Socio-Economic Dimensions of Architecture Lecture 1 / 4 19.01.07Sustainable Housing Management

Why urban renewal as a focal point of sustainability?

demolition in NL compared to other countries

CS 1 - Hoogvliet, Rotterdam)

EPA evaluation of different investment options

NPV of the investment options compared to standard renovation, after 25 years

NPV of the investment options compared to standard renovation in different trends in energy prices

effect of household size on energy consumption (1-person household = 100)

households population development in the EU 1990-2030

Socio-Economic Dimensions of Architecture Lecture 2 / 4 26.01.07Sustainable Urban Regeneration

Share of renewable electricity in gross electricity consumption in the EU in 2002 and indicative targets 2010

Low or Zero Carbon Technologies (40% House)

Sustainable energy sources

Drivers PoliciesCase Studies

Policies

Residential energy consumption in terms of the Pressure-State-Response model

Transforming the UK housing stock

Dutch housing stock

Fuel poverty in England per tenure in 2001

UK demolition rates

UK residential energy trends 1997-2001

Annual rates of new construction, refurbishment and property transactions in the UK in 2001/2002

53.13.45.505

Finnish Forest Research Institute METLA (Joensuu, Finland)Antti-Matti Siikala (2004)A forest research centre in Eastern Finland where the use of timber was demonstrated in several ways and combined with glass. METLA is the largest office building in Finland with a loadbearing structure of timberA particular area of study has been the durability of timber faades, which are subject to severe climatic stress, the projected life span of the building is a hundred yearsThe tarred exterior of the conference space was aimed to resembled an upturned boat

Trends towards new low density environments are also evident in the space consumed per person in the cities of Europe during the past 50 years which has more than doubled. In particular, over the past 20 years the extent of built-up areas in many western and eastern European countries has increased by 20 % while the population has increased by only 6 % (Figure 3).

Roof construction:40 mm fine stone chippings on separating layer2-layer waterproof membrane27 mm laminated timber sheeting330-440 mm cellulose thermal insulation33 mm laminated timber sheeting

Sound insulation remains a problem in multi-storey timber buildings: here the problem of noise transmission via the continuous vertical studs (American style balloon frame) were solved by building the inner leaf of the wall with horizontal membersThe floor is plank construction.Sound insulation remains a problem in multi-storey timber buildings: here the problem of noise transmission via the continuous vertical studs (American style balloon frame) were solved by building the inner leaf of the wall with horizontal membersThe floor is plank construction.Sound insulation remains a problem in multi-storey timber buildings: here the problem of noise transmission via the continuous vertical studs (American style balloon frame) were solved by building the inner leaf of the wall with horizontal membersThe floor is plank construction.Sound insulation remains a problem in multi-storey timber buildings: here the problem of noise transmission via the continuous vertical studs (American style balloon frame) were solved by building the inner leaf of the wall with horizontal membersThe floor is plank construction.Paper log houses (Kobe, Japan/Kaynasli, Turkey)Shigeru Ban (Japan, 1994/Turkey, 2000)One unit 3x6mFoundation consisted of sandbags (in Japan), walls are made of paper tubes In Turkey, the houses were slightly larger and insulation was installedShredded wastepaper was inserted inside the tubesEasy to dismantle, light, economicSound insulation remains a problem in multi-storey timber buildings: here the problem of noise transmission via the continuous vertical studs (American style balloon frame) were solved by building the inner leaf of the wall with horizontal membersThe floor is plank construction.Interior walls, ceilings and floors are spruce and furniture is aspen.Spruce covering the walls and floors was sawn radially to minimise the movement due to changing humidity, to achieve a uniform appearance and to improve the durability of the floors in particular.Sound insulation remains a problem in multi-storey timber buildings: here the problem of noise transmission via the continuous vertical studs (American style balloon frame) were solved by building the inner leaf of the wall with horizontal membersThe floor is plank construction.Sound insulation remains a problem in multi-storey timber buildings: here the problem of noise transmission via the continuous vertical studs (American style balloon frame) were solved by building the inner leaf of the wall with horizontal membersThe floor is plank construction.

Roof construction:40 mm fine stone chippings on separating layer2-layer waterproof membrane27 mm laminated timber sheeting330-440 mm cellulose thermal insulation33 mm laminated timber sheeting

Shell structure allows unobstructed views in every direction

Sound insulation remains a problem in multi-storey timber buildings: here the problem of noise transmission via the continuous vertical studs (American style balloon frame) were solved by building the inner leaf of the wall with horizontal membersThe floor is plank construction.West Bank of the Porvoo River (Porvoo, Finland)Architects: Mari Matomki of the Hedman & Matomki Part of the modern wooden town project (initiated in 1997) that aimed to create a pleasant and exemplary new living environment (Compact and Low Rise-principle supported by government) in various regions of Finland by using wood as the main construction materialAn open competition was arranged to produce a design that would suit the historic surroundings of the old wooden town of Porvoo (comparable to Rauma)In the planning and in construction of this project, there were efforts to organise an open timber construction system and to achieve cost effectiveness and sustainable development (Environment Prize in 2003)Flexibility of wood to make small scale design solutions (bay windows, terraces) without adding costs

