socio-economic baseline of the sugar related areas in trinidad … · 2016. 7. 4. · european...

European Union

Delegation to Trinidad and Tobago

Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in the framework of the National Sugar

Adaptation Strategy

Trinidad and Tobago

Framework Contract BENEF – Lot. 12

Letter of Contract Nº 2009/209666- Version 1

Final Report

April 2010

ARS Progetti S.P.A.

This study is financed and guided by the European Union and is presented by ARS

Progetti S.P.A., member and Coordinating Unit of Dialogue Consortium led by

SUDGESTAID which has been retained by the European Union as Framework

Contractor for Lot 12 “Standard and Norms”. It does not necessarily reflect the

opinion of the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago or the European

Union.

This report was prepared by Mr. Miguel Fernandéz Trillo and Ms Cilla Benjamin

Socioeconomic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in Trinidad and Tobago

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Acronyms

ACP - African Caribbean and Pacific

ADB - Agricultural Development Bank

AMSP - Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol Countries

BDC - Business Development Company

CALP - Caroni Agricultural Lands Project Team

CAP - Common Agricultural Policy

CARDI - Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute

CARICOM - Caribbean Community

CARIRI - Caribbean Industrial Research Unit

CARONI - Caroni (1975) Limited

CBI - Caribbean Basin Initiative

CFATT - Cane Farmers Association of T&T

CPATT - Cane Producers Association of T&T

COTED - Council for Trade and Economic Development

CSO - Central Statistical Office

EU - European Union

ECA - Employers Consultative Association

EIB - European Investment Bank

EMBD - Estate Management and Business Development Company

EU - European Union

FD - Forestry Division

GDP - Gross Domestic Product

GORTT - Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

HBS - Household Budget Survey

LNG - Liquid Natural Gas

MALMR - Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources

MEEI - Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries


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MOF - Ministry of Finance

MOTI - Ministry of Trade and Industry

MPU - Ministry of Public Utilities

MPD - Ministry of Planning and Development

MSD - Ministry of Social Development

NAMDEVCO - National Agricultural Marketing Development Company

NAS - National Adaptation Strategy (Sugar)

NEDCO - National Entrepreneurship Development Company

RDL - Rural Development Company Limited

RDTTL - Rum Distillers Ltd

SMCL - Sugar Manufacturing Company of Trinidad and Tobago

SP - Sugar Protocol

T&T - Trinidad and Tobago

TICFA - Trinidad Island wide Cane Farmers Association

TTABA - Trinidad and Tobago Agribusiness Association

TTMA - TT Manufacturers Association

VSEP - Voluntary Separation of Employment Programme

WTO - World Trade Organization


vi | P a g e ARS Progetti S.P.A.

Table of Contents

Acronyms iv

1. Background ................................................................................... 8

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 8

1.2 The National Adaptation Strategy (NAS) ................................................................. 9

1.3 Justification and Purpose .......................................................................................10

1.4 The case for action – Socioeconomic Implications of NAS .....................................11

1.5 The CSO and the 2009 Household Budget Survey ................................................15

2. Approach and Methodology ..........................................................18

2.1 General Approach and Methodology ......................................................................18

2.2 Definition of Sugar Related Areas ..........................................................................23

2.3 Supply Chain Analysis Impact Evaluation ...............................................................28

2.4 Institutional Assessment and Alternative Sources of Information ............................29

3. Description of the implementation of the T&T NAS .................................................................. 35

3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................35

3.2 Objectives ..............................................................................................................35

3.3 Scope .....................................................................................................................36

3.4 Policy Actions .........................................................................................................37

3.5 Impacts and Implications ........................................................................................39

3.6 Level of Implementation .........................................................................................41

4. Stakeholder Analysis ....................................................................45

4.1. Identification of Stakeholders .................................................................................45

4.2. Roles, Views and Impact ........................................................................................45

4.3. Supply Chain Analysis ............................................................................................51

5. Institutional Assessment ...............................................................56

5.1 The Institutional Capacity of the Central Statistical Office .......................................56

5.2 The Evaluation Criteria ...........................................................................................58

5.3 Institutional Capacity of the Government - Alternative Sources of Information ........63

5.4 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE TOOLBOX - The Matrix ........................................64

6. The 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey ........................................ 66

6.1 Background ............................................................................................................66

6.2 Analysis of the methodology used by CSO for the survey ......................................67

6.3 Quality Program for field Operations……………………………………...……………….69

6.4 Objectives of the HBS………………………………………………………………………..70


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6.5 Coverage…………………………………………………………………………..………….71

6.6 Respondents…………………………………………………………………………….……71

6.7 Consumptions Expenditure………………………………………………………………….71

6.8 Sampling Methodology…………………………………………………………...………….75

7. The Socio-Economic Baseline for SRAs ............................................ 84

7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................84

7.2 The Socioeconomic Baseline .................................................................................96

7.3 Health .................................................................................................................. 106

7.4 Education ............................................................................................................. 111

7.5 Economic Performance ........................................................................................ 114

Technical Annex 1 Maps……………………………………………………..….131

Technical Annex 2 List of Communities in the SRA Sample……………………....135

Technical Annex 3 Outline of Workshops………………………………….………..136

Technical Annex 4 List of workshop Attendees……………………………..………138

Technical Annex 5 Consultation Methodology……………...……………………….139

Technical Annex 6 List of Stakeholders………………………...……………………143

Technical Annex 7 Statistical Capacity Criteria Detailed Description…...………..145

Technical Annex 8 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening…………....150

Administrative Annex 1 Work plan and Methodology .............................................................. 156

Administrative Annex 2 Consultants’ itinerary ........................................................................... 159

Administrative Annex 3 List of documentation consulted ........................................................ 161

Administrative Annex 4 Curricula vitae of the consultants ...................................................... 162

Administrative Annex 5 Terms of Reference ............................................................................. 164


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1 Background

1.1 Introduction

The National Sugar Adaptation Strategy (NAS) established a comprehensive

framework to support several national adjustment policies adopted by the Republic of

Trinidad and Tobago (GORTT). The main references are: a) on-going adjustments in

the sector resulting from GORTT’s comprehensive policy and structural reforms to

facilitate its progressive withdrawal from sugar which began in 2003 and the

promotion of private sector ownership of any future initiatives involving sugar cane; b)

the expected impact of the Sugar Protocol (SP) reforms adopted by the European

Parliament in 2005; c) the scope for private sector diversification of the industry in the

context of Trinidad and Tobago’s (T&T’s) robust energy-driven economic growth

trends, and d) the expected role of agriculture in Trinidad and Tobago’s development

strategy Vision 2020.

The package of reforms of the sugar sector had the potential to have significantly

impacted the socioeconomic conditions of the population traditionally dependent on

sugar connected activities. Therefore, the availability of reliable and comprehensive

information to analyze the impact and trends on beneficiaries and other stakeholders

is crucial for policy decision makers.

The government is interested in designing and implementing policies to mitigate

potential adverse impacts of the NAS reform process, as well as strengthening and

reinforcing the inherent benefits of the NAS.

In this context, responding to the government’s determination, the European Union

(EU) has commissioned a report to analyze the socioeconomic conditions of the

areas affected by the NAS through the collection of existing data. The report also

seeks to design an information collection mechanism to follow trends, analyze impact,

and formulate appropriate policies.

This report responds to this goal by describing both the socioeconomic situation in

The Sugar Related Areas and the mechanism used to monitor the trends. It also

assesses the data collection system employed by the Central Statistical Office for

monitoring the progress in implementation of one of the strategic objectives of the

National Sugar Adaptation Strategy for Trinidad and Tobago (T&T NAS).

More specifically, this report responds to the NAS Objective nº 3.2: “Limited adverse

socioeconomic, community and area-based impacts of the planned transformations in

former sugar related areas (SRAs)”.



1.2 The National Adaptation Strategy (NAS)

Since 2003, the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (GORTT) has

been restructuring the sugar sector. On March 5th 2007, the National Sugar

Adaptation Strategy was submitted to the European Union as a response to the

decisions by the EU Council of Ministers on November 24th 2005 regarding changes

in the support to the sugar industry in the framework of the Regulation 266/2006 on

the Accompanying Measures to the changes in the EU trade regime with Sugar

Protocol Countries. The T&T NAS is a sector policy document that was developed in

the context of a wider national development agenda (Vision 2020) and is based on

the Government’s policy to divest from sugar and to end subsidies to the sugar

industry in Trinidad and Tobago by the end of 2007.

The general objective of the EU’s assistance in the sugar sector is to mitigate the

adverse effects for the sugar growing areas of the EU Council of Ministers decision to

phase out the Sugar Protocol starting in 2006, while supporting the GORTT in the

realization of the priorities established in Vision 2020, the country’s National

Development Plan to become a developed nation by the year 2020.

In this framework, the EU strategy supports two of the Strategic Objectives of the

NAS:

1. Promoting economic diversification of sugar dependent areas

i. Exit strategies for sugar farmers and sugarcane workers who choose to

leave the industry

ii. Improving the enabling environment for economic diversification

2. Addressing broader impacts related to social, environmental, community and

area-based issues

i. Maintaining environmental stability

ii. Providing sustainable social and economic support related to the

socioeconomic effects of transitioning out of the industry

Since May 2008, the National Strategic Management Group, acting under the

responsibility of the Office of the Prime Minister, has acted as the Project

Coordination Unit and assumed responsibility for the successful management and

implementation of the NAS. Regular reports are submitted to the EU Delegation on

the progress of the implementation of annual financing agreements. A part of its

activities is based on the data provided by the Central Statistical Office, which is a



Division of the Ministry of Planning, Housing, and the Environment. Data for poverty

was made available in 2006. This data included coverage of the sugar related areas.

Most recently, the Central Statistical Office has conducted a more comprehensive

survey focusing on socioeconomic data and budgetary conditions of households in

Trinidad and Tobago. The survey was completed by mid-June 2009 and its

outcomes provided the basis of this study.

1.3 Justification and Purpose

In 2006, the EU provided support under its Accompanying Measures for Sugar

Protocol countries (AMSP) to Trinidad and Tobago for drafting the National

Adaptation Strategy (NAS) for sugar. The NAS was adapted specifically to address

the adjustments to the sugar industry of Trinidad and Tobago and premised under the

Vision 2020 agenda of the country. Therefore, the NAS is focused on enabling the

environment of the future operating framework after the withdrawal of the

government.

The general objective of EU Sugar related assistance is to mitigate the adverse

effects of the EU Council of Ministers’ decision to exit the Sugar Protocol. The

purpose therefore is to provide assistance to sugar related industries, through support

to the GORTT within the framework of the priorities established in Vision 2020, the

country’s National Development Plan.

In the context of this assistance, the overall objective of a socioeconomic baseline for

the sugar related areas is to contribute to the monitoring and evaluation of several

socioeconomic impacts of the NAS by the utilization of quality data collection

techniques combined with elaboration and dissemination by relevant government

agencies in key sectors of the NAS. The overall goal of this is to better shape

sectoral policies that would contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of

those groups affected by the sugar sector reform process in SRAs.

The main objectives of this report are to:

a) Analyze available statistical information inclusive of the identification of

possible knowledge gaps in the existing datasets, the suggestion of

methodology to correct those gaps and the development of more

comprehensive data collection and treatment techniques and to assess the

overall data collection process.



b) Support the Central Statistical Office in the elaboration of the socioeconomic

data collected in the 2008/2009 household budget survey and the

assessment of the statistical validity of facts and indicators.

c) Elaborate a socioeconomic baseline study for SRAs based on the data

collected by the CSO and on additional relevant data sources.

d) Outline future scenarios for existing socioeconomic conditions in SRAs

including formulating concrete policy recommendations for future actions in

this field and recommendations for the improvement of existing data

collection and elaboration practice, which would be of use to both the Central

Statistical Office and the European Union.

1.4 The case for action – Socioeconomic Implications of NAS

The most significant socioeconomic impacts of the government’s decision to reform

the industry are the following:

1. The separation of 9,697 employees at the state-owned sugar enterprise,

Caroni (1975) Limited. The company had employed these persons in cane

cutting, cultivation, processing, transportation, administration and non-sugar

operations, as shown in Figure 2.22 Sugar Supply Chain Stakeholder

Diagram.

2. The exodus of cane farmers from the dying industry, which began even prior

to 2003.

Caroni (1975) Limited was a state enterprise which played a major role in the

economic and political life of the country. The company’s historical and financial

evolution covered a fairly large geographical area in the island of Trinidad, mainly,

populated by supporters of the current political opposition. This space occupied a

large central region, logistically well located between Port-of-Spain and San

Fernando, the country’s two main commercial focal points, and close to logistic

transport hubs, with excellent rain fed agricultural land and coastal access.

Agricultural produce in the region included citrus, rice, livestock and aquaculture.

Several important towns and villages relied on the company for growth, sustenance

and economic buoyancy. These included the country’s second capital city of San

Fernando and two towns, Couva and Chaguanas, which continue to expand rapidly

even in the absence of the company. Indirect economic impact on these commercial

and industrial areas in the sudden elimination of the sugar industry had several



implications, a phenomena alluded to in Sections 2 and 4 where social impact is also

addressed.

As will be shown in this report, the impact of the Caroni divestment had several

effects on the stakeholders summarized in Table 1.41:

Stakeholders Impact

1. Central Government

The end of substantial government subsidies for the company meant that Caroni is no longer a major “drain on the national purse”.

2. Caroni as a

business entity The company is no longer an operating entity and therefore its roles as major employer, buyer of industry inputs and services and supplier to commerce and industry have ended.

3. Cane farmers and

their representative unions

Cane farmers have not had a market for their produce since 2007 when the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited ceased the production of raw sugar. For the medium sized and large farmers who depended solely on the industry, the adjustment has been difficult.

4. Workers at various

levels Initially, some took advantage of opportunities for re-training and found gainful and reasonably well paid employment in high growth sectors of the economy such as oil, gas and construction, which were in a period of growth at the time of the reform. However, these three (3) industries have since declined considerably. Furthermore, other categories of employees had not fared so well throughout the years.

5. Suppliers and

contractors of Caroni

Have generally been forced to adjust or re-direct their business elsewhere.

6. Residents and

businesses in surrounding communities

The net effects of the industry restructuring have not yet been assessed by the GORTT.

Table 1.4.1 Key Stakeholder Groups

1.4.1. The Compensation Package

The Government of Trinidad and Tobago decided to present an offer to employees

who would be displaced by the reform. In 2003, employees of Caroni (1975) Limited

were offered compensation in the form of a comprehensive voluntary separation

package (VSEP). This opportunity provided alternatives for a ‘life after sugar’ by

assisting employees and their dependents in the transition from employee to owner,

lessee, investor or entrepreneur. Five categories of opportunities were recognized:

1. Alternative employment within a different organization

2. Training for a new career

3. Be a new businessperson



4. Be a self-employed, self sufficient cane farmer

5. Be a self-employed, self sufficient farmer producing alternative crops

Ten thousand workers accepted the VSEP at a cost of $TT653 million to the state.

Two acre plots of agricultural land and residential lots were also included in the

separation package for employees. In addition, employees were urged to take

advantage of free training in their area of choice. According to reports to a ministerial

committee in November 1st 2006, 82% of the former employee population of 7,248

took possession of their two acre agricultural and housing plots1. Among that group

66% had assumed responsibility for their respective plots. There was a principled

position which accepted 1,142 new applicants beyond the original figure of 7,248. A

Caroni Agricultural Lands Project Team (CALP) has developed infrastructural works

on the estates where these plots are located.

Thus far 4,218 persons had applied for training and of that amount, 2,307 completed

training. However, comprehensive training needs assessment, post training

monitoring and evaluation exercises, none of which were planned by any local body.

Finally, monthly staff members received the benefit of the sale of eighty two (82)

properties throughout the estate of the former company. These properties were sold

through a mortgage facility at low interest rates, once members met reasonable

criteria. A limited number of severed Caroni workers have been re-employed by the

scaled down industry operators – SMCL, RDL and EMBD. It is estimated that 5,400

jobs were lost in the agricultural sector during 2003 and 2004 as a direct result of

restructuring.

1.4.2. Potential Impacts on agriculture

Cane farming drastically decreased in light of the reform of the industry and

discontinuation of support for the industry by agencies such as the agricultural

development bank. By 2006, the remaining group of active sugarcane producers

supplied declining quantities of sugarcane to the Sugar Manufacturing Company

Limited (SMCL). These changes are reflected in Figure 1.412 shown below:

1 A much smaller number (400 at the time of writing this NAS), has received their standard agricultural leases from

GORTT.

2 Source: Trinidad Island-wide Cane Farmers’ Association



Figure 1.41 Tonnes of Cane Harvested

Contributing to the declining acreage under production by private sugarcane farmers,

prior to the industry closure in 2007, were longstanding problems within the industry,

which included problems affecting the entire agricultural sector. Among them were:

The lack of appropriate technology and mechanization

Limited and inconsistent quality of extension services

Bush fires, praedial larceny, disease, and uncertainty about the future

Inadequate infrastructure to harvest and transport cane to the factory

Poor service operations of scales at the purchasing points

Labour shortages, work stoppages and poor weather conditions

The fixed price paid for cane by SMCL from 2004

Given the uncertainty about the industry’s future, the majority of the cane farmers

were forced to diversify. Some farmers who have left the industry claim that they are

unable to maintain their incomes and are surviving on savings, menial self

employment or are actively seeking employment in alternative sectors. Some farmers

are prepared to find alternative agricultural commodities and abandon cane farming

completely. Those commodities mentioned by farmers are Pigs, Cattle, Poultry, Goat

and Vegetables. An exacerbated circumstance arises as the farmers are no longer

able to rely on the established unions for support when negotiating for industry

stakes. The unions have lost much membership as evidenced by the drastic fall in

membership dues.



In the absence of Caroni's operation in the main agricultural regions of the country,

there is evidence that all administrative areas have maintained populations of holders

conducting agricultural activity. For the cane farmers, some retraining is necessary in

order for them to be potentially capable of re-establishing the standard of living which

they enjoyed as sugarcane farmers.

1.4.3. Indirect Impact on End Users

The Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited (SMCL) currently produces refined sugar

from imported raw sugar. This sugar is utilized by domestic and industrial customers.

Food and beverage processors who remain customers of SMCL are able to take

advantage of fixed price contracts to leverage the cost of importing sugar at world

market prices. If SMCL were to cease to exist, there would potentially be

downstream effects on employment especially in the Food and Beverage sector

Animal Feed Processors, Poultry Farms and Distilleries are also potential losers in

the reform of the industry. For all these reasons, the EU has commissioned this

report to analyze the impact of the reforms.

1.5 The CSO and the 2009 Household Budget Survey

The socioeconomic impact of sector closures and reforms have not been

systematically studied and documented in the history of Trinidad and Tobago. The

reform of the sugar industry sector was no different. Specifically, in 2009, there was

not an official definition of the sugar related areas (SRA), a comprehensive listing of

stakeholders, nor an institution or government body monitoring and evaluating the

impact of the sugar reforms.

While an array of institutions were responsible for facilitating the reform, inclusive of

but not limited to, support for agriculture, housing, industrial estates, training and

entrepreneurship, there was no common body charged with understanding impact in

a bid to influence policy decisions on the reform.

To solve this institutional overlap, the National Strategic Management Group was

created in May 2008, acting under the purview of the Office of the Prime Minister as

Project Coordination Unit and assuming responsibility for the successful management

and implementation of the NAS.

The National Strategic Management Group (NSMG) is a committee which has a

multi-stakeholder structure, including representatives from many government

institutions. Among the responsibilities of the NSMG, are strategic policymaking



tasks, which cannot be pursued unless reliable statistical facts are created on a

regular basis to understand the implications of policies in SRA.

The Central Statistical Office, which exists under the auspices of the Ministry of

Planning, Housing and the Environment is the key state institution charged with the

collection and dissemination of statistical information.

The 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey is the primary source of information for this

report. This comprehensive national survey, CSO’s most recent, covers some

socioeconomic data and budgetary conditions of households in Trinidad and Tobago,

which can be used to analyze socioeconomic conditions in the sugar related areas.

It must be noted that while the survey data was expected to be available from the

inception of this assignment in August 2009, the data was only ready for analysis for

this project in December of 2009.

The fieldwork for the HBS commenced on Sunday May 4th, 2008 and was completed

on April 30th, 2009 with an initial sample size of 7,680 households, but due to non-

response by households the realized sample size was 7,090. This meant an overall

non-response rate of 7.7%. The Household Budget Survey (HBS) sample comprised

of twelve (12) monthly representative sub-samples which were further divided into

twenty four fortnights or periods of enumeration spread across twelve (12) months to

take into account the effects of seasonality on expenditure patterns.

The Central Statistical Office has historically conducted Household Budget Surveys

(HBS). These surveys have been conducted in a sparse and infrequent manner with

varying time gaps between surveys as well as data collection periods. The last HBS

conducted before the sugar reforms, which could provide a general understanding of

the socioeconomic situation, was carried out in May of 1998.

The 2008/09 Household Budget Survey (HBS) is the seventh and latest such survey

to be conducted by the Central Statistical Office. An important component of this

assignment has been to work directly with the CSO to understand the methodology

and to collect the statistical information from the HBS 2009 to analyze the sugar

related areas.

Section 2 Approach and Methodology

2.1. General Approach and Methodology

2.2. Definition of Sugar Related Areas

2.3. Methodology for the Impact Evaluation and Supply

Chain Analysis

2.4. Assumptions, Uncertainties and Constraints

2.5. Methodology for the Institutional Assessment of CSO

and Alternative Sources



2. Approach and Methodology

2.1 General Approach and Methodology

The overall objective of the assignment is to contribute to the improvement in the

quality of data collection, elaboration and dissemination by relevant government

agencies in key sectors of the NSA in order to better shape sector policies that would

contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of those groups affected by the

sugar sector reform process in SRAs.

