.Howmuchdoyouexercise?) 4

Yourmothertriestostrengthenhermuscles. .842

.628

Yourmothertriestoincreasehermuscles. 623 .794

Yourmothertriestogainweight. .595 .820

Yourmotherisonadietinordertoloseweight. .724 .358

MymotherteasesmethatIamtoskinny. .646 .282

MymothertellsmethatIshouldgainweight. .592 .750

Characteristicroot 3.48 2.39 2.08 1.40 1.21

Percentageofexplainedvariance 27.12 15.06 12.32 8.05 7.24

Note:duringtheprocessofdefiningoptimallatentstructures,variablesthatdidnothavesignificantsaturation(withthecriterion>.40)wereexcluded.

Results of the factorial analysis in this study have shown that the scaleInfluenceofthemotherconsistsoffiveprincipalcomponents,whichcumulativelydetermine67.11%ofvarianceinthematrix.Fromatheoreticalaspect,arelativelyhigh percentage of explained variance suggests that the applied measuringinstrumentisvalidinfurtheranalysis.

The first latentdimension(judgmentofothersand influenceofthemotheronincreasingbodybulk)iscomposedoffiveitemswhichevaluatetheinfluenceofthemotheron increasingbodybulkthroughmotivationand judgmentofothers.Three items within the second factor (judgment of others and influence of themotherforweightloss)determinetheinfluenceofthemotherthroughmotivationand judgment of others. The third factor (mother feedbackphysicalappearance,nutritionandphysicalexercise)consistsofthreeitemswhichprovidesfeedbackofthe mother regarding physical appearance, eating habits, and physical activity.The fourth factor comprises of four items (Influence of the mother ontransformationofphysicalappearancethroughherownmodelofbehavior),whilethefifthfactoriscomposedoftwoitems(Judgmentofothersandencouragementforweightgainby themother).Theobtained five‐factorial structureof the scaleInfluenceofthemother inourresearch ispractically identical tothestructureoftheinstrumentusedinCroatianresearch,conductedbyJugović(2015).

Reliability (internal consistency) for factor F1 ‐ judgment of others andinfluence of themother on increasing body bulk,was (α =. 79), for factor F2 ‐judgmentofothersandinfluenceofthemotherforweightloss(α=.82),forfactorF3–motherfeedbackregardingphysicalappearance,nutritionandphysicalexercise(α =. 70), for factor F4 ‐ Influence of themother on transformation of physicalappearance throughherownmodelofbehavior, (α=.67), and for the factorF5 ‐Judgmentofothersandencouragement forweightgainby themother (α=. 77).The obtained values of Cronbach‐alpha coefficients suggest that the scaleInfluenceoftheMotherhashighinternalconsistency.


www.fiep-serbia.net

|55

ScaleInfluenceoftheFather

Through factorial analysis, using the method of principal componentanalysis, with Varimax rotation and Guttman‐Kaiser normalization, fiveorthogonalsecond‐orderfactorswereobtained,withcharacteristicrootvaluesλ>1.Together,theyareresponsiblefor67,83%ofvariance(Table2).

Table2.ResultsoffactorialanalysisofthescaleInfluenceoftheFather

ContentoftheitemF F F F F h

My father tellsme that I should strengthenmymuscles.

.880 .828

My father tells me that I should increase mymuscles.

.852 .762

MyfathertellsmethatIshouldexercisemore. .733 .618

My father teases me that my muscles aren'tstrongenough.

.638

Myfatherteasesmethatmymusclesaren'tbigenough.

.869 .629

MyfatherteasesmethatIamoverweight. .852 .580

MyfatherteasesmethatIshouldeatless. .744 .786

MyfathertellsmethatIshouldloseweight. .818 .742

Howdoesyourfathercommentyourphysicalappearanceandyourbody?

.810 .681

How does your father comment your eatinghabits(what,when,andhowmuchyoueat?)

.796 .674

How does your father comment your physicalactivities(forex.Howmuchdoyouexercise?)

.888 .655

Yourfathertriestostrengthenhismuscles. .876 .663

Yourfathertriestoincreasehismuscles. 612 .876

Yourfathertriestogainweight. .590 .872

Yourfatherisonadietinordertoloseweight. .717 .875

MyfatherteasesmethatIamtooskinny. .652 .542

MyfathertellsmethatIshouldgainweight. .585

.665

Characteristicroot 2.96 2.42 2.10 1.37 1.18

Percentageofexplainedvariance 27.05 14.45 9.64 9.12 7.56

Note:duringtheprocessofdefiningoptimallatentstructures,variablesthatdidnothavesignificantsaturation(withthecriterium>.40)wereexcluded.

Thefirstfactoriscomprisedoffiveitemswhichdeterminetheinfluenceofthe father on the increase of body bulk throughmotivation and judging others.The second factor is comprisedof three itemswhichdetermine the influenceofthe father on weight loss through motivation and through judging others. The


www.fiep-serbia.net

56|

thirdfactorconsistsofthreeitemswhichexplainthecriticsofthefatherregardingphysicalappearance,eatinghabitsandphysicalactivity; four itemscomprisethefourthfactor,whichunderminetheinfluenceofthefatheronbodytransformationthroughamodelofhisownbehavior;andthe fifth factor,whichconsistsof twoitems,presumetheinfluenceofthefatherontheincreaseinbodymassthroughmotivationandjudgmentofothers.