Shell structure allows unobstructed views in every direction

Roof construction:40 mm fine stone chippings on separating layer2-layer waterproof membrane27 mm laminated timber sheeting330-440 mm cellulose thermal insulation33 mm laminated timber sheeting

West Bank of the Porvoo River (Porvoo, Finland)Architects: Mari Matomki of the Hedman & Matomki Part of the modern wooden town project (initiated in 1997) that aimed to create a pleasant and exemplary new living environment (Compact and Low Rise-principle supported by government) in various regions of Finland by using wood as the main construction materialAn open competition was arranged to produce a design that would suit the historic surroundings of the old wooden town of Porvoo (comparable to Rauma)In the planning and in construction of this project, there were efforts to organise an open timber construction system and to achieve cost effectiveness and sustainable development (Environment Prize in 2003)Flexibility of wood to make small scale design solutions (bay windows, terraces) without adding costs

The pews, the lectern (which also serves as altar) and the communion table can all be moved around as requiredLogs are visible in the indoor claddingSound insulation remains a problem in multi-storey timber buildings: here the problem of noise transmission via the continuous vertical studs (American style balloon frame) were solved by building the inner leaf of the wall with horizontal membersThe floor is plank construction.Sound insulation remains a problem in multi-storey timber buildings: here the problem of noise transmission via the continuous vertical studs (American style balloon frame) were solved by building the inner leaf of the wall with horizontal membersThe floor is plank construction.Wall construction:30/50 mm untreated larch strips30/30 mm battens (insect screen)moisture diffusing windproof building paper24 mm softwood boarding160 mm cellulose fibre thermal insulation between 60/160 studs12 mm plywood construction boardvapour barrier60 mm thermal insulation between 60/60 mm battens12.5 mm plasterboard

Rauma (Finland)Vanha Rauma (Old Rauma) is UNESCO world heritage site and represents well Finnish wooden cities how they were before demolition that took place in those that had not been damaged by fires in the 1960s and 1970s. The wooden city centre, which is how large the town was until 1809, has approximately 600 wooden buildings. Fire regulations and small paths planned as spaces to prevent fire from extending and helping the fire brigade to have access to them characterise the master plans of old wooden town in Scandinavia (construction materials impact on urban form).In the end of the fifties in Finland, about half of the building stock was timber framed but in 10 years this dropped to 26%, partly due to the introduction of new building regulations that prevented the use of timber in a frame in buildings over 2-storyes high.A special fabric of textile and paper forms the roof membrane (largest construction at the time realised from the building material paper), as contrary to other membranes, there are no hazardous gases if the membrane will be burned after the dismantlingKapyla (Helsinki, Finland)Architect: Martti Vlikangas (1920)Garden city consisting of 2-storey multi-family housing, every family was given a gardenTimber was used because of availability, transport and economic reasonsThe first housing area in Finland built according to an element principle. First a sawmill was established in the middle of the construction site, logs were cut into right dimensions and numbered according to drawings, then later put together in the site.Interior walls had timber cladding, exterior walls were painted After the 2nd world war log frames were replaced by light timber frames in constructionNeckarsteg (Stuttgart, Germany)Architect: Dieter SenglerEngineer: Julius Natterer (1976)137 m long covered bridge for pedestrians, 3,20 m wideTimber structure, supported in the middleJapanese Pavilion at the Expo 2000 (Hannover, Germany) Shigeru Ban (2000) The load bearing slab of the temporary expo pavillion consists of paper sticking tubesThe construction has no metal joints, tubes are joined with cords Paper tubes would rotate to draw a gentle S curve and these joints allow itLow-tech, completely recyclable building

Roof construction:40 mm fine stone chippings on separating layer2-layer waterproof membrane27 mm laminated timber sheeting330-440 mm cellulose thermal insulation33 mm laminated timber sheeting

Roof construction:40 mm fine stone chippings on separating layer2-layer waterproof membrane27 mm laminated timber sheeting330-440 mm cellulose thermal insulation33 mm laminated timber sheeting

Roof construction:40 mm fine stone chippings on separating layer2-layer waterproof membrane27 mm laminated timber sheeting330-440 mm cellulose thermal insulation33 mm laminated timber sheeting

Wooden Church of Karsamaki (Karsamaki, Finland)Anssi Lassila (2003)New shingle church was built in the vicinity of the old wooden church. The project followed the building methods and ways of working applied in the 18th century. The building consists of the "heart" made of timber and of the shingle-coated, black tarred "cloak" surrounding it. School in St Peter (Swizerland)Conrandin Clavuot (2000)External walls of this village school are two layer form of construction. The inner layer consists of a system of 11.5 x 20 cm planed horizontal beams. The walls are 7.5 meters high.There is a movement of the walls because of drying out of residual moisture and heave snow loads. Wall beams (and thermal insulation and larch faade) are flexibly laced to fan-dovetailed sections screwed to a rigid system of vertical posts.