Specific objectives

a) Data collection - To identify possible knowledge gaps in the datasets, to suggest

appropriate methodology to fill such gaps and to develop more comprehensive

data collection and treatment techniques in order to assess the overall data

collection process.

b) Technical Assistance to CSO - To support the Central Statistical Office in the

elaboration of the socioeconomic data collected in the frame of the budgetary

and household surveying exercise carried out during the first half of 2009 and to

assess the statistical validity of facts and indicators.

c) Socioeconomic Baseline - To elaborate a socioeconomic baseline study for

SRAs through scientific advise based on the data collected by the CSO and on

additional relevant data sources.

d) Recommendations - To outline future scenarios for existing socioeconomic

conditions in SRAs, to formulate concrete policy recommendations for future

actions in this field and to put forward recommendations for the improvement of

existing data collection and elaboration practice which would be of use for both

the Central Statistical Office and the European Union.

Requested Services

The European Union requested two diverse services:

a) Technical Assistance component (Part 1)

To provide support to the Central Statistical Office during the elaboration of data

collected in the framework of the budgetary and household survey 2009. The

technical assistance consisted of evaluating the data collected in the framework

of the 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey. Direct personal interviews with key

CSO personnel were conducted to supplement information on survey

methodology. Based on this, Section 6 features a description and analysis of



the methodology used by the CSO during the 2008/2009 Household Budget

Survey. Also presented, is an assessment of data treatment in the survey

together with the identification of methodological gaps while measures for

improvement are presented in Section 8 Conclusions and Recommendations.

Furthermore, an institutional analysis of CSO and other institutions with

recommendations for the continued collection of socioeconomic indicators in the

Sugar Related Areas are included in Section 5.

b) Elaboration of a Socioeconomic Baseline Report (Part 2)

The report covers the restructuring of the sugar sector and its institutional and

legislative framework, starting with a general description of the NAS's objectives,

with emphasis on the institutions responsible for the implementation of the NAS

and with regard to the socioeconomic aspects of this process including:

i. Measures taken by GORTT in view of the restructuring of the sugar

sector since its decision to divest in 2003.

ii. Description of labour conditions, as the progressive shift of the labour

force formerly employed in the sugar sector (both under Caroni Ltd

1975 and private cane production) to other economic sectors and the

deriving social and economic trends currently represent a key issue

for the assessment of the T&T NAS.

iii. Description of stakeholders’ involvement in Section 4.

The report, following the requested services detailed in the TORs covers the

following:

a. The statistical validity of the CSO’s surveying exercise, through a detailed

analysis of the methodology used by the CSO when conducting the 2009

budgetary and household survey.

b. Review of the data sources used by the CSO and assessment of their quality,

reliability and coverage.

c. Identification of socioeconomic aspects studied by the CSO and consideration

and proposal of appropriate additional indicators to extend the CSO survey’s

coverage in the future.

d. Based on the policy, the institutional assessment, and the stakeholders

feedback, the report presents in some Chapter socioeconomic key and labour



aspects that should be addressed in the socioeconomic baseline (key NAS–

socioeconomic interactions special consideration and emphasis).

e. Identify areas for potential methodological improvement (ex: survey design

techniques, pilot testing, field supervision, survey administration, coding and

data entry, data collection, analysis and report system, etc.).

f. Draft and appraise the socioeconomic baseline study3, including labor related

aspects, for SRAs, with a clear distinction between primary and secondary

aspects: Trends for the various components of the socioeconomic analysis

should be identified and projections should be made of the current

socioeconomic conditions in SRAs in the short and medium term with no further

implementation of the NAS.

g. Report on the opportunity to extend or refine the scope of the baseline, and

discuss potential constraints (data availability, time series etc.).

h. Assess to what extent information about the informal economy in SRAs have

been taken into account and propose tools to evaluate any incidence of this

factor.

i. Report on the consistency between the indicators employed in the elaboration of

the socioeconomic baseline and the performance indicators envisaged under

the EU support to the NAS for the period 2008-2010 and referring to Objective

3.2 (Limited adverse socioeconomic, community and area-based impacts of the

planned transformations in former sugar related areas) and comment on any

divergence and on possible ways to harmonize the results.

j. Assess the capacity of the CSO and other governmental departments and

agencies to carry out appropriate and complete analysis of the socioeconomic

issues at stake in the framework of the implementation of the NAS and propose

measures to enhance such capacity where needed.

3 The preparation of the socioeconomic baseline and the analysis of the HBS depend on the timely submission on the

datasets by the CSO. Once the data have been cleaned and prepared for analysis, the analysis will start.



Methodology

The team followed a methodological process combining qualitative and quantitative

tools of research and triangulating the scarce available data with primary sources

collected through workshops, meetings, interviews, questionnaires, and from

quantitative statistics from national surveys and data from alternative institutional

sources.

The assignment has encountered several methodological obstacles to respond to a

diverse set of challenging requests in the TOR. The diverse nature of the requested

task in the TOR has demanded the use of very different tools to collect and analyze

the information including:

1. A review of the institutional capacity of a government body

2. A review of collection methodology of alternative sources

3. Methodology used by the Central Statistical Office for conducting the

Household Budget Survey

4. A comparative socioeconomic assessment and baseline

5. An Economic and Social Impact Evaluation of government policies

6. A Supply Chain Impact Evaluation Assessment

7. The theoretical and conceptual definition of the areas forming the subject of

analysis

8. Retrospective evaluation of baseline

9. Sample of Sugar Related Areas and the practical implications of the

evaluation

Each of these requirements demanded a different alternative methodology tool and

approach. The team compiled complementary fact finding methodologies epitomized

in a toolbox for use throughout the assignment to facilitate the following:

1 Collection of existing documentation and forms

2 Review of different existing databases, questionnaires and sampling

techniques

3 Research

4 Site and field visits to Caroni Ltd., the Sugar Related Areas and interviews

with main stakeholders and affected population

5 Observation of the work environment and procedures in the CSO

6 Design and use of questionnaires for systematic collection of responses and

triangulation of information with major stakeholders for the Supply Chain

analysis and the impact evaluation

7 Semi-structured Interviews with main stakeholders



THE TOOLBOX

Methodology Description of Methodological Toolbox

1. Documenting and Analyzing policy

• Documenting work procedures of CSO with various tools: – Best and worst cases – Decision tables – Requirement tables – Project pipeline and portfolio

2. Review institutional and policy requirements

• Analyzing requirements to resolve problems of: – Missing, Conflicting, infeasible, overlapping and ambiguous data collection

• Formalizing requirements – Policy and Legal guidelines, requirements and other definition documents

• Interviews

3. Sampling - Gathering of Existing Documentation and reports

Related to the Sampling – the process of collecting a representative sample of policy documents, statistics, forms, and trade records.

• Organizational chart of ministries and institutions with responsibilities collecting data for socio economic purpose

• Documents describing the Institutions, objectives, actors, stakeholders, implications, problems and obstacles

• Review of Standard operating procedures for collecting data and analyzing socioeconomic conditions

• Software, Manuals and computerized screens and reports • Samples of databases • Flowcharts and other system documentation

4. Observation A fact-finding technique to analyze systems through participation and observation of performance to learn about the system

• Determine who, what, where, when, why, and how of the observation • Obtain permission from appropriate supervisors or managers • Take notes during or immediately following the observation • Review observation notes with appropriate individuals

5. Questionnaire A special-purpose document that allows for the collection of information and opinions from main stakeholders

Free-format questionnaire – A questionnaire designed to offer the respondent greater latitude in the answer.

Fixed-format questionnaire – A questionnaire containing questions that require selecting an answer from predefined available responses.

6. Interview A fact-finding technique whereby the systems analysts collect information from individuals through face-to-face interaction.

Will be used to: find facts, verify facts, clarify facts, generate awareness and ownership to get the end-user involved, Identify requirements, solicit ideas and opinions.

We will use interviews to collect information from individuals and from stakeholder groups.

The respondents will be beneficiaries of the reform program, stakeholder, NGOs, environmental institutions, managers and employees.

This method is often the best source of qualitative information (opinions, policies and subjective descriptions of activities and problems).

Other fact-finding methods are likely to be more useful for collecting quantitative data (numbers, frequencies and quantities).



2.2 Definition of Sugar Related Areas

The main purpose of the socioeconomic baseline is to monitor the progress in

the implementation of one of the strategic objectives of the National Sugar

Adaptation Strategy (NAS) for Trinidad and Tobago.

The general objective of the EU’s assistance in the sugar sector is to mitigate the

adverse effects in the sugar related areas (Figure 2.21) based on the EU Council

of Ministers’ decision to phase out the Sugar Protocol. Specifically, one of the

objectives (no. 3.2) reads: “Limited adverse socioeconomic, community and area-

based impacts of the planned transformations in former sugar related areas

(SRAs)”.

This was included based on the recognition that the reform of the sugar sector

would potentially impact significantly on the socioeconomic conditions in the

SRAs of the country.

With the purpose of understanding how to mitigate potential impacts and

addressing some additional preventive and corrective programs and policies in

the future, the first task of the assignment was to conceptually define the Sugar

Related Areas to follow with a review of available, reliable and comprehensive

datasets about socioeconomic conditions of the population living in those areas

or altogether affected by the NAS.

A part of this population, responding to the incentives provided by the NAS and

by the dismantling of the industry, has been relocated, displaced to other regions

in the country or resettled in urban areas. Hence, the population affected by the

policies is scattered around the country. Some policies have induced the

population to be relocated, but a broad percentage still live in the traditional

geographical sugar related areas.

Theoretically, the affected areas had never been formally defined. For the

purpose of analyzing the socioeconomic status of the population affected by the

NAS policies, this chapter establishes several criteria to define the sample of the

study.

For the purpose of this study to ensure a smooth implementation of the NAS in

the future, the team, in consultation with major stakeholders, has identified the

following key groups of populations in the definition of the Sugar Related Areas

(SRA):



Figure 2.21 Map of the Sugar Related Areas



SUGAR RELATED AREAS SAMPLE

SRA GROUP nº I. Population living in public lands traditionally used for sugar farming and production, now being diverted

SRA GROUP nº II. The population living in private land used for sugarcane farming,

SRA GROUP nº III. Also included in the sample of analysis is the group of CARONI ex-workers in the sugar sector which have been affected by the reforms. Some of them no longer live in SRA, but have been beneficiaries or affected directly or indirectly by the NAS policies.

SRA GROUP nº IV. The Sugar Supply Chain

SRA GROUP I

This group is based on geographic criteria, being composed of the population

currently living in the public Caroni (1975) Limited lands and adjacent areas. To

clearly define this group, the study considers all communities which have public

land traditionally used for sugar cultivation within their boundaries. These

communities are identified by the codes and classification system used in the

Household Budget Survey.

Caroni (1975) Limited has classified public land in seventeen (17) sections,

which have not been classified according to administrative units. In order to

compare the HBS data and CARONI information, all of the communities have

been enumerated and catalogued according to the HBS. Following analysis with

CSO, additional communities adjacent to CARONI lands were included as people

working in the sugar industry were significantly present on these lands.

SRA GROUP II

The second group of the sample follows another geographic criterion. The group

is composed of the population currently living in those areas/regions where sugar

has been traditionally farmed by private farmers. Adjacent areas to these have

also been included. This group was attained through the National Agricultural

Census 2004 where the different uses of agricultural land was captured. All the

communities where sugar was grown under private lands, as opposed to the

previous group where the land was public, were identified and codified according

to the HBS classification.



SRA GROUP III – The CARONI (1975) Ltd Employees

The third group is not defined geographically, but represents the most critically

affected part of population impacted by the sugar industry reform. The decision

was made to include a group of people, some of whom may also exist in the

other groups: the CARONI ex and current employees. This group of individuals

may or may not live in the geographic delimitations defined by SRA Groups I and

II, but are a key population group affected by the National Adaptation Strategy.

CARONI has provided a list with names, occupations, and addresses and even

though they cannot be mapped, they are included in the SRA, to be analyzed in

the Socioeconomic Baseline (SEB).

The classification and number of ex-employees included in the analysis consists

of the following:

Daily paid workers EMPS (7865)

Staff employed EMPS (1133)

Tenant farmers (4202) (squatters with contracts and tenant cane farmers)

SRA GROUP IV – The Sugar Supply Chain

The last population group shaping the SRA sample is comprised of employees,

farmers, businesses, villagers and end users belonging to the Sugar Supply

Chain. Groups of population thus classified include the following:

Sugar cane farming, cane cutting and harvesting workers, Caroni (1975) Ltd

employees and workers, transporters, businesses supplying the industry, local

manufacturing industries dependent on sugar and its by-products, domestic

consumers, residents of sugar related areas and entrepreneurs affected by the

reforms along the Sugar Supply Chain. These Sugar Supply Chain Stakeholders

are shown in Figure 2.22 while the comprehensive list of the communities

included in the Sugar Related Areas sample is presented in Technical Annex 2.



Figure 2.22 Sugar Supply Chain Stakeholder Diagram



2.3 Supply Chain Analysis Impact Evaluation

Following the Terms of Reference, a detailed description of the stakeholders

involvement and an analysis of their point of view regarding the impact of

restructuring policy is presented in Section 4. The objective of this evaluation

was to gain a better understanding of the social and economic impact of the

sugar sector reform on each different stakeholder group.

More specifically, a standard impact evaluation methodology (Poverty Social

Impact Assessment - PSIA) was applied in order to disaggregate the analysis of

direct, indirect and induced economic and social impact of the reform. For this

purpose, data was presented on commercial, industrial and domestic end-users

in order to analyze the impacts, both positive and negative, on different

stakeholder groups affected by the reform of the local sugar sector.

The result of this analysis is presented graphically to explain the vulnerability of

each stakeholder group in the wake of the reform versus the relative power

which they wield.

A secondary objective of this Supply Chain Analysis was to test the assumptions

made in the preparation of the NAS such as:

Sample of NAS Assumptions

Suitable opportunities for alternative land use exist

There are market-led new business opportunities to be pursued

Exiting farmers can access credit, training and other SME support services as needed

The enabling business environment improves ??

National Sugar Adaptation Strategy

February 2007

Broad outcomes include identification of areas of vulnerability, a framework for

continued reporting on groups affected by the sector reform, recommendations

for maximizing positive impact and minimizing negative ones and general

recommendations for future sector reforms.



This case of the impact of the reform of the sugar sector was conducted via a

field research methodology with researcher administered interviews (Technical

Annex 4) as the main form of information gathering. The main outcomes are

expected to be a better understanding of the way(s) in which the reform affected

individual stakeholders and the categories and recommendations for the

minimization or future avoidance of any negative impacts.

A questionnaire was utilized in personal interviews with four (4) major purposes:

Collecting of quantitative data not otherwise available

Testing basic assumptions about specific groups of stakeholders in NAS

Comparing responses about impacts among selected respondents

Introducing topics for which more specific informant views are required

Key Stakeholder Informants

Sugar Workers Caroni (1975) Limited

Farmers Trinidad Island Wide Cane Farmers Association

Suppliers Caroni (1975) Ltd

End Users Supermarkets Association

Manufacturers TTMA/Couva Pt. Lisas Chamber/ Candy Manufacturer

Sugar Related Area Couva/Pt. Lisas Chamber of Commerce

Sugar Related Area Caroni (1975) Ltd

Distillery Fernandez Distillers Limited

Poultry Farmers Poultry Association

Feed Processors Poultry Association

Industry Specialist Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago

Industry Specialist Caroni (1975) Limited Distillery and Maintenance Department

2.4 Institutional Assessment and Alternative Sources of Information

The evaluation of the country’s statistical capacity presented in Section 5 takes

into account the main characteristics of high quality statistics and the adequate

performance of all participants and stakeholders in an integral sustainable

statistical system. The evaluation provides a detailed assessment of the

system’s strengths and weaknesses.

Since the purpose of the assignment was not to focus on an in-depth

administrative and operational audit of the CSO as a government institution, but

rather an assessment of the statistical capacities in relation to socioeconomic



statistic collection procedures, a more limited methodological approach was

taken. Primarily, information collected through interviews and publicly available

information about statistical activities in Trinidad and Tobago were relied upon to

produce a small set of statistical capacity indicators of the main government

statistical institutions. The resulting indicators help to identify potential

opportunities for the CSO regarding socioeconomic statistic collection

procedures.

Although the small set of indicators cannot capture all dimensions of statistical

capacity, a major benefit is that compiling them imposes no additional reporting

burden on Trinidad and Tobago.

The methodology to analyze the institutional capacity of the CSO to collect,

manage and analyze socioeconomic statistics accounts for three dimensions:

1. Statistical Practice

2. Data Collection

3. Indicator Availability

The first dimension, statistical practice, measures CSO’s ability as an institution

to follow internationally recommended standards and methods. This aspect is

captured by assessing the guidelines and procedures shared by CSO with the

team used to compile economic statistics, social data reporting and estimation

practices. The CSO is evaluated against a set of criteria including: a) the use of

an updated national accounts base year, b) the use of the latest BOP manual, c)

the external debt reporting status, d) subscription to IMF’s Special Data

Dissemination Standard, and e) enrolment data reporting to UNESCO.

The second dimension, data collection, reflects whether The CSO conducts data

collection activities in line with internationally recommended periodicity, and

whether data from CSO administrative systems are available and reliable for

statistical estimation purposes.

Specifically, the methodological criteria used are a) the periodicity of population

and agricultural censuses, b) the periodicity of poverty and health related

surveys, and c) completeness of vital registration system coverage.

The third dimension, indicator availability, looks at the availability and periodicity

of key socioeconomic indicators in CSO, of which nine are MDG indicators. This

dimension attempts to measure the extent to which data is made accessible to

users through transformation of source data into timely statistical outputs.

Criteria used include indicators on income, poverty, child and maternal health,

HIV/AIDS, primary completion, gender equality, access to water and GDP

growth.



This multi-dimensional approach to measure CSO statistical capacity is based

on the notion that producing and disseminating reliable, relevant and timely

statistics require a certain level of capacity in all three dimensions. Any

imbalance points to weaknesses/gaps in some aspects of the statistical process

in CSO.

This type of assessment sheds light on data quality and areas that need

improvement in CSO to better respond to the need to monitor both SRA

socioeconomic data and national socioeconomic general information. This

multidimensional approach captures various aspects of data quality, which is

broadly defined as producing statistics that are fit for the purpose of measuring

socioeconomic dimensions. In particular, it presents proxy measures for

methodology, data access, timeliness, periodicity, and comparability.

For each dimension, the CSO was scored against specific criteria. The scores

were aggregated to give a result on a scale of 0-100.

1. Statistical Practice: A score of 100 percent means that a country meets

current international standards in all areas assessed.

2. Data Collection: A score of 100 percent means that in Trinidad and Tobago

institutions conduct these basic censuses and surveys at regular intervals

and supports a complete vital registration system.

3. Availability: A score of 100 percent means that these indicators are

available with acceptable frequency on a regular basis.

Box 2: Indicators selected for the IDA Results Measurement System

Proportion of population below $1/day poverty line

Under-5 child mortality

HIV prevalence rate of women aged 15-24

Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education

Primary school completion rate

Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source

Fixed lines and mobile telephone per 1,000 inhabitants

Formal cost required for business start up

Time required for business start up

Public financial management

GDP per capita

Access of rural population to an all-season road

Household electrification rate



Summary of Methodology for Evaluating the Statistical Capacity of CSO

I. Statistical Practice Assessment Indicators

Rating Max. Score Weight Max

1. National accounts base Year =1993 or

annual chain linking

Within last 10 years or annual chain linking

Otherwise 1 10

2. Balance of payments manual in use

Balance of Payments Manual

The fifth edition Otherwise 1 10

3. External debt reporting

Status: Actual or Preliminary

Otherwise 1 10

4. Consumer Price Index Base year =1993 Or annual chain linking

Otherwise 1 10

5. Production index Produced and available from IMF

Otherwise 1 10

6. Export/import prices Produced and available from IMF

Otherwise 1 10

7. Government finance accounting concept otherwise

Consolidated central government accounts

Otherwise 1 10

8. Enrolment reporting to UNESCO Annual or missed reporting only once in the last 4 Years

Otherwise 1 10

9. Vaccine reporting to WHO Coverage consistent with WHO estimates

Otherwise 1 10

10. IMF’s Special Data Dissemination Standard

Subscribed Otherwise 1 10

Maximum total score is 10 (or 100%) 100

II. Data Collection Assessment Indicators

Score 1 1/2 0 Max

Score Weight

1. Periodicity of population census Less than 10 years

Otherwise 2 1 20

2. Periodicity of agricultural census Less than 10 years

Otherwise 2 1 20

3. Periodicity of poverty related surveys (IES, LSMS, etc.)

Less than 3 years

Less than 5 years

Otherwise 1 20

4. Periodicity of health related surveys (DHS, MICS, Priority survey, etc)

Less than 3 years

Less than 5 years

Otherwise 2 1 20

5. Completeness of vital registration system

complete Otherwise 2 1 20

Maximum total score is 20 (or 100%) 100



III. Indicator Availability

Assessment indicators 1 2/3 1/2 1/3 0 Max Score

Weight

1. Periodicity of income poverty indicator

Less than 3 years

5 years > 5 years

Not available 1 10

2. Periodicity of child malnutrition indicator

Less than 3 years

Not accessible

1 10

3. Periodicity of child mortality indicator

National or International

Estimates available

Not available 1 10

4. Immunization indicator Annual Not accessible

1 10

5. HIV/AIDS indicator National or International

Estimates available

Not available 1 10

6. Periodicity of maternal health indicator

Less than 3 years

Less than 5 years

More than 5 years

Not accessible

1 10

7. Periodicity of gender equality in education

Observed for at least 5 out

of 5 latest years

Observed for at least 3 out of 5

latest years

Observed for 1 out of 5 latest years

Not available 1 10

8. Primary completion indicator Not available 1 10 9. Access to water indicator Not

accessible 1 10

Maximum total score is 100% 90


Section 3

Description of the Implementation of the T&T NAS

3.1 Overview

3.2 Objectives

3.3 Scope

3.4 Policy Actions

3.5 Impacts and Implications

3.6 Implementation



3. Description of the implementation of the T&T NAS

3.1 Overview

In 2006, the European Union facilitated the preparation of the document known

as the NAS or National Sugar Adaptation Strategy. It was funded under the

Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol Countries (AMSP)

The NAS was underpinned by the decisions and actions which the Government

of Trinidad and Tobago had embarked on since 2003, the year in which the

reform of the sugar sector was initiated.