By considering the content of the items in each of the obtained latentdimensions, factorsare interpreted inthe followingway: Judgmentofothersandmotivation to increase body bulk by the father (F1); Judgment of others andmotivation for weight loss by the father (F2); Feedback of the father regardingphysicalappearance,nutrition,andphysicalexercise(F3);Influenceofthefatheronbody transformation through his own model of behavior (F4); and judgment ofothersandmotivationforweightgainbythefather(F5).

Reliability (internal consistency), expressed using the Cronbach alphacoefficient,was(α=.84)forF1;ForF2(α=.85);ForF3(α=.78);ForF4(α=.73);andforF5(α=.80).ThecalculatedvaluesofCronbachalphacoefficientspointthatreliabilityofthescaleInfluenceoftheFatherissatisfying.

RESULTS

Overalldataobtainedinthisstudyshowthatdistributionofcertainitemswithin descriptive parameters significantly deviate from normal distribution ofresults of variables (Table 3). However, all measuring instruments that wereapplied are positively asymmetrical, which makes them eligible for use inparametric and multivariate statistical methods, according to standard criteria.Furthermore,theyindicatethatthedistributionofresultsisneitherbimodalnorU‐curveshaped.

Table3.DescriptiveindicatorsofevaluationofbodydissatisfactiononthescalesofBIBCIandTPSIBIBICQquestionnaires

Measuringinstrument/ite

m

TR AM SD K‐S

Bodyimageand

bodychangeinventory

Bodysatisfaction

1‐5 3.58 .69 .03

Significanceofbodyimage

1‐5 3.56 .80 .07

Weightlossstrategy

1‐5 2.19 .93 .14


www.fiep-serbia.net

|57

Weightgainstrategy

1‐5 1.82 .95 .19

Musclestrengtheningstrategy

1‐5 2.90 1.02 .09

Increaseinbodybulk

1‐5 2.18 .88 .12

PerceivedSociocultural

InfluencesonBody

ImageandBody

ChangeQuestionnaire

InfluenceoftheMother

Importanceofopinion

1‐5 3.30 1.27 .18**

Feedbackforeatinghabitsandbalance

1‐5 2.88 1.29 .07

Judgmentofothersandencouragingweightloss

1‐5 1.47 .90 .29**

Judgingothersandencouragingweightgain

1‐5 1.73 1.06 .27**

Judgmentofothersandencouragingincreaseofbodybulk

1‐5 1.70 .82. .19**

Modelofbehavior

1‐5 1.48 .59 .19**

InfluenceoftheFather

Importanceofopinion

1‐5 2.94 1.41 .13

Feedbackforeatinghabitsandbalance

1‐5 2.48 1.52 .07

Judgmentofothersandencouragingweightloss

1‐5 1.39 .80 .37**

Judgingothersandencouraging

1‐5 1.61 .88 .40**


www.fiep-serbia.net

58|

weightgain

Judgmentofothersandencouragingincreaseofbodybulk

1‐5 1.67 .79 .18**

Modelofbehavior

1‐5 1,57 .81 .25**

Legend.TR–theoreticalrangeofresults;AM–arithmeticmean;SD–standarddeviation;K‐S – Kolmogorov – Smirnov test (d); **all values of Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test weresignificantatalevelofp≤.01

Inordertoexaminethepartialmoderatinginfluenceofpredictorvariablesof gender, as well as the observed sociocultural influences of both parents inpredicting the main criterion– general body dissatisfaction among male andfemale adolescents, a hierarchical regression model was used, which enablesmonitoringofchangesinthepercentofexplainedvarianceafterincludinganewgroupofpredictorvariables.

Two groups of predictor variables were successively included in theregressionanalysis, in twosteps,accordingtoapreviouslydefinedorder(Table4). In the first stepofhierarchical regressionanalysis, interactionsofpredictors(gender) and criterion variable (body dissatisfaction) were included. In thesecondstep,predictorswerecontrolvariablesofparental influence: influenceofbothmotherandthefatherthroughthefollowinggroupofvariables(feedbackofthe mother regarding physical appearance, nutrition, and physical exercise;judgmentofothersandencouragementofthemotherforweightloss;Commentsof the father about physical appearance, nutrition, and physical exercise;judgmentofothersandencouragementofthefatherforweightloss;judgmentofothersandencouragingweightgainbythefather,andmodelofbehavior).

Withthepreviouslydefinedgenderdifferences,theobtainedfindinginthefirst group of predictors indicate that through partialization of thesociodemographic variable (gender), a relevant prediction of general bodydissatisfaction can be made. According to the first regression equation, itsignificantlyinterpretsthecriterionwithatenthofvariabilityproportion(ΔR²=.10), at which body dissatisfaction is more pronounced in female adolescentsratherthanmale.


www.fiep-serbia.net

|59

Table4.Hierarchicalregressionanalysisofpredictinggeneralbodydissatisfaction

Predictors β S ΔR² R²

Step1

Gender

.23 6.21 10

12

10

22

Step2

Influence of themother

Comments of themother aboutphysicalappearance,nutrition, andphysicalexercise;