2003 saw the country’s state owned sugar manufacturing company, Caroni

(1975) Limited ceasing manufacturing and sugarcane farming. A new entity

called the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited was formed which continued

to produce raw sugar from cane supplied by private farmers from 2003 until 2007

to fulfill US and European quotas.

In 2007, all production of raw sugar ceased. However the sugar refinery at the

Ste. Madeleine facility in South Trinidad continued to operate, importing raw

sugar from Caricom countries such as Guyana and Belize, and when

necessary, additional Caricom countries to produce refined sugar.

The future of this operation is not clear at this time, even though the local

manufacturing and retail sector depend on it for a cheaper supply of refined

sugar as an alternative to buying on the open market through agents.

The NAS is based on the premise that any future activity in the sector must be

private sector, as opposed to state led and based on sustainable business

models.

3.2 Objectives

The strategic objectives are 1) to enhance competitiveness of a private sector-

led sugarcane sector on a sustainable basis; 2) promote economic diversification

of sugar dependent areas, and 3) address broader impacts generated by the

adaptation process related to social, environmental, community and area-based

issues. The development of these objectives and the content of this strategy

reflect the fact that the industry itself is at a crossroad where its future direction

will be determined by the private sector.

The realization of the objectives articulated below are contingent on decisions by

a) the private sector to make or not make any further investment(s) in sugar and

b) government, in terms of the nature and level of non-commercial support it



would provide to a privately run industry and in terms of the content of an exit

package for those who opt to leave the industry.

The NAS outlines three (3) strategic objectives. The first of these deals with

options for continued sugarcane farming, which would include the exploration of

alternative uses for sugarcane. The other two strategic objectives deal with

diversification into other food crops and the minimization of socioeconomic and

environmental impacts respectively. These three (3) objectives are quoted thus:

Strategic Objective 1

To enhance the competitiveness of a private sector led sugarcane sector on a sustainable basis


To promote economic diversification of sugar dependent areas


To address broader impacts generated by the adaptation process related to social, environmental and community issues

3.3 Scope

The NAS was based on decisions already taken by GORTT regarding the sugar

industry’s future operating framework since the reform started in 2003, in

anticipation of the impending EU sugar reform. Expected results from

implementation of the NAS included:

By March 31st, 2007, divestment of rum factory, sugar mill, refinery and

sugar/molasses terminal to private investors resulting in 100% ownership of

sugar industry assets and investments by the private sector.

Sustainable private sector sugarcane production that is linked to or derived

from downstream private investment in alternative uses of sugarcane.

Smooth transitioning by sugar-dependent small businesses (e.g. farmers,

cane delivery operators, tractor operators, service providers etc.,) out of

cane production and related activities into other business ventures and

income generating activities.

Improved macroeconomic, business facilitation, and regulatory frameworks

that are closely aligned with Trinidad and Tobago's economic diversification

and Vision 2020 thrusts.

The establishment of effective mechanisms to reduce and control praedial

larceny and illegal (timber) logging.

Limited adverse socioeconomic and environmental impacts from the

planned transformations - such as urbanization and energy related

investments - in former and remaining sugar dependent areas.



3.4 Policy Actions

The Cabinet of the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

(GORTT) has overall responsibility for the implementation of the National Sugar

Adaptation Strategy (NAS). A technical sub-committee coordinated by the

Ministry of Agriculture Land and Marine Resources (MALMR) was established in

2006 for the oversight and coordination of this NAS.

In addition, several government ministries held direct responsibility for

implementing elements of the NAS. They include: The Ministry of Finance, The

Ministry of Trade and Industry, The Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine

Resources, The Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries, The Ministry of Public

Utilities and the Environment, and The Ministry of Social Development.

Furthermore the Ministry of Trade and Industry hosts an Enabling Environment

Committee. Table 3.41 highlights the relative agencies and their roles in

implementing the policies outlines in the NAS.



Main actions to implement the strategy

Ministry of Finance’s Investment Division to confirm recommendation of Divestment Unit on the selection of the successful bidder(s) to whom government-owned sugar industry assets will be sold by March 31st, 2007. MOF to enter into and complete negotiations and legally transfer the sugar industry assets to new owners by December 31st, 2007. Potential private sector investors to investigate and evaluate the two different technologies for processing bagasse4. Private investors take responsibility for establishing new operating facilities and cane production requirements including minimum raw material characteristics. GORTT to facilitate natural gas availability to power the plant and provide continued infrastructural support, research and development and pesticide control and other support services as defined by the market. MALMR to develop a package of adjustment measures formulated and provided to farmers (to be developed by Government and farmers). MALMR to provide support to existing farmers from the industry via the establishment of an information network or the use of an existing business development service that would link exiting farmers to relevant investment products and SME support services (e.g. ADB, NAMDEVCO, NEDCO, BDC etc.). MALMR to contribute to improving the regulatory and support frameworks for a competitive business environment as part of GORTT's agenda and commitments in this area by establishing a collaborative analytical relationship with MOTI’s Enabling Environment Committee that would allow MALMR to identify and proffer key constraints to be addressed in improving the SME environment for farmers and the agribusiness sector. MALMR, in collaboration with other key government entities such as the Ministry of Public Utilities and the Environment’s (MPUE), to develop and implement a plan to reduce praedial larceny and illegal logging. The MPUE’s Forestry Division, in collaboration with the Environmental Management Agency (EMA), Town and Country Planning and other relevant GORTT entities, to develop a plan to ensure environmental stability, e.g. the protection from erosion, flooding, urban and commercial business encroachment, inadequate drainage and maintenance of soil fertility on 32,000 acres of former cultivated sugar lands by the Forestry Division of Ministry of Public Utilities and the Environment. MPUE to increase the institutional capacity of the Forestry Division (FD) to ensure successful implementation of the ensuing forestation programmes emanating from the environmental stability plan in collaboration with landowners and (land) tenants. The FD to launch and manage the “forest cover” programme on formerly cultivated sugar lands with support from the EMA and relevant stakeholders (community groups, farmers, private sector investors who are investing in the sector). The Ministry of Social Development (MSD) to channel funds to sugar based communities through facilities such as the decentralized structures established under the 8th EDF sponsored Poverty Alleviation Programme. MSD to conduct studies for gender analysis and social inventories among communities in former and existing sugar-dependent areas. These studies will build on EU-funded Survey of Living Conditions and an inventory of government, donor and private sector social programmes due by the end of February 2007. GORTT to fund the establishment of community-based organizations in addition to those already established by the EDF-supported poverty alleviation programme and/or GORTT or non-governmental organizations. MSD to identify and/or create linkages to training needs emerging from the studies carried out on gender analysis and social inventories or from other donor assessments.

Table 3.41 Implementation of the NAS

4 If technical assistance is requested and deemed appropriate, GORTT would consider funding this

activity as a pre-investment non-commercial research and development cost to support the eventual private

sector investment in the industry.



3.5 Impacts and Implications

Caroni (1975) Ltd. was a state corporation envisaged to represent the

Government’s watershed in the economic and political life on a fairly large

geographical space within the island of Trinidad. This space occupied a large

central island location which had excellent coastal access. Several important

towns and villages relied on the company for growth, sustenance and economic

buoyancy. These included the country’s second capital city of San Fernando

and two towns, Couva and Chaguanas, which continue to expand rapidly, even

in the absence of the company’s traditional activities.

The towns where manufacturing operations occurred, benefited from numerous

employment and apprenticeship opportunities. The pending absence of the

company threatened many social and economic trends.

Approximately 10,000 factory workers, field workers, technical and administrative

staff and other miscellaneous categories of workers of the former Caroni (1975)

Ltd accepted VSEP at a cost of $TT653 million to the state. Trade Unions and

Farmers’ Associations negotiated on the workers’ behalf. The employees

obtained lump sum benefits, housing and agricultural plots and training

according to their category of employment and the outcome of negotiations.

Potential Agricultural Impacts. In Section 4 we present a more detailed

evaluation of the impact according to recent interviews.

Declining number of sugar workers

By 2006, the remaining group of active sugarcane producers supplied declining quantities of sugarcane to the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited (SMCL). In 2006, the SMCL purchased 435,000 tonnes of sugarcane from 3,666 farmers. In 2003, 750,000 tonnes were purchased from 6,000 private farmers.

Declining surface of agricultural land cultivating sugar

There is also declining acreage under production by private farmers.

Table 3.51 Potential Agricultural Impacts

Farmers are still plagued with the longstanding problems within the industry: lack

of appropriate technology and mechanization; limited and inconsistent quality of

extension services; bush fires, praedial larceny, disease, and uncertainty about

the future. Some farmers are prepared to find alternative agricultural

commodities and abandon cane farming completely. Those commodities

mentioned by farmers are pigs, cattle, poultry, goat and vegetables. All these

commodities have much support in the future plans of the MALMR but there are

implications for a new influx of producers in the agricultural production scenario

of Trinidad and Tobago.



Some producers have begun to grow other agricultural commodities and to seek

support from the National Agricultural Marketing Development Company

(NAMDEVCO). Some farmers would like to leave the industry in exchange for ‘a

lump sum to exit the industry’. Others presented a popular (among themselves)

proposal to the GORTT. This was a proposal to jointly purchase the SMCL in

collaboration with a potential foreign investor. These farmers were prepared to

support the financing of the newly intended operations with support from the

local banking sector.

Impact on Employment. A limited number of severed Caroni workers have

been re-employed by the scaled down industry operators – SMCL, RDTTL and

EMBD. It is estimated that 5,400 jobs were lost in the agricultural sector during

2003 and 2004 as a direct result of restructuring. If SMCL does not continue to

produce refined sugar, there would be downstream effects on employment

especially in the Food and Beverage sector which utilizes a combination of sugar

imported directly and sugar refined by SMCL which fluctuates less in price.

The formal sector employs over 9,000 persons in soft drink manufacturing,

bakeries, food processing and manufacturing and the manufacture of other

beverages. Informal enterprises are also widespread and heavily dependent on

domestic sugar supplies from SMCL.

SMCL also traditionally supplied about one-third of the molasses requirements of

one of Trinidad’s leading rum producers at prices that are about 67% of world

market prices. The net effect of the contraction in cane production is that input

costs for such buyers are going to increase.

However, the impact on the sugar related industries should be limited since most

of them are not solely dependent on sugar: e.g. the transport industry already

covers the haulage from the port, persons involved in land preparation can be

employed by the construction industry, etc.



3.6 Level of Implementation

The NAS further outlined results to be expected from implementation of the

strategy. A synopsis of this is given in Table 3.61 Expected Results vs. Status

by November 2009.

Expected Results Status by November 2009

1 By March 31st, 2007, divestment of rum factory, sugar mill, refinery and sugar/molasses terminal to private investors resulting in 100% ownership of sugar industry assets and investments by the private sector.

No private sector entities contracted. The refinery at St. Madeline is still being run by the Sugar Manufacturing Company with imported raw sugar as feedstock.

2 Sustainable private sector sugarcane production that is linked to/derived from downstream private investment in alternative uses of sugarcane.

While some private sector sugarcane production is ongoing, there are no alternative uses being explored.

3 Smooth transitioning by sugar dependent small businesses (e.g. farmers, cane delivery operators, tractor operators, service providers etc.,) out of cane production and related activities into other business ventures and income generating activities.

This has occurred to varying degrees. The sugar supply chain stakeholders’ analysis included in the report gives an overview of this.

4 Improved macroeconomic, business facilitation, and regulatory frameworks that are closely aligned with Trinidad and Tobago's economic diversification and Vision 2020 thrusts.

5 The establishment of effective mechanisms to reduce and control praedial larceny and illegal (timber) logging.

A pilot initiative, based at the Brechin Castle Headquarters of Caroni (1975) Limited was set up by the Ministry of Agriculture.

6 Limited adverse socioeconomic and environmental impacts from the planned transformations - such as urbanization and energy related investments - in former and remaining sugar dependent areas.

Table 3.61 Expected Results vs. Status by November 2009

Section 4 Stakeholder Impact Analysis

4.1. Identification of Stakeholders

4.2. Roles, Views and Impact

4.3. Supply Chain Analysis



4. Stakeholder Analysis

4.1. Identification of Stakeholders

Impact Stakeholder Identification

Direct Impact Employees of Caroni: Senior Staff, Junior Staff, Daily Paid Employees, Temporary and Seasonal Employees. Sugar Farmers: Caroni and Private

Indirect Impact Contractors: Land Preparation, Field Maintenance, Equipment Maintenance, Transport. Suppliers of goods and services including Parts and Equipment, Agro-Chemicals and Consumables

Induced Impact

Small business owners in farming communities. Villages (roads, drains, playgrounds, festivals)

End Users Sugar: Supermarkets, Households, Processors of Confectionary, Beverages, Condiments and Baked Goods: Molasses: Distilleries, Animal Feed Processors: Bagasse: Poultry Farms, Horticulturists, Grow Box Farmers

Table 4.11 Stakeholder Summary

4.2. Roles, Views and Impact

4.2.1. Sugar Workers

Sugar workers were responsible for the conversion of cane into sugar, both raw

and refined. This group includes all employees of Caroni (1975) Limited, except

the farmers of Caroni Lands who are included in the Cane Farmers grouping. In

order to be employed at Caroni (1975) Limited, one had to be registered with a

union5. The estimated number of individuals in each category of employment as

represented by the relevant unions up to 2002 is shown in Table 4.21 below:

Name Representing Membership

All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers Union Daily Paid 7,500 Sugar Industry Staff Association (SISA) Junior Staff 600 Association of Technical and Supervisory Staff (ATASS) Senior Staff 400 Estate Police Association (EPA) Estate Police 200 Sugar Boilers Association (SBA) Sugar/Pan Boilers 40

Table 4.21 Employees in each category

4.2.2. Cane Farmers

Cane farmers were of two (2) types – Caroni’s farmers and private farmers.

Caroni’s farmers farmed on lands owned by Caroni. Private farmers farmed on

privately owned lands, sometimes supplemented by land leased from Caroni

(1975) Limited. The farming of sugarcane with the support of Caroni (1975)

Limited attracted many benefits that are no longer available to farmers who

5 As reported by Mr. Arjoon Singh



chose to continue farming cane or other crops. Private farmers of cane were

recipients of subsidies through Caroni Limited. These subsidies came in the

form of technical assistance, a credit facility and subsidized prices for agro-

chemicals, lease of tractors and other vehicles, particularly subsequent to 2003

when Caroni was no longer processing cane from their own tenanted farmers.

Farmers earned approximately TT $5,000 per acre of cane farmed based on a

yield of 25,000 tonnes of cane per acre. Of this, expenses amounted to roughly

$2,300 per acre of cane farmed, leaving a profit of $2,700 per acre of cane.

Fifty percent (50%) of farmers owned tractors, and fifteen percent (15%), animal

drawn carts. Two (2) of the largest private farmers owned harvesters, and

twenty (20) owned trucks with tasker trailers. Tractor owners who have

continued farming, continue to use their tractors for tilling land. The other

tractors have been sold to buyers in both Trinidad and Guyana. The animal

drawn carts are of little use outside of cane farming and harvesters cannot be

used in any other industry because they are so specialized. Regarding

equipment therefore, the biggest losers have been owners of harvesters

whereas the owners of trucks have done best, by converting their vehicles for

use in hauling containers to and from the ports or transporting material and

equipment for the construction or energy sectors.

Farmers Volume/yr

Medium sized >300 tonnes

Large sized >1,000 tonnes

Table 4.22 Farmers most affected

Small farmers also worked at other businesses such as taxis or small shops and

did not solely depend on cane farming as a source of income. The greatest

impact would have been felt by the medium and large sized farmers who

depended solely on cane farming as a source of income and provided

employment within the sugar related areas.

Subsequent to the reform, about 60% of cane farmers continue to make their

living from agriculture, having diversified into other crops. Because of their

entrepreneurial skills, these farmers have adjusted to growing other crops such

as cassava, sweet potatoes and paw-paw, for which Trinidad and Tobago Agri-

Business Association TTABA offers guaranteed prices. Notwithstanding, roughly

15% of farmers have continued cane farming and 25% took advantage of a

favourable sellers’ market and sold their property.

Activity Percent

Diversified into other crops 60%

Sold land 25%

Farming cane 15%

Table 4.23 Current Activity of Farmers



4.2.3. Land Preparation and Field Maintenance Contractors

Cane fields owned by Caroni (1975) Limited were prepared and maintained by

staff on the company’s payroll from their Agricultural Services Department.

Cane fields owned by private farmers, on the other hand, were prepared and

maintained through a cooperative arrangement whereby farmers would maintain

each others lands at intervals or by workers who were granted seasonal

employment by the farmers.

4.2.4. Machinery Maintenance Providers

Qualified and skilled employees of Caroni (1975) Limited attached to the

Transport and Field Engineering Department were responsible for maintaining

Caroni’s Fleet of machinery. Small private farmers did not generally own

machinery and large private farmers who owned harvesters, tractors and truck

trailers utilized the services of local mechanics for their maintenance.

4.2.5. Suppliers

Caroni (1975) Limited dealt with between 1,200 and 1,500 suppliers as shown in

Table 4.24 below:

Suppliers Revenue $TT/yr No of Suppliers

Micro-Suppliers <$50,000 50

SMEs $50K-$5Million 1000

Large >$5 Million 450

Table 4.24 Summary of Suppliers

Caroni (1975) Limited identified forty-two (42) suppliers as being mainly

dependent on the sugar industry as a major source of income. The list provided

indicated that roughly half (½) of these forty two (42) suppliers were located in

the sugar related areas including Chaguanas, Claxton Bay, Carapichaima,

Couva, Point Lisas, Princes Town, Penal, Barrackpore, Reform, Savonetta,

California and Chase Village. They mainly included suppliers of spare parts and

equipment, chemicals, and electrical and mechanical sales and services. Yearly

purchase of selected items by Caroni (1975) Limited are shown in Table 4.25

below:

Item $TTMill

Agro-Chemicals 10

Spares 5

Airborne Spraying Services 3

Office Equipment 2

Table 4.25 Yearly Purchases of Selected Items



4.2.6. Cane Cutting and Harvesting

Most of the harvesting equipment in use in the country was owned by Caroni

(1975) Limited. The largest private cane farmers owned two (2) harvesters,

responsible for thirty percent (30%) of cane harvested. The other seventy

percent (70%) was done manually by seasonal workers who depended on this

source of income to supplement their small business or low wage employment

income or income gained through alternative seasonal employment such as the

Canadian seasonal worker programme.

4.2.7. Transportation

Transportation providers were required for transporting harvested cane to the

factory and for transporting bulk sugar to the shipping terminal, the warehouse

for further packaging, and directly to manufacturers respectively.

Caroni Limited owned a fleet of transport equipment which was used to transport

cane from the farms directly to the factory. Private farmers utilizing manual

extraction contracted tractors to take the cane to weighing depots while those

whose harvesting was mechanized contracted truck hauled trailers to take the

cane directly to the factory.

Subsequent to the reform, owners of trucks were able to modify their equipment

to haul containers to and from the port(s), while owners of tractor trailers that

traditionally transported cane to the weighing depots were able to use their

tractors in alternative earth moving and soil preparation occupations. Truckers

and harvester operators earned around TT$5 million per year6.

4.2.8. Sugar Related Communities

Preliminary research into local businesses such as shops, snackettes and bars

suggests that they were impacted by the reform as their earnings depended on

Caroni (1975) Limited employees resident in their communities. They would

usually extend credit to sugar workers, which would be recorded and paid off

when workers were paid. Caroni (1975) Limited maintained roads, bridges,

drains, playgrounds and cemeteries within the sugar related areas. Though the

task of maintenance has been transferred to other government agencies, a

number of interviewees/informants including the poultry farmers, have lamented

the fact that secondary roads and other infrastructure such as drains are no

longer properly maintained, and blamed problems such as increased flooding on

the reform. A list was provided of roads, playgrounds and cemeteries

6 Source: Trinidad Island-wide Cane Farmers Association



traditionally maintained by Caroni (1975) Limited and this list is summarized in

Table 4.26:

Administrative Corporation

Roads Playgrounds Cemeteries

Borough of Chaguanas 3 11 1

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 5 29 12

Penal/Debe 8 11 7

Princes Town 30 10 8

Tunapuna/Piarco 1 6 1

Total 47 67 29

Table 4.26 Summary of Roads, Playgrounds and Cemeteries traditionally maintained by

Caroni (1975) Limited

The case of Couva/Pt. Lisas

The Head Office of Caroni (1975) Limited, is located in Brechin Castle, a key area in the Couva/Pt. Lisas district. The

facilities built, owned and maintained by the company were vast and impressive and included a free clinic for

employees, sporting facilities such as tennis, a golf course and a swimming pool which was utilized by residents and

schools in the district. The annual Crop Over Festival featured week-long festivities, including sports, street parades,

cookouts, queen shows and nightly music events and had wide participation from the surrounding communities and

other sugar related areas. Since 2003, the event has been low-keyed with no festival at all in 2009.

Caroni was the largest employer in the area with factory employees, field workers, farmers and contractors numbering

in the thousands. The internship programme which was run by Caroni (1975) Limited prior to 2003, played a vital role

in the community as it absorbed school dropouts, 90% of which were male.

The factory operated in shifts and its employees supported businesses such as restaurants and supermarkets in the

Couva area which remained open for long hours to cater for shift employees. Informal businesses such as taxis, both

registered and unregistered, sidewalk food vendors, small family owned shops, and fruit and vegetable stalls also

benefited.

Subsequent to the reform in 2003, the impact was immediately felt as business activity slowed down in the late

afternoon due to the lack of the 400-500 Caroni employees who would normally purchase goods and services on their

way to and from work.

The Couva/Pt. Lisas Chamber of Commerce consisted of one hundred and forty (140) members in December 2008, of

which forty (40) were categorized as large. In 2003, the Chamber boasted sixty (60) small business owners among its

members. In January 2009, there were only ten (10) members who could be categorized as small businesses. The

Chamber attributes this decrease in active membership at the lower end directly to the impact of the reform which

started in 2003. Furthermore, they estimate that as many as fifty (50) of their original members of all sizes depended

heavily on the sugar industry for survival since they sold goods and services directly into the industry, to Caroni (1975)

Limited. According to the Trinidad Island-wide Cane Farmers’ Association, the larger businesses within the sugar

related areas were already targeting diversified clientele and so the impact of the industry reform was not severely felt.

However, they agreed with the Couva/Pt. Lisas Chamber in acknowledging that some small restaurants, bars, and

mini-marts were specifically located within sugar related communities to target the earnings of sugar workers and

farmers and this category of businesses would have felt the impact much worse.



4.2.9. End Users

Main local users of plant output prior to 2003 included rum distilleries, domestic

consumers who obtained supplies from local supermarkets, softdrink,

confectionary, and baked goods processors and large scale farms and animal

feed manufacturers. Subsequent to the reform, the distillery and poultry farmers

have reported not being able to source suitable alternatives to products supplied

by Caroni in terms of cost, quality, availability and logistics. Manufacturers are

concerned over the threat of the closure of the Sugar Manufacturing Company

Limited which refines imported sugar for sale on the local market. The

Supermarkets’ Association have reported that they have not been affected by

the reform, as they have continued to benefit from guaranteed supplies of

imported sugar, refined by the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited.

Manufacturers – Candy Company

Apex Candy* is the fourth (4th) largest user of sugar locally. The factory produces hard and soft sweets including

mints, fruit flavored sweets, lollipops, bubblegum, toffees and jellybeans. Sugar constitutes 40% of Apex’s input by

cost.

Ease of Procurement

At present, Apex uses a combination of purchasing through brokers on the open market and purchasing refined sugar

from the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited (SMCL). When purchasing through brokers, the lead time is long, 3

to 6 months and the cost varies widely. At present, they heavily depend on leverage gained by purchasing from the

Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited, with whom they have a fixed price contract.

Apex Candy - Labour and Procurement

Subsequent to 2003, Apex, being in close proximity to Caroni (1975) Limited at Brechin Castle, absorbed some sugar

workers despite the fact that the level and type of employee was not a good fit with Apex given that the factory utilizes

world-class technology in its confectionary processing factory. Apex Candy, the largest employer in the Couva/Point

Lisas area outside of the Pt. Lisas Industrial Estate, also has a policy to employ persons from Couva and surrounding

communities between Chaguanas and Claxton Bay. In addition, goods and services were also procured from these

communities, unless unavailable, in which case they would be procured from businesses domiciled elsewhere.

*Company name changed



4.3. Supply Chain Analysis

Stakeholders were analyzed using Mitchell, Agle and Wood’s Power Legitimacy

Urgency model. The Power, Legitimacy, Urgency model actually results in eight

different stakeholder groups defined by which of the three (3) attributes each

individual stakeholder group possesses. The results are summarized in Figure

4.31:

Figure 4.31 Total Power, Legitimacy and Urgency

0

2

4

6

8

10

12Sugar Workers

Sugar Workers –Farmers

Private Cane Farmers Small Scale

Private Cane Farmers Medium and Large Scale

Suppliers –Large

Suppliers – Small

Businesses in SRAs –Large

Businesses in SRAs –SMEs

End Users –Manufacturers

End Users – Distillery

End Users – Poultry Farmers

End Users – Feed Processors

End Users – Domestic Consumers

Supermarkets

Farmers’ Association

Sugar Workers’ Unions

Sugar Related Areas –Villagers

Key Stakeholders - Sugar Supply Chain

Total: Power, Legitimacy and Urgency



Figure 4.32 Stakeholder Analysis Summary

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Stakeholder Analysis

Urgency

Legitimacy

Power



The stakeholders scoring highest in power, largely tend to be those representing

organized labour, for whom the government has outstanding commitments.

While entities such as the Sugar Related Areas – Villages and small businesses

within these villages have been impacted, they possess little power by nature of

their lack of organization or small size.

Similarly, feed processors who find themselves without a suitable alternative for

molasses, have little power to have anything done locally about it. As such, it is

mainly those unions and associations to whom the government is legally bound

in providing cash payments and payments of agricultural and residential plots for

members that have any real power at present, in the reform.

Regarding the legitimacy attribute, while there were considerable numbers of

stakeholder groups affected by the reform, only those directly affected have legal

claim to outstanding settlements. These include sugar workers and farmers who

still await leases for 2 acre agricultural plots and residential lots. Private cane

farmers have scored lower on this attribute because their claims for monetary

and non-monetary support, currently outweigh what they are entitled to by law,

having operated outside of the formal Caroni (1975) Limited structure as

entrepreneurs.

The stakeholders scoring highest in Urgency according to the scale used include

the Private Cane Farmers – Medium and Large Scale and the Farmers’

Associations which represent them. This is because this category of farmers was

fully dependent on the sugar industry for a living with equipment and property

specially suited for that purpose. The private farmers who owned harvesters, for

example, are unable to use these harvesters otherwise, as they are only suitable

for harvesting cane.

More importantly, unlike the Caroni (1975) Limited farmers, they were not entitled

to an enhanced separation package and therefore have found it much harder to

diversify out of the industry. The lack of support by finance institutions, including

the state owned Agricultural Development Bank which has been mandated to not

support any projects involving the continued farming of sugar cane, has lead to

frustration by the farmers who tried to raise capital to purchase the Ste. Madeline

sugar mill and refinery to continue producing sugar.

The incentive package for cane farmers which was approved by the government

in September 2007, based on the representation of four (4) cane farmers’

associations featured a payment of TT$83 million to farmers and the

regularization of state lands utilized by cane farmers through the issuance of

standard agricultural leases.

The farmers consider the cash payment to be inadequate and not comparable to

the ‘golden parachute’ given to Caroni employees, many of whom, they argue,



found it easy to fit into alternative employment in other organizations anyway.

Farmers are also currently unhappy with the speed with which lands are being

regularized as they are unable to use these lands as collateral in the meanwhile

as the lands are still being surveyed.

There were also other benefits that were lost by private cane farmers such as the

leasing of equipment owned by Caroni (1975) limited, subsidized fertilizers and

pesticides with credit arrangements attached, agricultural research and extension

services and aerial spraying of crops, all facilitated by Caroni (1975) Limited.

While these latter services were more difficult to quantify, they also played a

significant role in the urgency that cane farmers portray in having their needs

better met.

Poultry Farmers, feed processors and manufacturers who depended on a local

supply of bagasse, molasses and sugar, respectively are also heavily impacted

as their reliable local supply are either now lost or threatened. In the case of the

softdrink and candy manufacturers, local supplies of sugar imported and refined

by the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited were used to leverage the total

cost of sugar in light of fluctuating and increasing prices on the open international

market. It was reported that the very existence of some of these enterprises is

threatened by increasing sugar prices, since sugar constitutes a considerable

portion of the raw material input cost.

In the case of the poultry farmers and feed processors, less suitable substitutes

have been found, however these are less reliable in supply and cost 10 and 6

times more respectively, than bagasse and molasses from Caroni (1975) Limited.

As such, the poultry association is eager to find better solutions to these issues

created with the reform of the sugar sector.

Least affected by the reforms were domestic consumers and supermarkets. The

reason for this lies in the fact that the Sugar Manufacturing Company Limited

continues to import raw sugar to refine for sale on the domestic market, as they

have been doing even before the reforms. Where there have been shortfalls in

domestic supply, sugar has been imported from nearby Guyana, devoid of the

40% Common External Tariff since Guyana is a member of the Caribbean

Community.

It must be noted however, that real threats and risks loom for the supermarkets

because, as they have already observed, there is sugar being imported into the

country from outside the Caricom region and being sold at less than cost price.

Any importation from the open market which is not carefully monitored, therefore,

could put the traditional local importers and sellers of sugar out of business as

has happened with other products.



Section 5

Institutional Assessment

5.1. The Institutional Capacity of the Central Statistical Office

5.2. Evaluation Criteria

5.2.1. Statistical Practice

5.2.2. Data Collection

5.2.3. Availability

5.3. Institutional Capacity of the Government - Alternative Sources of Information

5.4. Matrix



5. Institutional Assessment

5.1 The Institutional Capacity of the Central Statistical Office

One of the main objectives of assignment, following the Terms of Reference is

Technical Assistance to the Central Statistical Office in order to ‘support the

Central Statistical Office in the elaboration of the socioeconomic data collected in

the frame of the budgetary and household surveying exercise carried out during

the first half of 2009 and to assess the statistical validity of facts and indicators’.

Requested services are itemized in Table 5.11 below:

Item Description

A. The Analysis of the statistical validity of the CSO’s surveying exercise, B. The analysis of the methodology used by the CSO when conducting the HBS 2009 budgetary and

household survey, and identification of areas for potential methodological improvement (e.g.: survey design techniques, pilot testing, field supervision, survey administration, coding and data entry, data collection, analysis and report system, etc.).

C. A review of the data sources used by the CSO and assessment of their quality, reliability and coverage. D. The identification of socioeconomic dimensions studied by the CSO. E. The Proposal of appropriate additional socioeconomic indicators to extend the CSO survey’s coverage in

the future, and to be addressed in the socioeconomic baseline. F. A detailed report on the opportunity to extend or refine the scope of the baseline, and discuss potential

constraints (data availability, time series etc.). G. Assess the capacity of the CSO and other governmental departments and agencies to carry out

appropriate and complete analysis of the socioeconomic issues at stake in the framework of the implementation of the NAS and propose measures to enhance such capacity where needed.

H. An identification of relevant and/or significant data related gaps in the framework of the data collection exercise and suggestions for appropriate methodology to fill in such missing knowledge.

Table 5.11 Requested services to analyze Central Statistical Office capacity for Socioeconomic

Data collection, management and analysis following the TOR

This chapter will analyze the ability of CSO to produce and disseminate reliable,

relevant, and timely statistics and to analyze and use them for policy making.

For this purpose, this chapter relies on the standardized methodological

framework developed by the Development Data Group (DECDG) of The World

Bank aims to improve measuring and monitoring of statistical capacity of

developing countries in close collaboration with the countries and users. The

database contains information on various aspects of national statistical systems

and includes a country-level statistical capacity indicator based on a set of

criteria consistent with international recommendations. This set of standard

criteria has been strictly used by the team to assess the CSO’s capacity.



Criteria to Analyze CSO Capacity

1. Statistical validity of HBS surveying exercise 2. Methodology HBS 2009 3. Survey design techniques 4. Pilot testing 5. Field supervision 6. Survey administration 7. Coding and data entry 8. Data collection 9. Analysis and report system 10. Review of the data sources 11. Quality 12. Reliability 13. Coverage 14. Socioeconomic variables used by CSO 15. Scope of the baseline 16. Data availability 17. Time series 18. Alternatives sources of Information besides HBS 2009 19. Coordination with other institutions

Regarding the performance of the CSO as the national body responsible for

statistical information, there were wide variations in opinions expressed by

concerned parties from the public and private sectors.

The following evaluation of CSO’s statistical capacity considers all of the

characteristics of good statistics and the performance of all participants and

stakeholders in the use of socioeconomic statistical data. This evaluation,

consulting alternative sources, provides a detailed assessment of the system’s

strengths and weaknesses.

As explained in the methodology, the focus of this assignment was not an in-

depth analysis of the operational and management procedures of the CSO.

Rather, a measured approach was taken in gaining an understanding of the

capacity of the CSO to measure and analyze socioeconomic variables.

We will produce a small set of statistical capacity indicators of the CSO to show

institutional capacity survey HBS, the validity of the data collected and the

methodology used,

The resulting indicators help to identify the weakness of the CSO statistical

capacity and suggest where improvements are most needed.



5.2 The Evaluation Criteria

The framework used for the indicators presented here has three dimensions:

1. Statistical practice

2. Data collection

3. Indicator availability

The first dimension, statistical practice, measures the CSO’s ability to adhere to internationally recommended standards and methods. This aspect is captured by assessing guidelines and procedures used to compile socioeconomic statistics, social data reporting and estimation practices.

The CSO of the Ministry of Planning is evaluated against a set of criteria such as: a) use of an updated national accounts base year, b) use of the latest BOP manual, c) subscription to IMF’s Special Data Dissemination Standard and d) enrolment data reporting to UNESCO.

The second dimension, data collection, reflects whether the CSO conducts data collection activities in line with internationally recommended periodicity, and whether data from administrative systems are available and reliable for statistical estimation purposes.

Specifically, the criteria used are: a) the periodicity of population and agricultural censuses, b) the periodicity of poverty and health related surveys and c) completeness of vital registration system coverage.

The third dimension, indicator availability, looks at the availability and periodicity of key socioeconomic indicators, of which nine are MDG indicators. This dimension attempts to measure the extent to which data are made accessible to users through transformation of source data into timely statistical outputs. Criteria used include indictors on income poverty, child and maternal health, HIV/AIDS, primary completion, gender equality, access to water and GDP growth.

This multi-dimensional approach is based on the notion that producing and

disseminating reliable, relevant and timely statistics require a certain level of

capacity in all dimensions. Any imbalance would point to weaknesses in some

aspects of the statistical process.

This type of assessment will shed light on data quality and areas that need

improvements in CSO and the country and global levels in general. This

multidimensional approach captures various aspects of data quality, which is

broadly defined as producing statistics that are fit for their purpose. In particular,

it presents proxy measures for methodology, data access, timeliness, periodicity,

and comparability.

For each dimension, the CSO is scored against specific criteria, using the

information available to the team through several alternative sources, primary



and secondary, interviews and data from the EU, World Bank, IMF, UN,

UNESCO, and WHO.

Annex

Table 5.2. Indicators selected for the Results Measurement System

Proportion of population below $1/day poverty line Under-5 child mortality HIV prevalence rate of women aged 15-24 Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education Primary school completion rate Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source Fixed lines and mobile telephone per 1,000 inhabitants Formal cost required for business start up Time required for business start up Public financial management GDP per capita Access of rural population to an all-season road Household electrification rate

Box 5. The Scores to Measure Capacity

The scores are aggregated to give a result on a scale of 0-100.

1. A score of 100 percent means that a country meets current international standards in all areas

assessed.

2. The data collection. A score of 100 percent means that the CSO conducts these basic censuses

and surveys at regular intervals and supports a complete vital registration system.

3. The availability dimension. A score of 100 percent means that these indicators are available with

acceptable frequency on a regular basis.



5.2.1. Evaluating Statistical Capacity of CSO - Statistical Practice

Evaluating Statistical Capacity of CSO I. Statistical Practice Assessment

Indicators Rating Max.

Score Weight

1 0 1. National accounts base Year - 1993 or

annual chain linking

Within last 10 years or annual

chain linking

Otherwise 1 10

2. Balance of payments manual Balance of Payments Manual

The fifth edition Otherwise 1 10

3. External debt reporting

Status - Actual Or preliminary

Otherwise 0 10

4. Consumer Price Index Base Year - 1993 Annual chain linking

Otherwise 1 10

5. Production index Produced and available from

IMF

Otherwise 0 10

6. Export/import prices Produced and available from

IMF

Otherwise 1 10

7. Government finance accounting concept Otherwise

Consolidated central

government accounts

Otherwise 0 10

8. Enrolment reporting to UNESCO

Annual or missed reporting only

once in the last 4 Years

Otherwise 0 10

9. Vaccine reporting to WHO Coverage consistent with WHO estimates

Otherwise 1 10

10. IMF’s Special Data Dissemination Standard

Subscribed Otherwise 0 10

Maximum total score is 10 (or 100%) 50% 100

5.2.2. Evaluating Statistical Capacity of CSO - Data collection

II. Data Collection Assessment Indicators

Score 1 1/2 0 Max

Score Weight

1. Periodicity of population census

Less than 10 years

Otherwise 1 20

2. Periodicity of agricultural census

Less than 10 years

Less than 5 years

Otherwise ½ 20

3. Periodicity of poverty related surveys (IES, LSMS, etc.)

Less than 3 years

Less than 5 years

Otherwise 0 20

4. Periodicity of health related surveys (DHS, MICS, Priority survey, etc)

Less than 3 years

Less than 5 years

Otherwise ½ 20

5. Completeness of vital registration system

Complete Otherwise 0 20

Maximum total score is 10 (or 100%) 40%



5.2.3. Evaluating Statistical Capacity of CSO - Availability

III. Indicator Availability Score

Assessment indicators 1 2/3 1/2 1/3 0 Max Score

Weight

1. Periodicity of income poverty indicator

Less than 3 years

5 years > 5 years Not available 1/3 10

2. Periodicity of child malnutrition indicator

Less than 3 years

5 years > 5 years Not accessible 1 10

3. Periodicity of child mortality indicator

National or

International

Estimates available

Not available 1 10

4. Immunization indicator Annual Not accessible 1 10 5. HIV/AIDS indicator National

or Internatio

nal Estimates available

Not available 1 10

6. Periodicity of maternal health indicator

Less than 3 years

Less than 5 years

More than 5 years

Not accessible 2/3 10

7. Periodicity of gender equality in education

Observed for at

least 5 out of 5 latest years


latest years


Not available 2/3 10

8. Primary completion indicator Observed for at



latest years


Not available 1 10

9. Access to water indicator Observed for at



latest years


Not available 1 10

Maximum total score is 20 (or 100%) 75%



Table 5.2. List of MDG Indicators Collected through Household Budgetary Surveys

MDG Goal

Indicator

1

1. Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day 2. Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty] 3. Share of poorest quintile in national consumption 4. Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age

5. Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption 2

6. Net enrolment ratio in primary education 7. Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 8. Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds

3

9. Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education 10. Ratio of literate females to males of 15-24 year-olds 11. Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

4

13. Under-five mortality rate 14. Infant mortality rate 15. Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles

5

16. Maternal mortality ratio 17. Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

6

18. HIV prevalence among 15-24 year old pregnant women. 19. Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate. 20. Number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS . . 22. Proportion of population in malaria risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measures...

7

29. Proportion of population using solid fuels . . . . 30. Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural 31. Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation 32. Proportion of households with access to secure tenure (owned or rented)

8

45. Unemployment rate of 15-24 year-olds, each sex and total. 47. Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population. 48. Personal computers in use and Internet users per 100 population . .

Additional IDA RMS indicators: Access of rural population to an all-season road Household electrification rate Key: Indicator can be measured with this survey . Indicator can be measured with this survey, but some changes to methodology may be required . Indicator would not normally be estimated with this survey Note: IDA 14 RMS indicators – or most closely related MDG indicator – are shown in bold. Only indicators that can be measured with household surveys are shown; for some indicators shown, data may also be obtained from administrative sources.

Source: Household Surveys and the Millennium Development Goals, Juan Muñoz and Kinnon Scott, 2004.



5.3 Institutional Capacity of the Government - Alternative Sources of

Information

Institution Mechanism

Ministry of Education

Educational Planning

Unit (EPU)

The EPU surveys 100% of the country’s primary and secondary schools each school year with the use of two

questionnaires which collect information on registration, attendance, promotions and punctuality etc. The

information is available for each primary and secondary school. The information is sufficiently disaggregated so as

to be aligned with specific communities. This department is also able to provide maps showing the location of each

school.

Ministry of Education

Division of Educational

Research and Evaluation

(DERE)

The DERE compiles examination results from all of the country’s primary and secondary students. The results of

national tests as well as external results from regional and international examination bodies are analyzed. For

primary schools, percentage of students scoring 30% or less on the Secondary Entrance Examination (SEA) is

tracked. For Secondary schools, percent of students who pass a minimum of 5 O’Level subjects is tracked.

Ministry of Health

Research Department

The Ministry of Health’s Research Department compiles reports from information collected at Hospitals, Health

Facilities and Health Centers. The main reports produced are the monthly, quarterly and yearly Community Health

Services Report by County. The information is available for the old administrative areas of Port-of-Spain, San

Fernando, Arima, Point Fortin, Chaguanas, St. George, Caroni, Nariva/Mayaro, St. Andrew/St. David, Victoria and

Tobago. The reporting is not aligned with the country’s current administrative areas.

Ministry of Health

National Surveillance

Unit (NSU)

The Ministry of Health’s National Surveillance Unit compiles information on infectious diseases, which it collects

based on tests done at health institutions and private health care providers. This information is compiled nationally,

as in the case of HIV infection, or by the old administrative areas of counties in the case of the other diseases. The

reporting is not aligned with the country’s current administrative areas.

MALMR County

Agricultural Extension

Offices, Research

Department, IMA,

Forestry Division

The various departments and agencies of the MALMR listed are able to provide information on agricultural matters.

For example, the County Agricultural Extension offices maintain updated agro-ecological databases by conducting

continuous field research and testing such as soil analysis. In general, the information is not aligned with the

country’s current administrative areas but rather, with the old administrative areas of counties.

Ministry of Planning,

Housing and the

Environment – Central

Statistical Office

The Central Statistical Office prepares a number of different reports with information collected from other

government authorities. Key among them for the socioeconomic baseline is The Population and Vital Statistics

Report which analyzes information from the Ministry of Legal affairs and the Ministry of Health on numbers and

causes of births and deaths and the incidence of various diseases. The information is not aligned with the country’s

current administrative areas but rather, with the old administrative areas of counties. In addition, at the end of

2009, the last report published was the 2004 report. It was found that lengthy lags between reports are common.


Housing and the

Environment –

Socioeconomic Planning

Division

At the time of this study, the socioeconomic planning division was in the process of creating profiles for

communities based on the 2000 housing and population census conducted by the Central Statistical Office. Some

of these community profiles were made available.