Judgment ofothers andencouragementof themother forweightloss

‐.14*

.18*

.85

.31

Influence of thefather

Comments of thefather aboutphysicalappearance,nutrition, andphysicalexercise

Judgment ofothers andencouragementof the father forweightloss;

Judgment ofothers andencouragingweight gain bythefather

Model ofbehavior

‐.16*

.10

07*

.08

6.55

.36

.82

.90

R=.63

Legend.β–Standardregressioncoefficient;S–standarderrorofregression;ΔR²‐changein coefficient of determination value (contribution of a single group of predictors to theexpalinedvariance);R2 – coefficientofdetermination (total contributionofpredictors totheexplainedvariance);R–coefficientofmultiplecorrelation;*p<.05


www.fiep-serbia.net

60|

By successive inclusion of control variables of the observed partialcontribution of parental predictors (influence of themother and the father) onbody image in the second group of predictors, the value of determinationcoefficient significantly rises, at which the percentage of the proportion ofvariance significantly increases by 12% (ΔR² = .12). The second regressionfunctionobtained,witharelevantprobability,explainsthecriterion,eventhoughonly certain predictor variables (feedback of the mother regarding physicalappearance, nutrition, and physical exercise; judgment of others andencouragement of themother forweight loss; feedback of the father regardingphysical appearance, nutrition, and physical exercise; judgment of others andencouragement of the father to lose weight; judgment of others and fatherencouragementforweightgain,andmodelofbehavior)aresignificantpredictorsofbodydissatisfaction.Subjectswhoperceivethatparentgivepositive feedbackregarding their physical appearance, nutrition, and physical exercise are moresatisfiedwiththeirbody.However,subjectswhoreceivenegativefeedbackfromtheirparentsthroughjudgmentofothersandencouragethemtoloseweightareless satisfied with their body. In addition, body dissatisfaction is encounteredamong those adolescentswho report frequent encouragement to increase bodybulkbytheirfathers,andthroughtheirmodel,stimulateweightloss,weightgainandincreaseofbodybulk.

In table 5, the correlation between predictor variables and variables forchangeinphysicalappearanceamongmaleandfemaleadolescentsisshown.Itisobserved there is a statistically significant and weak positive correlation onlybetweenvariablesgeneralbodydissatisfactionandbody‐imageimportance(r=.18,p≤.05).Theobtainedpositiveandstochasticallysignificantcorrelationpointtoatendency of same direction (both either linearly rise or fall) in the examinedadolescent population. The coefficients of correlation of other variables havevalues of zero,which represents thenonexistenceof linear correlationbetweenvariabilityofanalyzedphenomena,i.e.thatonthebasisofknowingvaluesofonevariable,noconclusionscanbedrawnofthevaluesoftheother.

Table5.Pearson’scoefficientsofcorrelationbetweenpredictorvariablesandvariablesforthechangeinphysicalappearance

Variables Gender Generalbodydissatisfaction

body‐imageimportance

Gender ‐

Generalbodydissatisfaction

.18* ‐

body‐imageimportance

‐.05 .03 ‐

*p≤.05


www.fiep-serbia.net

|61

DISCUSSION

Results of the conducted hierarchical regression model have shown thatsignificant predictors of general bodydissatisfaction among adolescents of bothgenders are represented by the following variables: a) parental feedbackregarding physical appearance, nutrition, and physical exercise; b) teasing andstimulation for weight loss by both parents; c) teasing and stimulation forincreasingbodybulkbythefather;andd)behavioralmodelofthefather.Subjectswho experience positive feedback regarding physical appearance, eating habits,andphysicalactivityfrombothparentsaremoresatisfiedwiththeirbody.Onthecontrary, adolescents who receive negative feedback from their parents, in theformofteasing,encouragingthemtoloseweight,areunsatisfiedwiththeirbody.This dissatisfaction is also observed in those adolescentswho report that theirfathers frequently stimulate them to increase muscle mass, and through theirmodelofbehavior,stimulateweightloss,weightgain,andincreasemusclemass.Additionally, it is necessary to point out that gender has a relevantmoderatingcontribution to the relations of perceived critics regardingphysical appearance,nutritionandphysicalexercise, aswell asgeneralbodydissatisfaction, from themother.Thisisshownbythefactthatinfemaleadolescents,thelevelofgeneralbodydissatisfaction isreduced ifmothersgivepositive feedbackregardingtheirphysical appearance,nutrition, andphysical exercise,while inmaleadolescents,significant changes are not observed. This obtained finding in our research is,despite belief, the only significant contribution of gender to the relations of theexperienced sociocultural impacts and general body dissatisfaction. It wasexpectedthatgenderwoulddeterminetherelationsoftheobservedsocioculturalimpactsonbodyimagewithgeneralbodydissatisfaction,andthatcorrelationofthe experienced sociocultural influences on body image directed towardweightlosswithgeneralbodydissatisfactionamongfemaleadolescentswouldbegreaterthan in male adolescents. On the other hand, the correlation of the observedsociocultural influences on body image focused on increasing body andmusclemasswith general body dissatisfactionwas expected to bemuch higher amongmaleadolescents inrelationtofemaleadolescents.However,ourresultssuggestthatsocioculturalinfluencesonbodyimagethatareperceivedbybothmaleandfemaleadolescentshavenosignificanteffectsontheiramountofbodysatisfactionwhen observing differences among gender. This observation illustrates that theadolescents of both genders experience an identical level of pressure and criticregardingtheirphysicalappearance28.