Ministry of Public

Utilities

The Ministry of Public Utilities has supervisory jurisdiction over the state enterprises providing services but does not

maintain databases on the types and level of services provided to the various communities. On request, however,

the Ministry would seek information from the relevant agencies which include: Water and Sewerage Authority

(WASA), Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago (TSTT), Trinidad and Tobago Electricity

Commission (TTEC) and Trinidad and Tobago Postal Services (TTPOST). All of the enterprises divide the country

into different areas as they see fit. For example, there are only 4 electricity distribution districts for Trinidad and

Tobago. The information is not aligned with the country’s current administrative areas.

Ministry of Social Development

The Research Department at the Ministry of Social Development was formed between the Ministry and former officials of the Office of the Prime Minister. There are capacity issues however, and the limited social research undertaken to date have been sub-contracted to private firms. There are plans by the Ministry to undertake its own social research when issues are resolved.

Ministry of Works and

Transport

Maps of current and planned main roads are available from the Ministry of Works and Transport trough the Director

of Highways. This department is responsible for all the country’s major roads and represents this information on

maps from the planning phases. Information on major watercourses is also available from the Director of Drainage.

Ministry of National

Security

Crime and Problem

Analysis CAPA

Maintains a database of every crime reported at every station. This information is available by police divisions,

which include Port-of-Spain, Southern, Western, Northern, Central, South Western, Eastern, North Eastern and

Tobago. While addresses are entered into the database, there is no standardized format which makes processing

difficult. Furthermore, the information is not aligned with the country’s current administrative areas.



5.4 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE TOOLBOX - The Matrix

For complete Matrix see Exhibit 1

CODE MDG Indicator Definition Calculation Data Collection Level Government

Institution

Responsible

Collection Mechanism Avail Notes Contact

CD MDG Demography

D1 Birth Rate per

1000

The average annual number of

births during a year per 1,000

persons in the population at

midyear; also known as crude

birth rate. The birth rate is

usually the dominant factor in

determining the rate of population

growth. It depends on both the

level of fertility and the age

structure of the population.

Live Births per year divided by

Population multiplied by 1000

Counties - Old

Administrative Areas


Housing and the

Environment -

Central Statistical

Office (CSO)

Registry of births and deaths

at the Ministry of Legal

Affairs provides information

on births and deaths which is

published by the CSO in the

annual Population and Vital

Statistics Report (PVSR).

2004 In December, 2009, the

latest publication

available was from 2004

while the 2005 report was

being published and the

2006 report was being

edited. This time lag is

normal for this report.

Head of PVSR

Department at

the CSO

D2 Death Rate per

1000

The average annual number of

deaths during a year per 1,000

population at midyear; also

known as crude death rate.

Deaths in the year divided by

Population multiplied by 1000

Counties - Old



Housing and the

Environment -

Central Statistical

Office (CSO)









latest publication







Head of PVSR

Department at

the CSO

D3 4.1 Under-five

mortality rate

The under-five mortality rate is

the probability (expressed as a

rate per 1,000 live births) of a

child born in a specified year

dying before reaching the age of

five if subject to current age-

specific mortality rates.

The data on children 59 months

or less who have died are

summed, and the results are

expressed as a rate per 1,000

live births. It is calculated by

dividing the number of deaths by

the number of live births and

multiplying by 1000.

Counties - Old



Housing and the

Environment -

Central Statistical

Office (CSO)









latest publication







Head of PVSR

Department at

the CSO

SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE TOOLBOX



Section 6

The 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey

6.1 Background

6.2 Analysis of the methodology used by CSO for the survey

6.21 Survey Structure and content

6.22 Survey Instruments

6.23 Sampling Methodology

6.24 Reliability of Survey Data

6.3 Analysis of the data sources used by the CSO for the survey

6.4 Analysis of the key socioeconomic aspects in the survey

6.5 Identification of gaps - additional socioeconomic aspects to be studied



6. The 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey

6.1 Background

The correct formulation of every public policy is based on the availability and use

of complete and reliable data collected through appropriate methodology. The

overall objective of this assignment is to contribute to the improvement in the

quality of data collection, elaboration and dissemination by CSO to provide a

foundation for policy decision in the SRA.

Specifically, the evaluation has carefully analyzed the methodology used by CSO

to collect, disseminate and analyze the information. Throughout the assignment,

the team has worked in close collaboration with government officials to support

the Central Statistical Office in the review of the elaboration of the socioeconomic

data collected in the frame of the budgetary and household surveying exercise

carried out during the first half of 2009.

In this chapter, we present a detailed analysis of the most recent and updated

collection mechanism, the Household Budget Survey; the foundation and main

source of information for the SRA Socioeconomic Baseline.

We discuss the statistical validity of facts and indicators of the CSO’s Household

budgetary survey HBS 2009 exercise by:

Analyzing and reporting the methodology used by the CSO when

conducting the 2009 budgetary and household survey

Identifying the data sources used by the CSO and assessing their quality,

reliability and coverage.

Identifying the socioeconomic aspects studied by the CSO and, if any,

considering and proposing appropriate additional indicators to extend the

CSO survey’s coverage: a) availability of health facilities, c) education, d)

infrastructure and facilities: drinking water, electricity, roads etc.

Identifying areas for potential methodological improvement (ex: survey

design techniques, pilot testing, field supervision, survey administration,

coding and data entry, data collection, analysis and report system, etc.).

Recommending a report on the opportunity to extend or refine the scope of

the baseline, and discussing potential constraints (data availability, time

series etc.).

Assessing to what extent information about the informal economy in SRAs

have been taken into account and proposing any tools to evaluate the

incidence of this factor.



Assessing the capacity of the CSO and other governmental departments

and agencies to carry out appropriate and complete analysis of the

socioeconomic issues at stake in the framework of the implementation of

the NAS and proposing measures to enhance such capacity where needed.

6.2 Analysis of the methodology used by CSO for the survey

The 2008/09 Household Budget Survey (HBS) was officially launched on May

2008 and was completed on April 2009. The initial sample size was 7,680

households. But because of non-response by households, the realized sample

size was 7, 090 with an overall non-response rate of 7.7%.

The sample comprised of twelve (12) monthly representative sub-samples which

were further divided into twenty four (24) fortnights or periods of enumeration

spread across twelve (12) months to take into account the effects of seasonality

on expenditure patterns.

A vastly improved HBS as compared with the previous HBS.

??

Adherence to International Methodology and Best Practices.

Reduced as explained in Section ??

The timely completion and dissemination of reports.

The report was delayed several months and the publication of the results has also been considerably delayed. This assignment was considerably delayed more than 3 months waiting for the outcomes of the Household Budget Survey.

Stakeholders’ involvement The CSO has not been keen on allowing any intervention by donors or any other external sources.

Facilitation of the use of HBS Data.

The coordination channels to participation in early stages of design with other institutions with responsibility on socioeconomic statistics is impossible to synchronize and share results with.

The 2008/09 HBS utilized three (3) questionnaires and a diary for collecting

information which use the following conceptual reference:

The previous Technical Report on the 1997/98 HBS

The ILO Resolution on the Compilation of Income and Expenditure

Statistics (2003).

The Template used by the Government (CSO) of the 2004 Agricultural

Census.



6.2.1. Sample Size and Design

The sample size of 7,680 households was determined at a stated level of

statistical reliability such that estimates of expenditure would carry a

margin of error of 3%.

Sample structure was composed of twelve (12) monthly nationally

representative sub-samples.

The frame used was the 2000 Population and Housing Census. The only

other available frame was the Continuous Sample Survey of Population

(CSSP) master sample however this has not been revised since the 1990

Population and Housing Census.

Income Area – the sample within each region was sub-divided into high,

middle and low income areas providing a variable for analysis below the

level of the region

6.2.2. New Expenditure Classification

The previous expenditure classification used in the last HBS was replaced by a

new classification based on the Classification of Individual Consumption

Expenditure by Purpose (COICOP) modified for Household Budget Surveys with

six (6) levels of disaggregation and carries a 10 digit code. The Coverage of

Expenditure Items:

The 08/09 HBS documents were designed to collect expenditure

information on approximately 1,563 consumption expenditure items as

compared with 806 as in the previous HBS.

The number of food items including alcoholic and non-alcoholic

beverages covered has been increased from 290 to 705.

6.2.3. Survey Instruments

HBS questionnaires were designed for image capture (Scanning)

HBS questionnaires capture a far greater level of detail than previously

resulting in improved coverage.

Includes a Main Food Purchase Form to include reporting of

expenditures on food, drink and tobacco.



6.2.4. Processing

Image Capture Processing System

Computerized driven editing and coding environment

Automatic coding of Diary and Main Food Purchase Forms comprising a

linkage of text and code

6.2.5. Data Dissemination

Very poor dissemination policy

6.3. Quality Assurance Program for Field Operations

HBS Timeline

June 2006 Draft HBS Proposal Completed by the CSO September 14th 2006 Cabinet Approval granted for the Conduct of the

HBS January 2007 Interim HBS Unit was established September 2007 Official HBS Unit Created October 2007 Upgraded Teleform System November 2007 Pilot Test Conducted December 2007 Secured external IT Support to Finalize the HBS

Processing System March 2008 Recruitment of HBS Field Staff April 2008 Training of HBS Field Staff May 2nd 2008 Official Launch May 4th 2008 Start of Field Work May 8th 2008 Extension of Life of the HBS Unit to Sept 30th 2009. May 19th 2008 Start of Editing and Coding of Documents June 15th 2008 Start of Scanning and Verification October 31st 2008 Re-Training of HBS Field Staff. November 2008 Final Batch of Questionnaires Printed March 9th 2009 Start Validation of Diaries. May 15th 2009 Completion of Field Work July 31st 2009 End of Processing August 2008 The report was NOT completed on time September 2009 Data was not Published HBS CD September 2009 Data Dissemination is still as per today, Jan 2010

pending



6.4. Objectives of the HBS

The major Objectives of the 2008/09 Household Budget Survey were as follows:

To collect information for the selection of a current basket of goods and

services for the revision of the Index of Retail Prices.

To revise the section weights of the Index of Retail Prices.

To provide extensive data on household budgets - incomes and

expenditures.

To provide data on the Distribution of household income and expenditure.

To provide data on Area Purchase (area where items are purchased).

To provide data on the Type of Outlet where items are purchased.

To facilitate the construction of poverty lines, the conduct of poverty

analyses to inform policy formulation.

Therefore the coherence and reliability of the HBS 2009 for the purpose of

poverty measurement and socioeconomic baseline of the SRA is only limited.

Since the main goal was not the coverage of socioeconomic variables in the

sugar related areas sample, and the HBS was not designed for the purpose of

Socioeconomic Baseline.

Survey Subjects

The core subject matter comprised the following:

1. Demographic, socioeconomic and related information

of household members 2. Access to Social Programmes 3. The household budget – income, consumption

expenditure and non-consumption expenditure 4. Household receipts and disbursements 5. Area purchased 6. Type of Outlet 7. Housing conditions 8. Availability of durables and facilities 9. Household Debt



6.5. Coverage

The 2008/09 Household Budget Survey was a nationally representative survey

with coverage across all cities, boroughs and regions in Trinidad and Tobago.

Cities and Borough Regional Corporation Tobago Parish

City of Port of Spain Diego Martin Parish of St. George City of San Fernando San Juan/Laventille Parish of St. Mary Borough of Arima Tunapuna/Piarco Parish of St. Andrew Borough of Chaguanas Sangre Grande Parish of St. Patrick Borough of Point Fortin Mayaro/Rio Claro Parish of St. David Princes Town Parish of St. Paul Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo Parish of St. John Penal/Debe Siparia

6.6. Respondents

The respondents in this Survey comprised members of private households using

the Central Statistical Office’s standard household definition. Individuals found

living in boarding houses, hostels and institutions were excluded. Visitors who

were staying with the household for a period of six months or more were included

while household members who were away from the household for a period of six

months or more were generally excluded except where the household incurred

significant expenditures for those individuals or where the absence was work

related.

6.7. Consumption Expenditure

Consumption expenditure is expenditure on consumer goods and services.

These refer to those goods and services acquired for the satisfaction of wants

and needs of households and individuals.

Household consumption expenditure is the value of goods and services that were

acquired (used or paid for) by the household for the direct satisfaction of the

needs and wants of its members including items purchased as gifts for persons

outside the household:

1. Through direct monetary purchases in the market.

2. Through the market but without using any money as means of payment

(barter, income in kind).

3. From production within the household (own account production)



6.7.1. Measurement of Consumption Expenditure

Consumption expenditures on all goods and services were measured using the

acquisition costs approach with the exception of owner occupied dwelling

services, which were measured using the flow of services or consumption costs

approach.

Nomenclature

The nomenclature use encompassed the range of household receipts and

disbursements divided into the following main divisions:

1. Income from employment

2. Income from self-employment

3. Other income

4. All other household receipts

5. Consumption expenditure

6. Gifts received from other households

7. Own- production of agricultural products

8. Non- Consumption expenditure

9. All other disbursements

The nomenclature used for consumption expenditures was based on the

Classification of Individual Consumption Expenditure by Purpose (COICOP)

modified for Household Budget Surveys.

The COICOP is composed of twelve main divisions as follows:

01 Food and non-alcoholic beverages

02 Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics

03 Clothing and footwear

04 Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels

05 Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance

06 Health

07 Transport

08 Communication

09 Recreation and culture

10 Education

11 Restaurants and hotels

12 Miscellaneous goods and services

The HBS expenditure classification was specifically developed for the current

HBS and comprised approximately 2000 items. It also permitted six levels of

disaggregation Division, Group, Class, Sub-class, Item Type and Item.

Data collection



The fieldwork spanned a period of twelve months primarily to account for

seasonality and was conducted via twenty four fortnights with a new group of

households being interviewed in each fortnight.

Data was collected via interviewer administered questionnaires and self-

administered diaries covering a two week period. Interviewers periodically

checked and assisted household members with their recording.

6.7.1.1. Location of Selected Households

Enumerators were not required to list Enumeration Districts prior to enumeration,

as this is a very time consuming exercise and would of impact negatively on the

quality of interviewing given the demanding HBS workload. The location of

selected households was obtained by utilizing existing recent CSSP listings.

Where such listings were not readily available, Enumeration Maps or a quick

area listing by supervisors were used for the selection of households.

6.7.1.2. Reference Period

The Household Budget Survey utilized retrospective moving reference periods

for recording expenditures in the household and individual questionnaires. The

length of the recall period was related to the frequency of purchase and the need

to minimize recall errors. As far as possible twelve (12) month retrospective

moving reference periods were utilized in most sections. A fourteen day diary

period was used to collect expenditures on food and non-alcoholic beverages,

alcoholic beverages, tobacco, as well as certain purchases in restaurants and

hotels. The diary fortnight began on a Sunday and ended on the second

Saturday. The diary information was supplemented with a Main Food Purchase

Form.

6.7.2. Survey Instruments

Four (4) main documents were utilized for collecting information during the

2008/09 Household Budget Survey:

1. The Household Questionnaire (HBS1),

2. Individual Questionnaire (HBS2),

3. Diary (HBS3) and

4. The Main Food Purchases Form (HBS4).



A Supplementary Form (HBS5) was introduced after the start of the survey to

collect information on other social programmes that were not included in the

Household Questionnaire (HBS1).

The structure, layout and content of the HBS questionnaires, like other surveys,

were determined by: the image scanning technology used for data capture and

the detailed level of the nomenclature used for recording consumption

expenditures of respondents.

Household Questionnaire – HBS1

The Household Questionnaire was the first and most important document for

collecting information in this survey. This questionnaire comprised thirty two (32)

pages divided into seventeen (17) sections. It was used to collect demographic,

social and economic data of household members as well as information on single

parents, disability, chronic illnesses, access to social programmes, housing,

facilities and durables owned or available for use, household pets as well as

information on a range of household expenses. Information from this

questionnaire was also used to identify the spenders in the household.

The expenditures collected in this questionnaire were expenditures related to the

acquisition of household type goods and services. These are goods and services

that are generally utilized by the household as a whole, as distinct from personal

usage. This questionnaire was administered to the head of the household or a

senior household member who could provide the necessary information.

Individual Questionnaire – HBS2

The Individual Questionnaire was administered to spenders in the household

who were fifteen years and above. This questionnaire collected information on

the acquisition of goods and services that are usually used and enjoyed at an

individual level such as clothing, clothing and footwear, medical goods and

services, transportation, communication, education, accommodation services,

recreation and culture, miscellaneous goods and services and personal gifts.

This questionnaire also collected information on non-consumption expenditure,

individual debt, income and other receipts. Spenders were required to report all

relevant expenditures that they have undertaken on the acquisition of goods and

services regardless as to whether these were utilized by themselves or someone

else.

Diary – HBS3



The diary formed a very critical part of this survey. It was specifically designed to

collect information on the daily purchases of food, meals, drink and related

expenses of the household and its members. It was kept for fourteen (14) days

by a designated household member who accepted the responsibility to record the

relevant daily expenditures of all spenders in the household on a daily basis. The

diary also collected information on the purchasing patterns of the household,

which was used to determine if it was necessary to administer a Main Food

Purchase Form to the household.

Main Food Purchase Form - HBS4

The Main Food Purchase Form was designed as a supplement to the diary and

represents an improvement in the collection of information on food expenditures.

It was used to collect information on major purchases of food by the household

which have already taken place or would be taking place outside the diary period

of reporting and as such would not be recorded in the diary. It was introduced to

address the problem of very few items recorded in the diaries of households who

purchased their main food items outside the diary period and the consequence

under reporting of food expenditures.

HBS Supplementary Form - HBS5

The HBS Supplementary Form was used to collect information on other social

programmes accessed by individuals that were not included in the Household

Questionnaire (HBS1). This form was included as a special request after the start

of the fieldwork.

6.8. Sampling Methodology

6.8.1. The Sample Frame

The 2000 Population and Housing Census listing of households by Enumeration

Districts and Regions was used as the main frame for selecting the HBS sample.

This was the only complete frame available at the time of conducting the HBS.

Another possible frame was the Continuous Sample Survey of Population

(CSSP) master sample however this source has not been revised since the 1990

Population and Housing Census and was clearly outdated.



6.8.2. Income areas

The sample selected in each region was implicitly stratified by income area. The

three categories of income areas used were high, middle or low-income areas at

the level of enumeration district. This variable was derived using income

information from the 2000 Population and Housing Census which was adjusted

for non-response and outliers. High income areas were determined as areas

were the average income of persons in an Enumeration District (ED) was above

the upper quartile of income, middle-income areas were areas within the semi-

inter quartile range while low income areas were those areas were the average

income of persons in the Ed?? was below the lower quartile of income.

6.8.3. Sample Size

The initial sample size for the 2008/09 Household Budget Survey HBS was 7,680

households. This was determined as the sample size necessary so that the

estimates of expenditure derived from the sample would have a margin of error

of 3% after accounting for an expected 15% non-response rate. The realized

sample was 7, 090.

6.8.4. Sample Design and Selection by Region

The sample design utilized was a stratified two-stage cluster sample of

households divided into twelve equal sub samples so that each sub sample was

nationally representative by region and income area.

The sample was stratified by region to ensure a geographic representative

sample of Trinidad and Tobago. Enumeration districts within regions formed the

first stage, sampling unit while households within the selected enumeration

district represented the second stage, or ultimate sampling units. The first stage

sampling units were selected with probability proportional to size, in all one

thousand nine hundred and twenty (1920) Enumeration Districts were selected

this was equivalent to 80% of all Enumeration Districts. A compact cluster of four

(4) households was then selected in each Enumeration District.

Each sub-sample was subdivided into two periods for ease of enumeration so

that the total sample was spread across twenty four periods or fortnights. Three

hundred and twenty (320) households were selected during each period. Table

6.231 shows the sample selected for the 2008/09 HBS for regions by number of

enumeration districts and number of households. Figures 6.231, 6.232 and 6.233

shows the distribution of enumeration districts selected in the sample by location,

income area and sub-sample respectively.



Area Number of Eds Number of Households

Trinidad and Tobago 1920 7680

Trinidad 1838 7352

Port of Spain 80 320

Mayaro 48 192

Sangre Grande 95 380

Princes Town 132 528

Penal Debe 123 492

Siparia 125 500

San Fernando 90 360

Arima 47 188

Chaguanus 101 404

Point Fortin 32 128

Diego Martin 165 660

Laventille San Juan 257 1028

Tunapuna 307 1228

Couva 236 944

Tobago 82 328

St. George 8 32

St. Mary 4 16

St. Andrew 26 104

St. Patrick 22 88

St. David 12 48

St. Paul 6 24

St. John 4 16

Table 6.231 2008/09 HBS Sample Selection by Area



Figure 6.231 Location of Enumeration Districts Selected in the Sample

Figure 6.232 Distribution of Enumeration Districts by Income Area



Figure 6.233 Distribution of Enumeration Districts by Sub-Sample

Substitution

Household Budget Surveys normally experience much higher non-response

rates than the typical household survey obviously due to the large questionnaires

used and the fourteen (14) day period of diary recording. In order to compensate

for non-response, substitution of none cooperating households was permitted.

6.8.5 Reliability of Survey Data

Errors in Surveys

Information derived from surveys invariably contain some level of error. While

every attempt has been made to minimize the occurrence of such errors, it is

impossible to eliminate all error. Errors in surveys are usually classified as either

sampling or non-sampling errors.



Sampling Error

Sampling error is the error that is inherent in the use of sample estimates to draw

conclusion about population parameters. Sampling error varies with the sample

size, the larger the sample size the smaller the sampling error. It is impractical to

expect that the values derived from any one sample will be equal to the ‘true’

population value consequently values derived from the HBS sample will vary to

some degree from the “true” population values (those values that would be

obtained if it were possible to enumerate all existing households ).

It is possible to quantify the extent of these errors taking into account the

complex nature of the sample design.

Non-sampling Errors

Non-sampling errors are errors that arise due to respondent bias, interviewer

bias and errors in processing. These errors are difficult to quantify, identify and

correct.

The 2008/09 Household Budget Survey involved the collection of information

from responses provided by households and their members hence to a very real

extent the overall reliability and consistency of the 2008/09 household budget

survey data depended largely on the cooperation of respondents and their

willingness to provide the necessary information as required. Some households

were reluctant to provide details on certain categories of expenditures, household

characteristics and income. There were instances of telescoping errors (reporting

of expenditures outside the reference periods), under reporting of expenditures,

blank diaries and missing spenders. Households at the higher income levels

were more inclined to refuse. A few enumerators were errant in the recording of

information comprising the inclusion of digits where not required,

misinterpretation of questions and neglect of certain questions.

A great deal of care and attention was devoted at the data collection and

compilation stage so as to identify and minimize the occurrence of non-sampling

errors. In this regard the staff of the HBS unit utilized a rigid quality assurance

program intended to identify, correct and prevent the occurrence of such errors

as far as possible. The critical elements of the quality assurance programme

comprised initial screening of incoming documents, the return of problematic

documents to the field, regular field visits, technical support to field staff, regular

meetings with field supervisors, re-interviews of households, reinforcement of

concepts and retraining of enumerators.

6.8.6. Non Response and the Rate of Substitution



Households were classified as non-response7 in the following situations:

The household refused and could not be substituted.

The household could not be located and could not be substituted.

No household questionnaire was completed.

The information provided was sparse and highly inconsistent.

The non-response rate by region is shown below.

Rate of Substitution

Substitution of non-responding households was utilized in the HBS. The overall

rate of substitution was 30.6 %. This was quite high and reflected issues such as

respondent burden, lack of publicity and tokens. An analysis of the rate of

substitution by income areas revealed that in low-income areas substitutes

accounted for 26.1% while in middle income areas substitutes comprised 27.6%

and high-income areas 41.3%. The much higher rate of substitution in the high-

income areas reflected the additional difficulties enumerators encountered in

securing cooperation in these areas including access to gated communities.

Figure 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 illustrates the rate of substitution across income areas.

Figure 6.2 Rate of Substitution in Low Income Areas

7 Non response rate was not published by the CSO by the time of completing this report.



Figure 6.242 Rate of Substitution in Middle Income Areas

Figure 6.243 Rate of Substitution in High Income Areas

Standard Errors of the HBS Estimates

The standard error is the most common measure of the magnitude of the

sampling error. It measures the extent to which a statistic derived from a sample

differs from its true population parameter. Standard errors provide data users

with information to assess the precision of estimates derived from surveys.

The standard errors for the HBS estimates were conservatively estimated from a

transformed design that concentrated on the two-stage cluster sampling

component of the HBS sample design utilizing SPSS Complex Sample Module.

72.4%

27.6%

Original

Substitute

58.7%

41.3%

Original

Substitute



Section 7

The Socioeconomic Baseline for SRAs

7.1. Introduction

7.1.1. Methodology - From HBS survey to baseline 7.1.2. Statistical validity 7.1.3. The Characteristics of SRA 7.1.4. Regional Corporations and Communities 7.1.5. Geography

7.2. The Socioeconomic Baseline

7.2.1. Demography and population 7.2.2. Household Characteristics 7.2.3. Ethnicity 7.2.4. Religion

7.3. Health

7.4. Education

7.5. Economic Performance

7.6. Infrastructure



7 The Socio-Economic Baseline for SRAs

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1. Methodology - From HBS survey to baseline

This chapter summarized the analysis of the data which has been collected by

CSO through the HBS 2009 survey. We have selected the data collected in the

survey matching the Sugar Related Areas sample to analyze the different

dimensions of socioeconomic status of the population living in the area.

Even though the HBS as explained was not designed to include indicators to

collect socioeconomic information, this survey is the most reliable and up to date

information available in Trinidad and Tobago to produce a baseline of the sugar

related areas.

Following the explanatory methodology of previous chapters, the main purpose

of this section is to provide a broad perspective of the socioeconomic

characteristics of the poor households in the Sugar Related Areas of Trinidad

and Tobago. In the following sections, we provide records for the trends of the

socioeconomic dimensions of the population affected by the closure of the sugar

sector.

The drive of much of the following analysis will be on the living conditions of the

population who were working in the sphere of sugar related economic activities

generally and, when possible, in the context of those most affected by the

reforms.

Socioeconomic variables conditioning poverty usually include: age pyramid

structure, gender, race, religion, marital status, education, industrial sector of

employment, region, unemployment and being out of the work force, among

others. We have portrayed these indicators in the SRA based on the HBS 2009

data.

Variables such as age and adult equivalent family size are continuous variables

and their impact on the condition of poverty is interpreted in terms of what

percentage contribution one additional year or one additional equivalent adult

household member would add to the odds of being poor, respectively.

7.1.2. Statistical Validity



Reliability does not imply validity. HBS 2009 is reliable but it was not designed to

measure socioeconomic variables, so it is not necessarily a valid instrument for

the purpose of this exercise. The sample was not constructed for the SRA and

the questionnaire was not originally intended to analyze the socioeconomic

dimensions of the SRA. Reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity.

Nevertheless, we have collected the relevant information from the HBS 2009 to

present significant updated and reliable statistical features to serve as a baseline

for the implementation of the NAS in SRAs.

Chapter VII describes the methodology and provides an explanation of the

degree of reliability of the HBS 2009 survey data.

Table 7.2 Summary of Reliability-Types of Errors

Errors in Surveys

Information derived from surveys invariably contains some level of error. While every

attempt has been made to minimize the occurrence of such errors it is impossible to

eliminate all error. Errors in surveys are usually classified as either sampling or non-

sampling errors.

Sampling Error

Inherent in the use of sample estimates to draw conclusion about population

parameters. Sampling error varies with the sample size, the larger the sample size the

smaller the sampling error. Values derived from the HBS sample vary logically to some

degree from the “true” population values; but could be improved.

Non-sampling Errors

Errors that arise due to respondent bias, interviewer bias and errors in processing.

These errors are difficult to quantify, identify and correct. The 2008/09 Household

Budget Survey involved the collection of information from responses provided by

households and their members hence to a very real extent the overall reliability and

consistency of the 2008/09 household budget survey data depended largely on the

cooperation of respondents and their willingness to provide the necessary information as

required. Some households were reluctant to provide details on certain categories of

expenditures, household characteristics and income. There were instances of

telescoping errors (reporting of expenditures outside the reference periods), under

reporting of expenditures, blank diaries and missing spenders. Households at the higher

income levels were more inclined to refuse. A few enumerators were errant in the

Table 7.1. Classes of reliability estimates

1. Inter-rater reliability is the variation in measurements when taken by different persons but with the same method or instruments.

2. Inter-method reliability is the variation in measurements of the same target when taken by a different methods or instruments, but with the same person.

3. Test-retest reliability is the variation in measurements taken by a single person or instrument on the same item and under the same conditions.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rater_reliability

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-retest_reliability



recording of information comprising the inclusion of digits where not required,

misinterpretation of questions and neglect of certain questions.

The team believes that the CSO could have devoted more attention to quality control

during data collection and compilation stage in order to identify and minimize the

occurrence of non sampling errors.

In fact, the quality assurance program used was not successful, and was one of the

main reasons for a 6 months of delay in the deliverance of the final data. The CSO

reported to the team serious difficulties during the screening of incoming documents,

insufficient technical support and lack of computer software and human resources skills

to screen the documents.

Non Response

The non-response rate was 7.7%. Households were classified as non-response in the following situations:

The household refused and could not be substituted.

The household could not be located and could not be substituted.

No household questionnaire was completed.

The information provided was sparse and highly inconsistent. Rate of Substitution

Substitution of non-responding households was utilized in the HBS. The overall rate of

substitution was 30.6%. This is extremely high and reflected issues such as respondent

burden, lack of publicity and tokens. An analysis of the rate of substitution by income

areas revealed that in low-income areas substitutes accounted for 26.1% while in

middle-income areas substitutes comprised 27.6% and high-income areas 41.3%.

7.1.3. The Characteristics of the Sugar Related Areas

Chapter VII describes how the HBS 2009 sample was designed and chapter IV

describes how the Sugar Related Areas sample was designed. Both are different

samples and this has severe technical statistical implications for the study. The

HBS2009 was never designed to be a baseline for the sugar related areas. In

fact, no Ministry dealing with socioeconomic data on a regular basis such as

Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, etc. has ever compiled information for

the SRA. What is more challenging for the study is that he methodology used to

collect and analyze information is not compatible for cross ministerial purposes.

Most relevant agricultural data, geographic information and other information

related to the sugar industry, was historically captured and monitored by Caroni

Ltd., following an obsolete set of hand drawn maps with a provision of borders,

agricultural plots and land classification which were not geo-referenced by GIS

and which did not follow administrative sampling units.

This has been the most challenging obstacle for the study. If this area was

properly categorized by the government, under communities, any alternative



future collection of data would be useful to monitor policy implementation in the

SRA areas.

Trinidad and Tobago is a parliamentary democracy and governance is based on

the Westminster model. Trinidad is presently divided into fourteen Administrative

Regions while Tobago is divided into seven Parishes. Municipal Corporations

were established by Act No. 21 of 1990 and further amended by Act No. 8 of

1992 where Municipal Corporations replaced the County Councils.

Unfortunately not all the Ministries have adopted this common set of

administrative organization. This lack of a common unit of analysis has precluded

the team from comparing cross sector valuable socioeconomic data collected at

the local level by different instruments by alternative ministries.

There is an outstanding and severe absence of ministerial coordination in

Trinidad and Tobago and the endeavor to harmonize and avoid overlap and

establish common methodology to ensure reliability and of statistical information

is considerable. The team found different alternative government sources making

use of difference methodologies which unfortunately do not use the same

sampling unit or regional administrative division to operate. Therefore the

possibility of comparing and analyzing results coming from different ministries, or

using data sets collected in the field by different government bodies is

unfortunately technically impossible.

The most significant obstacle for statistical analysis for socioeconomic policy is

the absence of a ministerial common unit harmonizing, compiling and

disseminating data to potential users for policy decision support.

To overcome the lack of a common sampling among socioeconomic ministerial

units, the team decided to use the following units of analysis:

Units of Analysis

1. Regional corporations, Communities,

2. Electoral districts



Following the 2009 HBS's primary

sampling unit, we also decided to

use the census enumeration

districts (EDs) as a primary sample

unit to analyze socioeconomic

variables of the household.

The team has spent a great amount

of effort to harmonize information to

compare statistical information

coming from different sectors

horizontally in the sugar related

areas.

Box 7.1. Characteristics of PSU

Since the PSUs affect the quality of all subsequent phases of

the HBS process, it is important to ensure that the units

designated as PSUs are of good quality and adhere to the

following requirements:

(a) Have identifiable boundaries that are stable over time;

(b) Cover the target population completely;

(c) Have a measure of size for sampling purposes;

(d) Have data for stratification purposes;

(e) Are large in number.



7.1.4. Regional Corporations and Communities

The present structure of Local Government Administration is as follows:

Table 7.3. Local Government Administration and Sugar Areas

NATIONAL SUGAR RELATED AREAS

City Corporation City Corporation

1. Port of Spain

2. San Fernando

Borough Corporation Borough Corporation

3. Arima

4. Chaguanas 1. Chaguanas

5. Point Fortin

Regional Corporations Regional Corporation

6. Diego Martin

7. San Juan/Laventille 2. San Juan / Laventille

8. Tunapuna/Piarco 3. Tunapuna / Piarco

9. Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 4. Couva / Tabaquite / Talparo

10. Mayaro/Rio Claro 5. Mayaro/Rio Claro

11. Sangre Grande 6. Sangre Grande

12. Penal/Debe 7. Penal/Debe

13. Siparia 8. Siparia

14. Tobago

15. St. George

16. St. Mary

17. St. Andrew

18. St. Patrick

19. St. David

20. St. Paul

21. St. John

Source: Own source, HBS 2009, Agricultural Survey 2005

The complete list of communities included in the sugar related areas is in Annex

II. Chapter IV provides a clear explanation of the criteria followed to define the

sample.

In the next table, we present a summary of the communities and regional

corporations with more sugar dependant population density and workers

traditionally employed in the sugar industry. This is not the total population of the

SRA, but a representation in the most populated communities.



Region / Community Km2

Surface

Total

Population

Nº of

Private

SRA

Farmers

Aprox.

Direct

Impact

Population

Population

Density

% of Sugar

Farmers

Princes Town 101

Sixth Company 4 3170 40 140 793 1,3%

Corinth 1 1879 76 266 1.879 4,0%

Petit Morne 2 760 83 291 380 10,9%

Usine St. Madeline 2 338 42 147 169 12,4%

Basse Terre 47 3070 62 217 65 2,0%

Broomage 3 1.481 38 133 494 2,6%

Fifth Company 3 1292 81 284 431 6,3%

Lengua

Village/Barrackpore 7

630

37 130 90 5,9%

Lothian 2 1062 72 252 531 6,8%

Sisters Village 20 4328 200 700 216 4,6%

Indian Walk** 10 5361 56 196 536 1,0%

Penal/Debe 109

La Fortune 4 1614 72 252 404 4,5%

Penal 23 13381 131 459 582 1,0%

Penal Rock Road 43 4.188 300 1.050 97 7,2%

Barrackpore 27 7212 137 480 267 1,9%

Golconda 2 1068 161 564 534 15,1%

St. Croix Village 10 873 54 189 87 6,2%

City of San Fernando 1

Tarouba 1 1359 89 312 1.359 6,5%

Borough of Chaguanas 13

Jerningham Junction 6 4648 85 298 775 1,8%

Endeavour Village 4 1355 80 280 339 5,9%

Petersfield 3 164 32 112 55 19,5%

Tunapuna/Piarco 7

Warren Village 7 75 31 109 11 41,3%

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 30

Brickfield 8 521 119 417 65 22,8%

Carlsen Field 16 149 32 112 9 21,5%

Chase Village 3 3859 48 168 1.286 1,2%

Esperanza 1 338 36 126 338 10,7%

Point Lisas (NHA) 1 2582 52 182 2.582 2,0%

St. Andrew's Village 1 2855 106 371 2.855 3,7%

Total 261 69612 2352 8232

Source: HBS 2009, Agricultural Census 2005 and own data.



Source: Caroni (1975) Ltd.

7.1.5. Geography

Trinidad and Tobago is a twin-island nation located at the southern end of the

archipelago that forms the Caribbean islands. Trinidad is located at 10 ½

degrees and Tobago is located at 11 degrees north latitude. Both islands lie

between 60 and 62 degrees west longitude, with the Caribbean Sea to the north-

west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east (the Gulf of Paria lies to the west of

Trinidad). The climate is tropical. Trinidad has an area of 4,828 square kilometers

(1,864 square miles), while Tobago, which lies north-east of Trinidad, has an

area of 300 square kilometers (116 square miles). A thirty-one kilometer wide

channel separates the two islands.

Table 7.4 Allocation of Caroni (1975) Limited Lands – April 2009

Type of Use Amount (Area) Percent of Total

Agriculture: 2-acre plots

-Mega farms

-Non-cane farming

-Agricultural

Squatters

20,319

2,263

11,109

4,222

Not Known

27

3

15

6

Residential 4,053 5

Industrial 4,078 5

Existing Tenants 11,861 16

Unassigned 16,703 24

Total 76,608 100



Map 7.2. Geography of Trinidad

It has a land area of approximately 5128 km2 and population density of 24.1 per

square kilometer.

Geographically, Trinidad is comprised of two major cities, Port of Spain and San

Fernando; three boroughs: Arima, Chaguanas and Point Fortin; and nine

Municipalities. The latter constitute larger spatial units than the cities and

boroughs, comprising of a mix of urban and rural communities and consist of

larger populations than the cities and boroughs.

As portrayed in the map below, the area covers partially the Boroughs of

Chaguanas and partially 7 Regional Corporations as shown in table below.

Scarce agricultural land is disperse and devoted to sugar in the Mayaro-Rio

Claro, Siparia and Sangre Grande Regional Corporations. Most of the fertile

agricultural land, where the majority of the sugar related areas rest, is

concentrated centrally located on a flat gently undulated land called the Caroni

Plan in the central Part of the island and the Naparima Plain in the South.



Map of the Sugar Related Areas



The SRA covers an area of 1046 km2 which is around 20% of the total national surface (5128 km2). The geography of the island offers a variety of mountain ranges, valleys, swamps, lagoons and alluvial plains. The northern, central and southern mountain ranges roll into the land where the sugar related areas lie: the well cultivated Caroni, Naparima and Nariva Plains.

Trinidad and Tobago's total land area covers 513,000 hectares, of which less than one-third was arable, of which less than one-fifth is SRA. Approximately 11,000 hectares, or only 2 percent of total area, were devoted to pasture, the lowest percentage in Latin America or the Caribbean. By contrast, approximately 45 percent of total land was forest or woodland, making timber abundant. Although Trinidad's three corridors of mountains place the greatest restriction on agricultural activity, the plains between the ranges are fertile. Only about 13 percent of the arable land was irrigated, but there were numerous streams and small rivers. Flooding is common during the rainy season.

Table 7.2. Agricultural Land in Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago Km2 %

Total surface 5128 100,0

Agriculture arable land 856 16,7

Forest cover 2307,6 45,0

Pasture surface 102,56 2,0

Sugar Related Areas 1046 20,4%

Source: CSO and own data



Map 7.3. Drainage and irrigation Map

The total area of all holdings is 84,900 hectares with an average holding size of 4.5 hectares. While 33.9% of all holdings fall into the size group ‘2 < 5’ hectares, 22.2% of holdings are less than 0.5 hectares in size.

Nº of Agricultural Holders in Sugar Related Areas

Borough Corporation

1. Chaguanas 501

Regional corporation

2. San Juan / Laventille 649

3. Tunapuna / Piarco 2221

4. Mayaro/Rio Claro 2099

5. Sangre Grande 2460

6. Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 3078

7. Penal/Debe 2227

8. Siparia 1342



7.2 The Socioeconomic Baseline

7.2.1 Demography and population

The population for Trinidad and Tobago at the beginning of the past decade was

1,282,4478. Trinidad’s population concentrates in the north, north-west and in parts

of the south and south-west. The SRA has no major urban centers, but is bordering

the two most significant cities concentrate most of the sugar farmers and workers

population and are home to most of the SRA workers who commute on a daily

basis.

8 Source: Population Census 2000. We have applied a factorial formula to estimate the population of the country and the

communities today.



7.2.2.1 Population Density

Map of Population Density

Source: CSO according to Population Census 2000 and projection formula

Table 7.2.1. Population Density in Sugar Related Areas

Region/Community Km2 surface Population Males % Females % Population/km2?

density Mayaro/Rio Claro 29 2.038 65,0% 35,0% 70

Princes Town 242 86.492 47,9% 52,1% 357

Penal/Debe 166 67.693 48,7% 51,3% 408

Siparia 15 1.614 49,3% 50,7% 108

City of San Fernando 1 1.359 47,6% 52,4% 1359

Borough of Chaguanas 61 60.486 48,5% 51,5% 992

Tunapuna/Piarco 103 18.269 52,7% 47,3% 177

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 430 119.738 50,3% 49,7% 278

Total Sugar Areas 1.046 357.689 49,4% 50,6% 342

Total Trinidad Tobago 5.128 1.282.447 49,1% 50,9% 250

Source: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Planning and Development, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

The Sugar Related Areas population density is high in those communities which

are home to major urban towns such as Corinth near Princes Town, Tarouba near

City of San Fernando and Chase Village, Point Lisas and St Andrews Village in

Couva.



Table 7.2.2. Population by Age Group, Trinidad and Tobago in 2009

0 - 4 5 to 9 10 -14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 75 - 79 80+

Mayaro/Rio Claro

5% 0% 5% 20% 15% 10% 0% 15% 15% 5% 5% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 100%

Princes Town 8% 6% 9% 9% 10% 8% 6% 6% 7% 7% 6% 4% 4% 3% 3% 1% 2% 100%

Penal/Debe 6% 6% 6% 7% 9% 11% 7% 6% 7% 8% 7% 5% 5% 3% 3% 2% 3% 100%

Siparia 5% 5% 5% 7% 11% 10% 7% 5% 5% 9% 11% 3% 8% 1% 3% 3% 2% 100%

City of San Fernando

7% 7% 7% 7% 0% 10% 5% 5% 19% 7% 5% 7% 10% 2% 2% 0% 0% 100%

Borough of Chaguanas

7% 7% 7% 8% 8% 10% 6% 8% 7% 6% 7% 5% 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 100%

Tunapuna/Piarco

7% 6% 9% 10% 10% 8% 5% 11% 9% 8% 5% 3% 4% 3% 1% 0% 0% 100%

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo

7% 7% 7% 8% 9% 9% 7% 8% 7% 8% 7% 4% 5% 3% 2% 2% 1% 100%

Source: Central Statistical Office, HBS 2009,

Mayaro/Rio Claro

Princes Town

Penal/Debe

Siparia

City of San Fernando

Borough of Chaguanas

Tunapuna/Piarco




While, Trinidad and Tobago has seen a global increase in the total population

over the period from 1990 to 2009, the structure of the population pyramid is

changing dramatically. The under-15 age group is decreasing, while the above

60 years of age group is increasing.

The figures indicate the two trends. First, the data illustrates a steady decrease in

the population under the age of 15 from the year 1990 to 2009. Second, the data

shows how the population over 60 years old increases over time.

With respect to the age distribution of the population, the 2009 Census

revealed that about a quarter of the population (25.3 percent) were children

under the age of 15 years. Just under one-fifth (19.8 percent) of the population

were youth (15-24 years old). Another 30.2 percent of the population was

younger persons in the prime of their working lives (25-44 years) as opposed to

17.7 percent of the population who were more mature working age persons 45-

64 years old. Persons of 65 years or older accounted for 7.1 percent of the

population.