28 Vera Lopez, Rosalie Corona, Raquel Halfond, „Effects of gender, media influences, and traditional gender role orientation on disordered eating and appearance concerns among Latino adolescents“, Journal of Adolescence 36 (2013): 727.


www.fiep-serbia.net

62|

Resultsofthisresearchareconsistentwithstudieswhichdeterminedthatdirect feedback of both parents regarding the body mass of their child iscorrelatedwithbodydissatisfaction29.Theauthors30haveestablishedthatfemaleadolescentswith eatingdisorders feel pressured fromparents in comparison toadolescentsofsameagewithouteatingdisorders.Also,research31hasshownthatparentalstimulationfordietaryrestrictionsiscorrelatedwithbodydissatisfactionoftheirdaughtersintheperiodoflateadolescence.Inaccordancewithpreviousfindings, we observed that subjects from our sample who more frequentlyexperience positive feedback from their parents regarding their physicalappearance, nutrition and physical activity, are more satisfied with their body.Conversely, those subjects who experience teasing and criticism regardingphysicalappearancefrombothparents,andencouragementforincreasingmusclemassfromfathers,aremuchmoredissatisfiedwiththeirbody.

Althoughthefindings32 turntothe fact that thecontributionofparents isimportant to the behavior and experiences that relate to body image and bodymass, findings regarding the intensity and the way in which the parentalcontribution is achieved on body image are not entirely complementary. Forexample, some studies established that the influence of the mother has moreintense consequences on the development of body image among femaleadolescents,whileinotherstudies,theinfluenceofthefatherisfoundtobemoreimportant in development of body image33. Findings in our study are onlypartially in accordance with the mentioned results, since they point out thatinfluenceofthemotherandthefatheronbodyimagehaveequalcontributionsonbodydissatisfactionamongadolescentsofbothgenders, i.e.parentalinfluenceisnot different when it comes to gender. The exception is the previously notedfindingregardinghowthecriticismofthemotherregardingphysicalappearance,

29 Jerica M. Berge, Craig Meyer, Richard F. MacLehose, Renee Crichlow and Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, „All in the family: Correlations between parents' and adolescent siblings' weight and weight-related behaviors“, Journal of Obesity 23–4 (2015): 833.

30 N. Horesh, E. Sommerfeld, M. Wolf, E. Zubery and G. Zalsman, „Father–daughter relationship and the severity of eating disorders“, European Psychiatry“ 30–1 (2015): 114.

31 Elizabeth K. Towner, Jennifer Reiter-Purtill, Richard E. Boles and Meg H. Zeller, „Predictors of caregiver feeding practices differentiating persistently obese from persistently non-overweight adolescents“, Appetite 84 (2015): 120.

32 Julia Fredrickson, Peter Kremer, Boyd Swinburn , Andrea de Silva and Marita McCabe, „Weight perception in overweight adolescents: Associations with body change intentions, diet and physical activity“, Journal of Health Psychology 20–6 (2015): 774.

33 Yael Latzer, Zohar Spivak-Lavi & Ruth Katz, „Disordered eating and media exposure among adolescent girls: the role of parental involvement and sense of empowerment“, International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 20:3 (2015): 375.


www.fiep-serbia.net

|63

nutrition, andphysical exercise ongeneral body. In female adolescents, there islessbodydissatisfactionifthereispositivefeedbackofthemotherregardingtheirphysical appearance, nutrition and physical exercise,while inmale adolescents,significantchangesarenotobserved.Thisfindingillustratesagreatersensitivityoffemaleadolescentstocriticismbytheirmothersregardingphysicalappearance,eatinghabits,andlevelofphysicalactivity,whichsignificantlyimpactsthelevelofbodysatisfactionincomparisontomaleadolescents,inwhombodydissatisfactionoccursalmostindependentlyfrompositiveornegativefeedbackfromthemother.Thiscorrelateswiththeresultsinwhichthecontributionofthemotherhasmoreintense consequences on the development of body image among femaleadolescents34.These findingsturntheattentiontothe fact thatcommentsof themotherregardingphysicalappearance,nutritionandphysicalexercisecanberiskfactorsforbodydissatisfactionamonggirls.

Inaddition,parentswhoemphasize thesignificanceof theirownphysicalappearance by having strict diets and expression of discontent on their ownphysicalappearancecancontributetothedevelopmentofthesamephenomenaintheiradolescentchildrenofbothgenders,,whilefathers,throughamodeloftheirbehavior,canencouragetheirsonstophysicalactivityinordertotransformtheirbody35.Theauthors36concludethatmotherswhotakerigorouscareoftheirbodymass contribute to development of identical phenomena among adolescents ofbothgenders,whichwasnotconfirmedinourstudy.Findingsinthisresearchareonlypartiallyinaccordancewiththementionedresults.Regardlessofthefactthatin our sample, those adolescents who more frequently encounter rigorouspaternalbehaviorintermsofdietaryrestrictionandbodymass(bothweightlossand gain) are less satisfiedwith their body, paternalmodel of behavior did notexhibit as a relevant determinant of body dissatisfaction among subjects. Thisfinding37 concluded that dietary habits of both parents are not importantpredictors of body dissatisfaction of their children in the adolescent age. These

34 Katie Loth, Melanie Wall, Chien Wen Choi, Michaela Bucchianeri, Virginia Quick, Nicole Larson and Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, „Family meals and disordered eating in adolescents: Are the benefits the same for everyone?“ International Journal of Eating Disorders 48–1 (2015): 100.

35 Kyung E Rhee, Susan Dickstein, Elissa Jelalian, Kerri Boutelle, Ronald Seifer, and Rena Wing, Development of the General Parenting Observational Scale to assess parenting during family meals“, International Journal ofBehavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12–49 (2015): 2.

36 Dorus W. M. Gevers, Patricia van Assema, Ester F. C. Sleddens, Nanne K. de Vries and Stef P. J. Kremers, „Associations between general parenting, restrictive snacking rules, and adolescent's snack intake. The roles of fathers and mothers and interparental congruence“, Appetite 87 (2015): 184.

37 KJ Sawka, GR McCormack, A Nettel-Aguirre, and K Swanson, „Associations between aspects of friendship networks and dietary behavior in youth: Findings from a systematized review“, Eating Behaviors 18 (2015): 7.


www.fiep-serbia.net

64|

findings can be explained by insufficient consideration of parents duringadolescence. Simultaneously, the authors38 have identified that parentalstimulationondietaryrestrictionsareindirectrelationwithbodydissatisfactionin their female children, but despite these findings, they did not establishinteractions between dietary restrictions of parents and adolescent daughters,whichispartiallyinaccordancewithfindingsofourresearch.

CONCLUSION

Bysummingtheresultsobtainedinthistransverseresearch,thefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn:

1. The applied measuring instruments on our sample (Body Image andBody Change Inventory, and Perceived Sociocultural Influences on Body ImageandBodyChangeQuestionnaire)havehighreliabilityofinternalconsistency.

2. Female adolescents givemuchmore credit toopinionof theirmothersregarding their physical appearance than male adolescents. Teasing andstimulation formusclemass increase fromboth parents has a greater effect onmaleadolescentsratherthanfemale.

3. Male and female adolescents, who experience positive feedback fromtheirparentsregardingphysicalappearance,nutrition,andphysicalactivity,aremoresatisfiedwiththeirbody,whilethosewhoreceivenegativefeedback,thosewho are encouraged to loseweight, and thosewho are frequentlymotivated toincreasetheirmusclemassbytheirfathers,arelesssatisfiedwiththeirphysicalappearance.Additionally,modelofbehaviorexpressedbythefather,inwhichtheexampleofweightlossandincreaseinmusclemassisexpressed,isalsoafactorinbodydissatisfactionamongadolescentsofbothgenders.

4. Gender is a significant indirect determinant of the relation betweengeneral body dissatisfaction and feedback of the mother regarding physicalappearance, nutrition, and physical exercise. In female adolescents, the level ofgeneral body dissatisfaction decreases proportionally to the amount of positivefeedback of the mother regarding physical appearance, nutrition and physicalexercise, while in male adolescents, this moderating effect remains at anapproximatelysamelevel.

38 Michelle Nichols, Susan Newman, Lynne S. „Nemeth and Gayenell Magwood,The Influence of Parental Participation on Obesity Interventions in African American Adolescent Females: An Integrative Review“, Journal of Pediatric Nursing 30–3 (2015): 485.


www.fiep-serbia.net

|65

Theoretical implications of our paper comprise evaluation of an alreadyexisting theoretical model of prediction of gender and sociocultural impacts ofparentsonthegeneralbodydissatisfaction inSerbianadolescents.Thepracticalcontributionof this study is that it canpotentially aid in definingdirections fordesigning preventive and interventional educational school programs whichwould encompass influence of parents as relevant factors (both risk andprotective) of body dissatisfaction during adolescence, in order to provide helpand prevent numerous adversities which can occur due to characteristicpreoccupationsofphysicalappearanceandbodydissatisfaction.

Themainmethodologicallimitationofthisstudyisitscorrelationaloutlinewhich does not enable us to draw conclusions of the cause‐and‐effectrelationships between variables. Additionally, there is a possibility thatsociocultural impactshavea fargreater influenceon thoseadolescentswhoareunsatisfied with their body, in comparison to those who do not feel this way.Moreover, it ispossible thatdifferentsocioculturalcontributionscause,develop,andmaintainbodydissatisfactionintheperiodofadolescence.Finally,limitationsof this study include the use of only one item, for ex. Evaluation of bodysatisfactionandthesignificanceofbodyimagewhichadolescentsformbasedontheopinionofboththemotherandthefatherregardingtheirphysicalappearance.These limitation factors reduce the ability to generalize the obtained resultssignificantly,andshouldbe,therefore,interpretedwithcaution.

Considering the fact that only perceived sociocultural influences on bodyimage experienced by adolescents were evaluated, future longitudinal researchshould turn the attention to a more detailed investigation of experiences ofparents regarding their individual contribution to the body image of theirchildren. Also, beside the influence of parents, it is necessary to evaluate thecorrelationofotherfactors(classmates,media,aswellastheinfluenceofsiblings)which can have an intense influence on body (dis)satisfaction in adolescents ofbothgenders.Finally,inordertoobtainamorecompleteviewintothefeaturesofbody dissatisfaction in late adolescence, aswell as negative influences on bodyimage, it isnecessarytousequalitativemethodology,forex.Conductionoffocusgroupsorsemi‐structuredinterviewswithasmallernumberofsubjects.