Table 7.2.3 Aging Population Statistics

Year Population Group

< 15 years 60 years and over

1990 406,648 105,957

1995 365,026 109,630

2000 319,937 126,477

2003 320,612 212,011

2006 319,433 224,013

2009 318,228 225,112



In terms of the age sex structure by age group of the population, males

outnumbered females in younger five-year age groups but a reversal in this

pattern was evident in the 55-59 age group and among older five-year age

groups.

Conclusion: This confirms the conjecture that the population in the Sugar

Related Areas is aging. Agriculture programs will need to be focused in younger

population.

Series3; 1; 406,648

Series3; 2; 365,026

Series3; 3; 319,937

Series3; 4; 320,612

Series3; 5; 319,433

Series3; 6; 318,228

Series4; 1; 105,957

Series4; 2; 109,63

Series4; 3; 126,477

Series4; 4; 212,011

Series4; 5; 224,013

Series4; 6; 225,112

Series1; 1; 406,648

Series1; 2; 365,026

Series1; 3; 319,937

Series1; 4; 320,612

Series1; 5; 319,433

Series1; 6; 318,228

Series2; 1; 105,957

Series2; 2; 109,63

Series2; 3; 126,477

Series2; 4; 212,011

Series2; 5; 224,013

Series2; 6; 225,112

Less than 15 years old



7.2.2 Household Characteristics Gender and family composition

Overcrowding at the household level is one of the most statistically significant

variables affecting the determination of a poor household than any other.

The larger household size among the poor is closely related to higher numbers of

children, indicating that income-earners in poor families must support more

people.

Nationally, approximately one-quarter of households are headed by females with

the prevalence of female headship somewhat higher in SRA than at the national

level.

Female-headed households have, on average, 3.8 persons in the household

which is slightly lower than the national average of 4.2. The incidence of poverty

among these households is higher. This can be largely accounted for by the

lower labor force

participation rates, high

unemployment, and lower

wages among women.

In addition, women in

female headed

households have child

care responsibilities,

which presents a time

constraint that limits their

availability for income

generating activities.

For the country as a whole, males were the head of 67.5 percent of households.

But this percentage is much lower in the SRA. In the richest communities the

percentage of households headed by males are higher. The highest percentage

of female heads was in the poorest communities in Penal Debe, Chaguanas,

Princes town and City of San Fernando. Women headed households are more

numerous in the SRA than any other areas in the country.

9 Source: Own data based in HBS 2009

Table 7.2.2. Gender Composition of the Household in SRA9

Region/Community Gender Composition (%)

Male Female

Mayaro/Rio Claro 65,0% 35,0%

Princes Town 47,9% 52,1%

Penal/Debe 48,7% 51,3%

Siparia 49,3% 50,7%

City of San Fernando 47,6% 52,4%

Borough of Chaguanas 48,5% 51,5%

Tunapuna/Piarco 52,7% 47,3%

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 50,3% 49,7%

Total 49,4% 50,6%

Source: HBS 2009 SRA sample



Table 7.2.3. Women Headed Households10

Region/Community % women headed

hh

Mayaro/Rio Claro 14,29 Princes Town 15,63 Penal/Debe 13,31 Siparia 16,00 City of San Fernando 27,27 Borough of Chaguanas 17,86 Tunapuna/Piarco 16,28 Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 13,28 Total 14,9%

Table 7.2.2 Marital Status of the household

Administrative Corporation: Single Married Not Stated Single Parent

Marital Status % % % No Total

Mayaro/Rio Claro 55,6% 44,4% 0,0% 8 10

Princes Town 51,4% 47,8% 0,8% 320 364

Penal/Debe 44,3% 55,6% 0,1% 359 391

Siparia 48,0% 52,0% 0,0% 55 60

City of San Fernando 45,7% 54,3% 0,0% 16 16

Borough of Chaguanas 53,2% 46,8% 0,0% 397 441

Tunapuna/Piarco 49,8% 50,2% 0,0% 97 105

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 46,7% 53,2% 0,1% 647 712

Total 48,4% 51,4% 0,2% 1.899 2.099

Source: Own Sources, HBS 2009, Census of Population & Housing Preliminary Report

The larger household size among the poor in SRA is closely related to higher numbers of children, indicating that income-earners in poor families must support more people. Poor households have approximately 6.1 persons compared with 3,1 persons in non-poor households. The larger proportion of poor households in SRA also have a non-nuclear family structure comprised of single parent families (mostly female-headed), or households with non-family members.

10 Source: Own data based on HBS 2009



Source: Own data SRA HBS 2009

7.2.3 Ethnicity While the population in Trinidad and Tobago is ethnically mixed with

approximately 40 percent each of African and East Indian descent, followed by

those of mixed descent (18 percent); the SRA is home to more than 70% of

Indians. The Afro-Trinidadian population live morel likely in urban areas and are

employed in the public sector; while Indo-Trinidadians have been located in the

sugar producing areas of rural southern and central Trinidad and are largely

employed in business and agriculture.

The SRA has a multiethnic, multi-religious population. In the same way, the

Sugar Related Areas has a multiethnic composition, but with a much higher

concentration of Indian populations, which is concentrated in the communities of

Chaguanas, Cuova and Princes Town and Indu religion (44%) .

Table 7.2.3.1. Ethnic Composition of the Sugar Related Area

Region/Community African Indian Caucasian Mixed Total

Mayaro/Rio Claro 0% 75% 0% 25% 100

Princes Town 21% 60% 0% 19% 100

Penal/Debe 10% 80% 0% 10% 100

Siparia 29% 63% 0% 8% 100

City of San Fernando 0% 100% 0% 0% 100

Borough of Chaguanas 25% 62% 0% 13% 100

Tunapuna/Piarco 10% 82% 0% 8% 100

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 17% 71% 0% 12% 100 Source: Own data based on HBS 2009

Series1; Never

married/never had a partner;

1.534; 34%

Series1; Married but now living alone; 356; …

Had a partner but now living

alone 6%

Series1; Married

living with spouse;

1.831; 41%

Series1; Living

common law; 482;

11%

Series1; Not Stated; 8;

0%

Family structure Marital Status 2009



Based upon the 2009 HBS survey

the ethnic composition of the SRA

population of Trinidad and Tobago

has its roots in historical

antecedents that have been critical

in shaping numerous facets of the

region and its cultural dynamics

which in turn, impact upon variations

in the standard of living experienced

by persons belonging to the different

ethnic groups.

Source: Own based in HBS 2008 SRA sample

7.2.4 Religion

Primarily because of historical

antecedents and the ethnic mix of

the population, Trinidad and

Tobago has emerged as a multi-

religious society. Although Roman

Catholicism has persisted as the

most popular religion, it has been

losing ground to other Christian

denominations primarily the

Pentecostals/Evangelicals.

Roman Catholicism accounted for

26 percent of the population at the

time of the 2000 Census while

Pentecostalism accounted for 6.8 percent. Other notable Christian groups that

accounted for substantial numbers in the population include Anglicans (7.8

percent) and Baptists (7.2 percent). Hindus and Muslims continue to account for

22.6 percent and 5.8 percent respectively of the population. In the Sugar Related

Areas the percentage of Hindu denomination is much higher than the rest of the

country, reaching a 44 %.

Series138;

African; 968; 17%

Series138; Indian;

3.854; 70%

Series138;

Caucasian; 4; 0%

Series138; Mixed; 699; 13%

Series138; Other;

1; 0%

Series138; Not

Stated; 1; 0%

African Indian Caucasian

Mixed Other Not Stated

Table 7.2.3.2. Ethnic Background in SRA

Series1; Anglican; 151; 3%

Series1; Baptist; 287; 5%

Hindu 44%

Series1; Muslim; 437; 8%

Series1; Pentecos

tal; 1.059; 19%

Series1; Presbyterian; 207;

4% Series1; Roman

Catholic; 520; 9%

Series1; Adventist; 113; 2%

Series1; Other;

263; 5%

Series1; None; 53; 1%

Series1; Not

Stated; 20; 0%

Table .2.4. Religious Beliefs in SRA



7.3 Health

The Ministry of Health of Trinidad and Tobago has several jurisdictions

covering the whole country. Some of the jurisdictions have responsibility over

the SRA as follows.

Table 7.3. Health Facilities in Sugar Related Areas and Trinidad

The North West Regional Health Authority (NWRHA) is responsible for the most populated area of Trinidad and Tobago, but does not cover the SRA. Nevertheless an important amount of the population working in SRA resides in the NW and is covered by the NWRHA jurisdiction. The NWRHA has seventeen (17) health centres, one (1) outreach centre and three (3) hospitals. These hospitals are Port of Spain General Hospital (teaching hospital); St. Anns Hospital (Psychiatric hospital) and St. James Medical Complex (a specialty service for cancer treatment. The second regional Authority is the Southwest Regional Health Authority (SWRHA) covering more than one third of the land surface of Trinidad, extending from Couva in the North to Icacos in the South West, Moruga in the South East and Tabaquite in the North West. The



population in this region is approximately five hundred thousand (500,000) and some important areas belong to our sample, the SRA, as shown in the map.

The South West Regional health Authority has thirty three (33) health

centers, two (2) hospitals. These hospitals are San Fernando General

Hospital (teaching hospital); Point Fortin Hospital (county hospital); two (2)

District Health Facilities (Couva District Health Facility and Princess Town

District Health Facility) and two extended care units (Couva Extended

Care Unit and Point Fortin Extended Care unit). These Extended Care

Units house psychogeriatric patients

The North Central Regional Health Authority (NCRHA) is responsible for the management and operation of the following Health Facilities:

Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex

Mount Hope Women’s Hospital

Caura Thoracic Hospital

Arima Health Facility

Chaguanas Health Facility

Tacarigua Extended Care Facility

Twelve (12) Health Centres and one (1) Outreach Centre

Two of the hospitals, Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex and Mount Hope Women’s Hospital, are tertiary or teaching health institutions

The Eastern Regional Health Authority (ERHA) provides health care for the catchment population of approximately 120,000 from Matelot in the North to Guayaguayare, Rio Claro & Brothers Road in the South to Valencia in the East. This range covers approximately one-third of the land mass of Trinidad.

The Eastern Regional Health Authority has fifteen (15) health centres, one

(1) hospital, the Sangre Grande District Hospitals. At present this hospital

is being upgraded to accommodate more specialized services and bigger

surgeries. There one (1) District Health Facility (Mayaro District Health

Facility).



Table 7.2.2. Health Facilities in the Sugar Related Areas

Regional Health

Authorities

Hospitals District Health

Facilities

Health Centers

NCRHA 3 2 11

NWRHA 3 0 17

SWRHA 2 2 33

ERHA 1 1 15

TRHA 1 0 16

Source: Ministry of Health

The SRA, following a general trend in Trinidad and Tobago, record high levels of education and health care access, but within these critical sectors the region is grappling with quality issues.

Life expectancy at birth has increased. Much of the gain in life expectancy at birth was, however, we find it in the under-15 age group, with less than a one year gain at age 65. A major reason for the improvement in overall life expectancy over the last 30 years has been the drop in infant mortality Treatment for common diseases is readily available from a network of 101 health centers, 7 hospitals, and approximately 400 private general practitioners. At the point of access, government centers are free, including diagnostic and pharmaceutical supplies.

The SRA follow the same patterns as the national statistics related to socioeconomic conditions and access to child health services. There is low prevalence of satisfactory breast-feeding practices for infants under 1 year old, and areas of malnutrition and poor coverage of routine screening for children between 2 and 5 years old are suspected to be on the rise. Morbidity reports from SRA clinics show no significant change in recent years. First visits to clinics by infants in the first and second years of life amount to about 80% of the target population, but at 2 years of age, coverage is less than 50%. The mean number of visits by infants under 1 year is 4.2, sufficient to produce adequate immunization; 20% of infants are visited at home. On average, each child attends a clinic 1.7 times between the ages of 1 and 4 years. Among adults aged 25 to 44 years old, approximately 31.2% of male deaths were due to external causes. Circulatory diseases caused 14.2% of deaths from defined causes.



Although the elderly (age 65 and older) currently represent only 6% of the population, the proportion is growing. The principal causes of death in this age group are circulatory diseases, and diabetes. Nutritional Diseases and Diseases of Metabolism. Based on the data collected It appears that severe malnutrition is uncommon in Trinidad and Tobago, but that selected SRA areas have high rates of moderate stunting and wasting. The food available to the population is sufficient to meet its basic needs with an excess of energy (30%), protein (60%), and fat (50%). Information is insufficient regarding current consumption patterns.



Chronic diseases in Sugar Related Areas by Regional Corporations

SRA Regional

Corporations

Nº of

Health

center

s in

Region Art

hri

tis

Ast

hm

a

Dia

bet

es

Hyp

ert.

Hea

rt_

Dis

ease

C

ance

r

HIV

AID

S

Kid

ney

Dis

ease

Sic

kle

Cel

l An

emia

Lu

ng

_Dis

ease

Ep

ilep

sy

Oth

er N

euro

log

ical

Dis

ord

ers

Clin

ical

Men

tal

Dis

ease

Oth

er

NS

Ch

ron

ic Il

lnes

s

Mayaro/Rio Claro 0 0% 0% 50% 25

%

25

%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Princes Town 6 18% 18% 19% 19

%

6% 1% 0% 1% 0% 2% 2% 1% 0% 9% 4%

Penal/Debe 5 16% 12% 23% 26

%

11

%

1% 0% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0% 1% 4% 3%

Siparia 1 9% 9% 28% 35

%

5% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 11% 0%

City of San Fernando 0 0% 7% 36% 36

%

7% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 14% 0%

Borough of

Chaguanas

2 16% 11% 26% 26

%

11

%

1% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% 8% 1%

Tunapuna/Piarco 1 13% 12% 27% 26

%

4% 0% 0% 2% 2% 1% 4% 0% 2% 5% 1%

Couva/Tabaquite/Tal

paro

9 16% 17% 25% 24

%

8% 1% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% 1% 3% 1%

Total 24 Source: Own data based in HBS 2009 SRA sample

Socio-Economic Baseline of the Sugar Related Areas in Trinidad and Tobago


7.4 Education

As education has a strong correlation with earnings and intergenerational mobility,

this explains lower income levels among the poor. The SRA is regionally well

provided with basic education facilities.

Table 7.4. Education Facilities in the SRA

Source: Own source based in Ministry of Education



Educational attainment in the SRA, on the whole is very close to national levels.

Some families may find it more cost-effective for their children to work (at either

informal or formal sector activities) rather than attend school.

Table 7.4.2. Education Levels Attained in SRA

Education

None

Pre-

school

Primary

Second

Univer

sity

Other

Not

Appl

.

Mayaro/Rio Claro 0 0% 0 0% 9 45% 9 45% 0 0% 1 5% 1 5%

Princes Town 24 3% 51 5% 358 37% 410 43% 25 3% 41 4% 48 5%

Penal/Debe 50 4% 32 3% 409 37% 489 44% 41 4% 41 4% 52 5%

Siparia 0 0% 4 3% 57 39% 66 45% 12 8% 3 2% 4 3%

City of San

Fernando

1 2% 1 2% 12 29% 24 57% 1 2% 0 0% 3 7%

Borough of

Chaguanas

21 2% 27 3% 380 37% 445 43% 53 5% 65 6% 42 4%

Tunapuna/Piarco 11 4% 15 5% 90 33% 120 44% 13 5% 8 3% 14 5%

Couva/Tabaquite/Tal

paro

46 2% 47 2% 699 36% 850 44% 116 6% 97 5% 82 4%

Source: CSO

Following the same patterns as national level education, the educational attainment

differed enormously by income in the SRA. Higher levels of education payoff are

correlated with income in most regional corporations.

The education sector in the SRA may be reformed to cope with the skills required for

the fast-paced and increasingly technologically-based economy and the skills

required for increasing its competitiveness in the agricultural sector.

Some communities in the SRA, such as Tunapuna/Piarco, Prince town and

Penal/Debe show a lower performance, but similar to other rural areas statistics and

in any case not attributable to sugar industry reform. In the same way, the urban

areas in the SRA, such as San Fernando show higher levels of education

achievement. .

Table 7.4.1. Primary and Secondary Schools

Region/Community Nº of primary schools Nº secondary schools Total

Mayaro/Rio Claro 1 0 1

Ecclesville 1 0 1

Princes Town 34 8 42

Penal/Debe 29 9 38

Siparia 2 0 2

City of San Fernando 0 0 0

Borough of Chaguanas 15 9 24

Tunapuna/Piarco 7 2 9

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 44 3 47

Total 132 31 163

Source: HBS 2009



Table 7.4.3. Education level Attainment in SRA

and Income Highest level of educational

attainment

Average Income

None 3.628,26

Pre-school 4.858,60

Primary 4.004,02

Secondary 4.661,46

University 10.053,37

Other 6.931,62

Not Stated 2.916,50

Total 5.050,55

Source: Own from HBS SRA sample 2009

Graph 7.1. Average income by Education Level

None

Pre-school

Primary

Secondary

University

Other

Not Stated

Total



7.5 Economic Performance

The small differences between SRA and national, between urban and rural areas in Trinidad and Tobago can be attributed to (i) the fact that income differentials are not that great: rural areas in Trinidad and Tobago are not highly agricultural and thus follow a similar employment pattern to urban areas, and (ii) due to the classification system used within administrative areas by the Central Statistical Office. On the whole, the incidence of poverty is slightly higher in urban areas though the poor are roughly distributed evenly between the urban and rural sector.

Table 7.5.1. Average Income by Regional Corporation in SRA

Regional Corporation Average Income in TT $

Mayaro/Rio Claro 5.605,54

Princes Town 5.067,48

Penal/Debe 5.093,40

Siparia 5.780,14

City of San Fernando 4.231,13

Borough of Chaguanas 4.570,96

Tunapuna/Piarco 4.973,12

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 5.193,29

Source: Own Source based in HBS 2009 in SRA sample

Lower female participation rates in SRA can be attributed to household responsibilities, low levels of education, difficulties in finding employment in an economy that is not expanding, and socio-cultural factors. Many Indo-Trinidadian women, particularly in rural areas, have maintained traditional roles and do not work outside the home.

Table 7.5.2. Average income by gender in SRA

Gender Average Income in TT $

Male 5.666,47

Female 3.994,34



Despite significant movement between urban and rural areas in the SRA over the past years due to the Sugar Reforms, the urban/rural ratio in the country has not changed substantially. In SRA areas the poor are, on the whole, slightly less likely to be unemployed than individuals in urban areas. Labor force participation rates for women are, however, substantially lower, somewhat accounting for the average lower welfare levels in rural areas, such as Penal Debe and Cuova. The largest proportion of the rural population is employed in low skill occupations,

such as transport, crafts, plant machine operators, farming agriculture and elementary occupations. Access to higher level social services, such as secondary education and tertiary health facilities, are slightly lower in rural areas.

The highest incidence of poverty is found in St. Andrew/St. David county and in the where 35 percent of the population is poor.

Graph 7.5.1 Average Income by Reg. Corporation in SRA

Table 7.7. Average Income by Ethnic Group in SRA

Ethnic Group Average Income in TT $

African 5.227,35

Indian 4.928,40

Mixed 5.519,07

Not Stated 5.000,00

Total 5.050,55

Source: Own data from HBS 2009 in SRA sample



Graph 7.5.2 Average Income by Ethnic Group in SRA



7.5.1. Characteristics of the labor force

The overall labor force participation rate in Trinidad and Tobago is now just above 60 percent, similar to the average for SRA. Though the aggregate rate has been relatively constant, it represents a decline for men and an increase for women.

Table 7.5.1.1 Characteristics of Labor Force in Sugar Related Areas

Clasificación Total Mayaro Rio Claro

Princes Town

Penal Debe

Siparia City of San

Fernando

Borough of

Chaguanas

Tunapuna

Piarco

Couva Tabaquite Talparo

Total Nº Households 1.611 7 277 328 47 12 307 73 560

Population 4.409 18 745 911 125 33 820 212 1.545

Male 2.151 11 352 440 61 16 396 111 764

Female 2.258 7 393 471 64 17 424 101 781

Average Household size

3,4 2,9 3,5 3,4 3,1 3,5 3,4 3,7 3,5

Economically Active Population

2.462 13 402 464 75 16 476 115 901

Male 1.595 11 245 318 46 11 296 86 582

Female 867 2 157 146 29 5 180 29 319

Labor Force Participation (LFP)

55,8% 72,2% 54,0% 50,9% 60,0% 48,5% 58,0% 54,2% 58,3%

LFP Male 74,2% 100,0% 69,6% 72,3% 75,4% 68,8% 74,7% 77,5% 76,2%

LFP Female 38,4% 28,6% 39,9% 31,0% 45,3% 29,4% 42,5% 28,7% 40,8%

Temporarily Unemployed

1.947 5 343 447 50 17 344 97 644

Employed 2.342 13 369 431 72 16 462 112 867

Unemployed 120 0 33 33 3 0 14 3 34

Open Unemployment Rate

4,9% 0,0% 8,2% 7,1% 4,0% 0,0% 2,9% 2,6% 3,8%

Source: Own data based in HBS 2009 in SRA sample

7.5.2 Employment and Labour

While labor force participation rates are only slightly lower for the poor than the non-poor, unemployment rates differ substantially. Among the poor that rate is as high as 36 percent, but the figure is similar to national statistics and does not necessarily relate to a negative impact of sugar reforms exclusively. Based on the information of our sample, the SRA show very similar unemployment figures. Where Prince Town



(8,2%) and Penal Debe (7,1%) show more dramatic figures always underneath the two digit figures. Within the household, the poor have more than twice the number of unemployed members compared to non-poor households. Of those in poor households who are employed, approximately 54% half work in the private formal sector, 14% in central government, 4 % with a public state enterprise 30 percent work in the informal sector, and the remainder in the public sector (see Table 7.9). The employed poor tend to work as craftsmen, or in low paying elementary occupations. When exploring the relationship between the human capital base of households, the employment status of their members, and household demographic composition, poor households are found to have more persons in the highest unemployment age group (19 to 24), more of their 25 to 54 old males not working, more women in this age group out of the labor force, and somewhat lower educational attainment among adults.