REFERENCES

1. NicoleKraus,JuliaLindenberg,AlmutZeeck,JoachimKosfelder,andSiljaVocks,„ImmediateEffectsofBodyCheckingBehaviouronNegativeandPositiveEmotionsinWomenwithEatingDisorders:AnEcologicalMomentaryAssessmentApproach“,EuropeanEatingDisordersReview23–5(2015):399–407.


www.fiep-serbia.net

66|

2. DeschampsValérie,SalanaveBenoît,ChanCheeChristine,VernayMichel,andCastetbonKatia,„Body-weight perception and related preoccupations in a large national sample of adolescents“, PediatricObesity10–1(2015):15–22.

3. JacintheDion,Marie‐EveBlackburn,JulieAuclair,LucLaberge,SuzanneVeillette,MarcoGaudreault,PatrickVachon,MichelPerronandÉvelyneTouchette,„Developmentandaetiologyofbodydissatisfactioninadolescentboysandgirls“,InternationalJournalofAdolescenceandYouth20–2(2015): 151–166.

4. AnalisaArroyo,„MagazineExposureandBodyDissatisfaction,„TheMediatingRolesofThinIdealInternalizationandFatTalk“,CommunicationResearchReports32–3(2015):246–252.

5. Tanja Legenbauer, Pia ThiemannandSiljaVocks, „BodyImageDisturbanceinChildrenandAdolescentswithEatingDisorders“,ZeitschriftfürKinder‐undJugendpsychiatrieundPsychotherapie42(2014): 51–59.

6. Soledad Cruz-Sáez, „Normal‐weightandoverweightfemaleadolescentswithandwithoutextremeweight‐controlbehaviours:Emotionaldistressandbodyimageconcerns“,JournalofHealthPsychology20(2015):730–740.

7. KendrinR.Sonneville,CarlosM.Grilo,TracyK.Richmond,IdiaB.Thurston,MaryamJernigan,LorenGianiniandAlisonE.Field,„ProspectiveAssociationBetweenOvervaluationofWeightandBingeEatingAmongOverweightAdolescentGirls“,JournalofAdolescentHealth56–1(2015):25–29.

8. CarmeloLaMela,MarzioMaglietta,SaverioCaini,GiulianoP.Casu,StefanoLucarelli,SaraMoriandGiovanniMariaRuggiero,„Perfectionism,weightandshapeconcerns,andlowself‐esteem:Testingamodeltopredictbulimicsymptoms“,EatingBehaviors19(2015):155–158.

9. SEJackson,FJohnson,HCrokerandJWardle,„WeightperceptionsinapopulationsampleofEnglishadolescents:causeforcelebrationorconcern?“InternationalJournalofObesity39(2015):1488–1493.

10. RitaFrancisco,PaolaEspinoza,MarcelaL.González,EvaPenelo,MarisolMora,RocíoRosésandRosaM.Raich,„BodydissatisfactionanddisorderedeatingamongPortugueseandSpanishadolescents:Theroleofindividualcharacteristicsandinternalisationofsocioculturalideals“,JournalofAdolescence41(2015):7–16.

11. RebeccaASpencer,LaureneRehmanandSaraFLKirk,„Understandinggendernorms,nutrition,andphysicalactivityinadolescentgirls:ascopingreview“,InternationalJournalofBehavioralNutritionandPhysicalActivity12–6(2015):2–10.

12. MargeryJ.HolmanDepartmentofKinesiology,UniversityofWindsor,Windsor,Ontario,Canada,JayJohnsonDepartmentofKinesiology,SanJoséStateUniversity,SanJosé,California,USAandMary‐KayeLucier,BulimiaAnorexiaNervosaAssociation,Windsor,Ontario,Canada„Sticksandstones:themultifariouseffectsofbody‐basedharassmentonyounggirls’healthylifestylechoices“,JournalofSportandSociety18(2013):527–49.

13. 13.DeborahMitchisonandJonathanMond,„Epidemiologyofeatingdisorders,eatingdisorderedbehaviour,andbodyimagedisturbanceinmales:anarrativereview“,JournalofEatingDisorders3–20(2015):2–9.


www.fiep-serbia.net

|67

14. ByMartin‐StoreyandCrosnoe,Robert,„Trajectoriesofoverweightandtheirassociationwithadolescentdepressivesymptoms“,HealthPsychology34–10(2015):1004–1012.

15. YitingChangandLindaC.Halgunseth,„EarlyAdolescents’PsychosocialAdjustmentandWeightStatusChange:TheModeratingRolesofGender,Ethnicity,andAcculturation“,JournalofYouthandAdolescence44–4(2015):870–886.

16. EnriqueLlorente,DavidH.Gleaves,CortneyS.Warren,LourdesPérez‐de‐EulateandLiyaRakhkovskayaBS,„Translationandvalidationofaspanishversionofthesocioculturalattitudestowardsappearancequestionnaire‐4(SATAQ‐4)“,InternationalJournalofEatingDisorders48–2(2015):170–175.

17. N.Micali,B.DeStavola,G.Ploubidis,E.Simonoff,J.TreasureandA.E.Field,„Adolescenteatingdisorderbehavioursandcognitions:gender‐specificeffectsofchild,maternalandfamilyriskfactors“,BritishJournalofPsychiatry207–4(2015):320–327.

18. Rohde,P.,Stice,E.,C.,andMarti,N.Developmentandpredictiveeffectsofeatingdisorderriskfactorsduringadolescence:Implicationsforpreventionefforts“,InternationalJournalofEatingDisorders48–2(2015):187–198.

19. KirstenBeyer,JessicaBizub,AnikoSzabo,BethHeller,AmyKistner,ErinShawgoandCoreyZetts,„Developmentandvalidationoftheattitudestowardoutdoorplayscalesforchildren“,SocialScience&Medicine133(2015):253–260.

20. ElizabethA.McLaughlin,KatherineE.Belon,JaneEllenSmithandSarahJ.Erickson,„Mothers’anddaughters’beliefsaboutfactorsaffectingpreadolescentgirls’bodysatisfaction“,BodyImage13(2015):9–17.

21. MelissaKimber,JenniferCouturier,KatholikiGeorgiades,OliveWahoushandSusanM.Jack,„EthnicMinorityStatusandBodyImageDissatisfaction:AScopingReviewoftheChildandAdolescentLiterature“,JournalofImmigrantandMinorityHealth17–5,1567–1579.

22. HannahJ.White,EmmaHaycraftandCarolineMeyer,„Familymealtimesandeatingpsychopathology:Theroleofanxietyanddepressionamongadolescentgirlsandboys,Appetite75–1(2014):173–179.

23. NicholeR.Kelly,LaurenB.Shomaker,CourtneyK.Pickworth,SheilaM.Brady,AmberB.Courville,ShannaBernstein,NatashaA.Schvey,AndrewP.Demidowich,OvidiuGalescu,SusanZ.Yanovski,MarianTanofsky‐Kraff,andJackA.Yanovski,Aprospectivestudyofadolescenteatingintheabsenceofhungerandbodymassandfatmassoutcomes“,Obesity23–7(2015):1472–1478.

24. MaritaP.McCabe,LucyBusija,MatthewFuller‐Tyszkiewicz,LinaRicciardelli,DavidMellorandAlexanderMussap,„Socioculturalinfluencesonstrategiestoloseweight,gainweight,andincreasemusclesamongtenculturalgroups“,BodyImage12(2015):108–114.

25. EmmaHalliwell,Futuredirectionsforpositivebodyimageresearch“,BodyImage14(2015):177–189.

26. 26.LinaRicciardelliandMaritaMcCabe,„PsychometricevaluationoftheBodyChangeInventory:Anassessmentinstrumentforadolescentboysandgirls“,EatingBehaviors3–1(2002):45–59.


www.fiep-serbia.net

68|

27. MaritaP.McCabe,LinaA.Ricciardelli,„Parent,peer,andmediainfluencesonbodyimageandstrategiestobothincreaseanddecreasebodysizeamongadolescentboysandgirls“,Adolescence;RoslynHeights 36 (2001):225–40.

28. VeraLopez,RosalieCorona,RaquelHalfond,„Effectsofgender,mediainfluences,andtraditionalgenderroleorientationondisorderedeatingandappearanceconcernsamongLatinoadolescents“,JournalofAdolescence36(2013):727–36.

29. JericaM.Berge,CraigMeyer,RichardF.MacLehose,ReneeCrichlowandDianneNeumark‐Sztainer,„Allinthefamily:Correlationsbetweenparents'andadolescentsiblings'weightandweight‐relatedbehaviors“,JournalofObesity23–4(2015):833–839.

30. N.Horesh,E.Sommerfeld,M.Wolf,E.ZuberyandG.Zalsman,„Father–daughterrelationshipandtheseverityofeatingdisorders“,EuropeanPsychiatry30–1(2015):114–120.

31. ElizabethK.Towner,JenniferReiter‐Purtill,RichardE.BolesAndMegH.Zeller,„PredictorsOfCaregiverFeedingPracticesDifferentiatingPersistentlyObeseFromPersistentlyNon‐OverweightAdolescents“,Appetite84(2015):120–127.

32. JuliaFredrickson„Weightperceptioninoverweightadolescents:Associationswithbodychangeintentions,dietandphysicalactivity“,JournalofHealthPsychology20–6(2015):774–784.

33. YaelLatzer,ZoharSpivak‐LaviandRuthKatz,„Disorderedeatingandmediaexposureamongadolescentgirls:theroleofparentalinvolvementandsenseofempowerment“,InternationalJournalofAdolescenceandYouth20:3(2015):375–391.

34. KatieLoth,MelanieWall,ChienWenChoi,MichaelaBucchianeri,VirginiaQuick,NicoleLarsonandDianneNeumark‐Sztainer,„Familymealsanddisorderedeatinginadolescents:Arethebenefitsthesameforeveryone?“InternationalJournalofEatingDisorders48–1(2015):100–110.

35. KyungERhee,SusanDickstein,ElissaJelalian,KerriBoutelle,„RonaldSeifer,andRenaWing,DevelopmentoftheGeneralParentingObservationalScaletoassessparentingduringfamilymeals“,InternationalJournalofBehavioralNutritionandPhysicalActivity,12–49(2015):2–15.

36. DorusW.M.Gevers,PatriciavanAssema,EsterF.C.Sleddens,NanneK.deVries,StefP.J.Kremers,„Associationsbetweengeneralparenting,restrictivesnackingrules,andadolescent'ssnackintake.Therolesoffathersandmothersandinterparentalcongruence“,Appetite87(2015):184–191.

37. KJSawka,GRMcCormack,ANettel‐Aguirre,andKSwanson,„Associationsbetweenaspectsoffriendshipnetworksanddietarybehaviorinyouth:Findingsfromasystematizedreview“,EatingBehaviors18(2015):7–15.

38. MichelleNichols,SusanNewman,LynneS.„NemethandGayenellMagwood,TheInfluenceofParentalParticipationonObesityInterventionsinAfricanAmericanAdolescentFemales:AnIntegrativeReview“,JournalofPediatricNursing30–3(2015):485–493.


www.fiep-serbia.net

|69

СОЦИОКУЛТУРНИУТИЦАЈИРОДИТЕЉАНАНЕЗАДОВОЉСТВАТЕЛОМКОДАДОЛЕСЦЕНАТА

САЖЕТАК

Основни циљ овог истраживања био је да се испита предиктивностсоциокултурнихутицајародитељанаопштенезадовољствотеломкодњиховедеце у адолесценцији. Узорак је чинило (N = 228) ученика/‐ца из Србије,узраста16–19година[17.30±1.38година].Уовојстудијипримењенасудвамерна инструмента: Инвентар слике тела и промене физичког изгледа иУпитник перципираних социокултурних утицаја на слику тела и променуфизичког изгледа. Израчунате вредности Кронбах алфа коефицијента(Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient) указују на задовољавајућу интернуконзистентност и валидност мерних инструмената, што је адекватноналазимадокојихсудошлиидругиаутори,каоињиховуприменљвостинасрпској популацији. У обради података примењенe suметоде дескриптивнe,Пирсоновкоефицијенткорелације(r),ихијерархијскарегресионаанализа заниво вероватноће (p‐вредност ≤ .01 или ≤ .05). Према резултатимакорелационе анализе, постоји статистички значајна и слаба позитивнаповезаност између предикторских варијабли опште незадовољство телом иважностсликетелом(r=.18,p≤.05),докповезаностизмеђуосталхваријаблиније сигнификантна. Примењени линеарни мултиваријантни регресионимодел показао је на нивоу значајности (p ≤ .05), да предикторске варијаблестатистичкизначајнообјашњавајуукупно22%варијансекритеријумаопштенезадовољствотелом.Утврђеноједаваријабле(женскипол,каоипарцијалниопаженисоциокултурниутицајиродитељанасликутелаипроменуфизичкогизгледа) представљају сигнификантне предикторе општег незадовољствателом у касној адолесценцији. Добијени налази у овом истраживањууглавном су у складу са резултатима у ранијим студијама. У раду,расправљано је о теоријским и практичним импликацијама добијенихемпиријскихрезултата.Уциљудефинисањапредиктивностисоциокултурнихфакторародитељанаопштенезадовољствотеломкодњиховедеце,нужнасудаљалонгитудиналнаистраживањауадолесцентскојпопулацији.

Кључнеречи:адолесценција,физичкиизглед,незадовољствотелом,социокултурниутицаји

СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНОЕВЛИЯНИЕРОДИТЕЛЕЙНАНЕУДОВЛЕТВОРЕННОСТЬПОДРОСТКОВСВОИМТЕЛОМ

АННОТАЦИЯ

Основная цель данного исследования заключалась в оценкесоциокультурного влияния родителей на общее недовольство своим теломсредиихдетей‐подростков.Выборкусоставили(n=228)подросткимужского


www.fiep-serbia.net

70|

и женского пола в возрасте 16‐19 лет. В данном исследовании былирассмотрены:образтелаиизменениятела,атакжеоценкасоциокультурныхвлияний на образ тела и изменения тела. Данные факторы показываютвысокую надежность их внутренней согласованности, что делает ихприменимыми для сербского населения. Согласно результатамкорреляционного анализа, существует слабая корреляция междупредикторной переменной (влияние матери и влияние отца) и критериемобщейнеудовлетворенностителом.

Применение регрессионного анализа показало, что предикторнаяпеременная определяет 22% общей дисперсии по общейнеудовлетворенности телом. Было также установлено, что переменные(женский пол, социокультурное влияние родителей на образ тела иизменения внешности) являются значимыми предикторами общейнеудовлетворенностителомвстаршемподростковомвозрасте.

Большинство полученных выводов в соответствии с результатамипредшествующих исследований дают возможность наметить пути дляпрогнозированияотношенияксвоейвнешностиивлияниясоциокультурныхфакторов на восприятие своего тела, а также разработать программыпрофилактикивотношениинеудовлетворенностителомуподростковобеихполов.

Ключевыеслова:подростковыйвозраст,внешность,недовольствотелом,социокультурноевлияние

Reccivedon28.3..2017. Acceptedon16.5.2017.

sociocultural influences of parents on body ... · and giovanni maria ruggiero, „perfectionism,...

Documents