Table 7.5.2.1. Economic Activity in SRA in % of population, Year 2009

Region/Community Main Economic Activity % of workers in SRA in 2009

Work or

had a

job

Unable

to find

work

At

school

Retired Disabled Tempor

ary

Illness

House

keepin

g

Other Not

Stated

Total

Mayaro/Rio Claro 72% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 22% 0% 0% 100

% Princes Town 50% 4% 10% 10% 3% 1% 21% 2% 1% 100

% Penal/Debe 47% 4% 7% 8% 3% 0% 28% 2% 0% 100

% Siparia 58% 2% 6% 7% 2% 0% 22% 2% 0% 100

% City of San Fernando 48% 0% 9% 12% 3% 0% 27% 0% 0% 100

% Borough of

Chaguanas

56% 2% 7% 10% 4% 0% 20% 1% 0% 100

% Tunapuna/Piarco 53% 1% 9% 5% 1% 0% 25% 5% 0% 100

% Couva/Tabaquite/Tal

paro

56% 2% 7% 6% 1% 0% 23% 3% 0% 100

% Source: Own data based on HBS 2009 in SRA sample

Table 7.5.2.2 Type of job by Community in SRA in 2009

Type of Worker (%)

Statut.

boards

/

bodies

State

enter

prise

Centra

l

govert

URP CEPEP On job

trainin

g

Private

firm

Learne

r

Own

accou

nt

worker

Empl

oyer

Total

Mayaro/Rio Claro 0,0% 0,0% 7,7% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 38,5% 0,0% 53,8% 0,0% 100,0%

Princes Town 4,6% 3,8% 13,3% 3,3% 2,4% 0,5% 54,5% 0,8% 16,5% 0,3% 100,0%

Penal/Debe 2,8% 6,3% 11,8% 2,1% 0,7% 0,7% 53,6% 0,0% 20,4% 1,6% 100,0%

Siparia 1,4% 11,1

%

23,6% 2,8% 0,0% 0,0% 43,1% 1,4% 15,3% 1,4% 100,0%

City of San

Fernando

6,3% 12,5

%

6,3% 0,0% 6,3% 0,0% 50,0% 0,0% 18,8% 0,0% 100,0%

Borough of

Chaguanas

1,5% 2,4% 18,2% 0,9% 0,4% 0,4% 51,7% 0,4% 16,9% 7,1% 100,0%

Tunapuna/Piarco 2,7% 1,8% 15,2% 2,7% 0,9% 0,9% 52,7% 0,0% 21,4% 1,8% 100,0%

Couva/Tabaquite/

Talparo

2,3% 3,9% 12,2% 2,0% 0,5% 0,6% 57,7% 0,7% 19,3% 0,9% 100,0%

Total 3% 4% 14% 2% 1% 1% 54% 1% 19% 2% 100%

Source: Own data based on HBS 2009 in SRA sample



Table 7.5.2.3. Labor Force Participation by Regional Corporation and by Age group in teh Sugar Related Areas

Classification Populantion on working age Population economically active Rate of Participation

Total % Male % Female % Total % Male % Female % Total Male Female Total Region 4.409 100,0

%

2.151 48,8% 2.258 51,2

%

2.462 100,0% 1.595 64,8

%

867 35,2

%

55,8% 74,2% 38,4% Mayaro/Rio Claro 18 100,0

%

11 61,1% 7 38,9

%

13 100,0% 11 84,6

%

2 15,4

%

72,2% 100,0% 28,6% Princes Town 745 100,0

%

352 47,2% 393 52,8

%

402 100,0% 245 60,9

%

157 39,1

%

54,0% 69,6% 39,9% Penal/Debe 911 100,0

%

440 48,3% 471 51,7

%

464 100,0% 318 68,5

%

146 31,5

%

50,9% 72,3% 31,0% Siparia 125 100,0

%

61 48,8% 64 51,2

%

75 100,0% 46 61,3

%

29 38,7

%

60,0% 75,4% 45,3% City of San

Fernando

33 100,0

%

16 48,5% 17 51,5

%

16 100,0% 11 68,8

%

5 31,3

%

48,5% 68,8% 29,4% Borough of

Chaguanas

820 100,0

%

396 48,3% 424 51,7

%

476 100,0% 296 62,2

%

180 37,8

%

58,0% 74,7% 42,5% Tunapuna/Piarco 212 100,0

%

111 52,4% 101 47,6

%

115 100,0% 86 74,8

%

29 25,2

%

54,2% 77,5% 28,7% Couva/Tabaquite/Tal

paro

1.545 100,0

%

764 49,4% 781 50,6

%

901 100,0% 582 64,6

%

319 35,4

%

58,3% 76,2% 40,8% Education Level 4.409 100,0

%

2.151 48,8% 2.258 51,2

%

2.462 100,0% 1.595 64,8

%

867 35,2

%

55,8% 74,2% 38,4% None 94 100,0

%

35 37,2% 59 62,8

%

17 100,0% 13 76,5

%

4 23,5

%

18,1% 37,1% 6,8% Pre-school 28 100,0

%

9 32,1% 19 67,9

%

7 100,0% 5 71,4

%

2 28,6

%

25,0% 55,6% 10,5% Primary 1.499 100,0

%

725 48,4% 774 51,6

%

641 100,0% 471 73,5

%

170 26,5

%

42,8% 65,0% 22,0% Secondary 2.262 100,0

%

1118 49,4% 1144 50,6

%

1.426 100,0% 911 63,9

%

515 36,1

%

63,0% 81,5% 45,0% University 261 100,0

%

131 50,2% 130 49,8

%

185 100,0% 100 54,1

%

85 45,9

%

70,9% 76,3% 65,4% Other 255 100,0

%

127 49,8% 128 50,2

%

182 100,0% 93 51,1

%

89 48,9

%

71,4% 73,2% 69,5% Not Applicable 3 100,0

%

3 100,0

%

0 0,0% - - - - - - 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% Not Stated 7 100,0

%

3 42,9% 4 57,1

%

4 100,0% 2 50,0

%

2 50,0

%

57,1% 66,7% 50,0% Age Group 4.409 100,0

%

2.151 48,8% 2.258 51,2

%

2.462 100,0% 1.595 64,8

%

867 35,2

%

55,8% 74,2% 38,4% 15 to 19 y/o 448 100,0

%

221 49,3% 227 50,7

%

134 100,0% 90 67,2

%

44 32,8

%

29,9% 40,7% 19,4% 20 a 24 501 100,0

%

257 51,3% 244 48,7

%

359 100,0% 225 62,7

%

134 37,3

%

71,7% 87,5% 54,9% 25 a 29 509 100,0

%

240 47,2% 269 52,8

%

405 100,0% 228 56,3

%

177 43,7

%

79,6% 95,0% 65,8% 30 a 34 359 100,0

%

198 55,2% 161 44,8

%

278 100,0% 192 69,1

%

86 30,9

%

77,4% 97,0% 53,4% 35 a 39 411 100,0

%

199 48,4% 212 51,6

%

296 100,0% 192 64,9

%

104 35,1

%

72,0% 96,5% 49,1% 40 a 44 396 100,0

%

196 49,5% 200 50,5

%

285 100,0% 187 65,6

%

98 34,4

%

72,0% 95,4% 49,0% 45 a 49 417 100,0

%

203 48,7% 214 51,3

%

280 100,0% 187 66,8

%

93 33,2

%

67,1% 92,1% 43,5% 50 a 54 376 100,0

%

179 47,6% 197 52,4

%

235 100,0% 161 68,5

%

74 31,5

%

62,5% 89,9% 37,6% 55 a 59 235 100,0

%

120 51,1% 115 48,9

%

117 100,0% 83 70,9

%

34 29,1

%

49,8% 69,2% 29,6% 60 a 64 262 100,0

%

122 46,6% 140 53,4

%

58 100,0% 37 63,8

%

21 36,2

%

22,1% 30,3% 15,0% 65 y/o and older 495 100,0

%

216 43,6% 279 56,4

%

15 100,0% 13 86,7

%

2 13,3

%

3,0% 6,0% 0,7% Source: Own data based on HBS 2009 in SRA sample



Table 7.5.2.4. Type of Employment In Sugar Related Areas

Permanent Temporary Contract Seasonal Occasional

/Odd jobs

Not Stated Total

Mayaro/Rio Claro 4 0 1 0 1 0 6

Princes Town 177 88 31 7 2 2 307

Penal/Debe 200 104 21 1 9 1 336

Siparia 29 25 6 0 0 0 60

City of San Fernando 7 5 0 0 1 0 13

Borough of Chaguanas 251 90 4 2 3 1 351

Tunapuna/Piarco 53 20 8 0 5 0 86

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 441 191 42 3 14 1 692

Total 1.162 523 113 13 35 5 1.851



Series1; Permanent; 1.162; 63%

Series1; Temporary; 523;

28%

Series1; Contract; 113;

6%

Series1; Seasonal; 13; 1%

Series1; Occasional/Odd

jobs; 35; 2%

Series1; Not Stated; 5; 0%

Chart 7.5.1 Quality of Employment in SRA



7.5.3. Social Programs

Efforts are being made to address poverty through various social programs such as:

provision of free education, assistance with school books, a school-feeding program,

recent increases in Old Age Pension (for indigent persons over 65 years of age), the

Chronic Disease Assistance Program (CDAP) providing free medication for specified

conditions, skills training programs, such as Youth Training and Employment

Partnership Program (YTEPP), and Multi-Sector Skills Training Program (MuST).

In addition, there are employment programs such as the Unemployment Relief

Program (URP) and the Community Environmental Protection and Enhancement

Program (CEPEP). There has been some collaboration with other agencies for the

development and implementation of health-related public policies (e.g. Ministry of

Education – School Health Program and Ministry of Local Government.

Table 7.5.3. Social Programs and Disabilities in Sugar Related Areas

Region/Community Disabilities Nº persons receiving

social programs

Persons receiving old age pension

Public Assistance

Smart Cart Gate School meals

Yes No Total Nº % Nº % Nº % Nº % Nº % Nº %

Mayaro/Rio Claro 0 20 20 5 25% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 2 10%

Princes Town 98 856 958 333 35% 82 9% 21 2% 17 2% 11 1% 102 11%

Penal/Debe 67 1047 1.114 339 30% 97 9% 30 3% 22 2% 22 2% 69 6%

Siparia 6 142 148 44 30% 12 8% 2 1% 3 2% 4 3% 8 5%

City of San Fernando 2 40 42 12 29% 1 2% 2 5% 0 0% 0 0% 3 7%

Borough of Chaguanas 68 966 1.034 270 26% 66 6% 17 2% 13 1% 20 2% 35 3%

Tunapuna/Piarco 18 255 273 65 24% 10 4% 3 1% 2 1% 4 1% 9 3%

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 70 1868 1.938 595 31% 114 6% 37 2% 52 3% 52 3% 121 6%

Total 329 5.194 5.527 1.663 30% 382 7% 112 2% 109 2% 113 2% 349 6%




7.5.4 Infrastructure

One of the most important aspects of promoting economic diversification in the SRA will be to improve essential infrastructure services in ports, electricity, transport and water. Despite heavy investments in the oil boom years and during Caroni management, infrastructure services have deteriorated significantly due to lack of maintenance, poor management and absence of new investment in recent years. Most public utilities in SRA have suffered from overstaffing, financially unsustainable tariffs, low investment allocations and the virtual absence of management accountability. In addition, many infrastructure services, such as roads, drainage and flood control, health and education, face the additional issue of weak implementation capacity within the public sector. The low levels of public investment in the past, coupled with large increases in recurrent expenditures will require not only improved project management but more importantly enhanced investments, scrutiny and planning, and a reorientation in the way ministries and implementation agencies conduct business. The available information on access to housing, dwelling, water and sewage

indicates that SRA show a very similar level of public service coverage.

Poor households have a higher occupational density, are less likely to have toilet

facilities connected to the sewage system, more likely to draw water from public

standpipes, and obtain water on a less frequent basis. But, this is so in the same

incidence levels in non SRA.

7.5.5 Type of Dwelling and tenancy

The data indicates that in 2009 approximately 55 % of households lived in separate

detached dwellings. Interestingly, the percentage of the richest households living in

separate accommodation was less than in the poor sections. This explains the fact

that the percentage living in private apartments increases with income and

expenditure levels, and so likewise are those in private town houses.



Table 7.5.5. Type of Dwelling by Regional Corporation in the SRA

Community Type of Dwelling

Separate house

Single level

Separate house - Two storey/level

Apartment Other Total

Mayaro/Rio Claro 14% 86% 0% 0% 7

Princes Town 44% 51% 3% 3% 277

Penal/Debe 51% 35% 9% 5% 328

Siparia 66% 19% 15% 0% 47

City of San Fernando 83% 17% 0% 0% 12

Borough of Chaguanas 58% 27% 14% 1% 307

Tunapuna/Piarco 78% 16% 5% 0% 73

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 58% 23% 7% 11% 560

Total 55% 31% 8% 6% 1.611

Source: Own data based on HBS 2009


Series1; Separate house -

Single level; 892; 55%

Series1; Separate

house - Two storey/level; 499; 31%

Series1; Apartment;

130; 8%

Series1; Other; 90;

6%

Type of Dwelling



Table 7.5.3. Type of Tenancy in SRA

Tenancy Owner

occupied

Rented/leased

unfurnished

Rented/leased

furnished

Rent free Squatted Other Total

Mayaro/Rio Claro 6 0 0 1 0 0 7

Princes Town 209 12 1 43 11 1 277

Penal/Debe 243 21 2 58 1 3 328

Siparia 39 4 0 4 0 0 47

City of San Fernando 7 0 0 2 3 0 12

Borough of Chaguanas 222 43 0 42 0 0 307

Tunapuna/Piarco 54 6 0 12 0 1 73

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 438 31 5 81 3 2 560

Total 1.218 117 8 243 18 7 1.611


Table 7.5.4. Dweling and Occupancy in Sugar Related Areas

Community Total

Rooms in

Dwelling

Nº Rooms

occupied

Nº Rooms rented

/Subletted

% Rooms

occupied

% Rooms

rented

Mayaro/Rio Claro 41 38 0 92,7% 0,0%

Princes Town 1.095 1.027 1 93,8% 0,1%

Penal/Debe 1.472 1.385 4 94,1% 0,3%

Siparia 193 193 0 100,0% 0,0%

City of San Fernando 48 48 0 100,0% 0,0%

Borough of Chaguanas 1.296 1.275 19 98,4% 1,5%

Tunapuna/Piarco 297 283 0 95,3% 0,0%

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 2.427 2.303 32 94,9% 1,3%

Total 6.869 6.552 56 95,4% 0,8%


Series1; Owner occupied;

1.218; 76%

Series1; Rented/leased unfurnished;

117; 7%

Series1; Rented/leased furnished; 8;

1% Series1; Rent

free; 243; 15%

Series1; Squatted; 18;

1% Series1; Other;

7; 0%

Tenancy



7.5.6 Water Supply

Table 7.15 shows that 63 % of households in the sugar related areas had water

piped to dwelling from a public source and another 4.4 % had water piped to dwelling

from a private source.

These, not surprisingly, are very similar figures compared to the national level. The

likelihood of piped water to dwelling increased among wealthy households. Following

normal patterns 31.5 % of those of the poorest households had water piped to

dwelling compared to 90.5 percent of those in the richest households.

In the SRA 23 % had water piped into the yard in which this dwelling was located. As

much as 4 % of the households sampled depend on public standpipes, with 11.5 %

of the poorest household relying on this source.

Table 7.15. Type of Water Supply in the Sugar Related Areas

Water Supply Public piped into dwelling

Public piped into

yard

Private piped into dwelling

Private catchment not piped

Public stand pipe

Truck borne

Other Not Stated

Tot

Mayaro/Rio Claro 14% 43% 43% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 7

Princes Town 64% 14% 2% 4% 6% 3% 5% 0% 277

Penal/Debe 67% 17% 0% 1% 5% 6% 2% 0% 328

Siparia 79% 13% 0% 0% 0% 0% 9% 0% 47

City of San Fernando 92% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 8% 0% 12

Borough of Chaguanas 48% 50% 1% 0% 1% 0% 1% 0% 307

Tunapuna/Piarco 86% 8% 1% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 73


64% 5% 2% 20% 1% 3% 4% 1% 560

Total 63% 52% 4% 23% 8% 8% 9% 1% 1.611





Table 7.16. Type of Toilet Facilities in the SRA Facility

Toilet Facility WC

linked to

sewer

Septic

tank

Pit/latrine Other None Total

Mayaro/Rio Claro 0 6 1 0 0 7

Princes Town 3 209 65 0 0 277

Penal/Debe 11 269 48 0 0 328

Siparia 3 33 9 0 2 47

City of San Fernando 5 5 2 0 0 12

Borough of Chaguanas 21 260 25 0 1 307

Tunapuna/Piarco 0 62 11 0 0 73

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 57 439 60 3 1 560

Total 100 1.283 221 3 4 1.611


Table 7.17. Type of Lighting facilities in SRA

Community

Lighting facilities

Electricity Lamps Other None Total

Mayaro/Rio Claro 7 0 0 0 7

Princes Town 263 11 1 2 277

Penal/Debe 317 11 0 0 328

Siparia 47 0 0 0 47

City of San Fernando 12 0 0 0 12

Borough of Chaguanas 302 0 2 3 307

Tunapuna/Piarco 71 1 1 0 73

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 546 5 5 4 560

Total 1.565 28 9 9 1.611


Series1; Private piped

into dwelling; 25;

8%

Series1; Private

catchment not piped; 129; 43%

Series1; Public stand

pipe; 46; 15%

Series1; Truck

borne; 47; 16%

Series1; Other; 51;

17%

Series1; Not Stated; 4; 1%

Type of Water Supply in SRA




Series1; Electricity; 1.565; 97%

Series1; Lamps; 28;

2%

Series1; Other; 9;

0%

Series1; None; 9;

1%

Type of Lighting source in SRA



Table 7.18. Type of Communication by Regional Corporation in the SRA

Community Phone

fixed line

Internet dialup Mobile

Phone

Mobile

Phone/household Yes No Not

Stated

Mayaro/Rio Claro 2 0 7 0 7 1

Princes Town 109 16 260 1 900 3

Penal/Debe 171 17 310 1 771 2

Siparia 22 2 45 0 125 3

City of San Fernando 8 0 12 0 32 3

Borough of Chaguanas 181 14 292 1 836 3

Tunapuna/Piarco 41 6 67 0 201 3

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo 297 50 510 0 1.62

8

3

Total 831 105 1.503 3 4.50

0

3



Series1; Phone fixed

line; 831; 12%

Series1; Internet dialup

Yes; 105; 1%

Series1; Internet

dialup No; 1.503; 22%

Series1; Internet dialup Not Stated; 3;

0%

Series1; Mobile Phone; 4.500;

65%

Mobile Phone/housed

hold 0%

Graph 7.18. Type of Communication in SRA



LIST OF ANNEXES

Technical Annex 1 Maps

Technical Annex 2 List of Sugar Related Communities

Technical Annex 3 Outline of Workshops

Technical Annex 4 Stakeholder consultation methodology

Technical Annex 5 List of stakeholders consulted/engaged

Technical Annex 6 Statistical Capacity Indicators Description

Technical Annex 7 Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening

Administrative Annex 1 Study methodology/work plan

Administrative Annex 2 Consultants’ itinerary

Administrative Annex 3 List of documentation consulted

Administrative Annex 4 Curricula vitae of the consultants

Administrative Annex 5 Terms of Reference


Technical Annex 1. Maps

Map of Main Roads in Sugar Related Areas


Map of Schools in SRA


Map of Man Settlements in SRA


Map of Health Facilities in the SRA


Technical Annex 2. List of Communities in the SRA Sample

Borough of Chaguanas Mayaro/Rio Claro

Chaguanas Proper Homeland Gardens Ecclesville

Charlieville Jerningham Junction

Cunupia Lange Park Penal/Debe

Edinburgh Gardens Longdenville Barrackpore Monkey Town

Endeavour Village Munroe Settlement Borde Narve Palmiste

Enterprise Petersfield Debe Proper Penal

Esmeralda St. Thomas Diamond Penal Rock Road

Felicity St. Charles Village Esperance Village Philipine

Friendship Picton

City of San Fernando Golconda San Francique

Tarouba Hermitage Village St. Croix Village

La Fortune St. Johns Village

Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo La Romain Wellington

Balmain Freeport Lengua Village

Baster Hall Gran Couva

Brasso Caparo Village Guaracara Princes Town

Brasso Manuel Junction Hermitage Village Barrackpore Kumar Village

Brasso Tamana Indian Trail Basse Terre Lengua Village

Brasso Venado Las Lomas (Nos. 1 & 2) Ben Lomond Lothian

Brechin Castle Longdenville Borde Narve Malgretoute

Brickfield/Navet Macaulay Broomage New Grant

Brothers Road Madras Settlement Brothers Settlement Palmyra

Bucarro Mamoral No.2 Cedar Hill Palmyra Village/Mt. Pleasant

Butler Village Mc Bean Cleghorn/Mt. Pleasant Petit Morne

Calcutta Settlement No. 2 Mount Pleasant Corinth Piparo

California Nancoo Village Coryal Village Princes Town Proper

Caparo Orange Valley Dyers Village Reform Village

Carapichaima Ouplay Village Eccles Village Sisters Village

Carsen Field Palmiste Fifth Company Sixth Company

Cedar Hill Pepper Village Friendship St. Charles Village

Chandenagore Phoenix Park George Village St. Croix Village

Chase Village Piparo Golconda St. Julien

Chickland Point Lisas Harmony Hall St. Clements

Chin Chin Preysal Hindustan St. Mary's Village

Claxton Bay Ravine Sable Iere Village St. Madeline

Coalmine Spring Village Indian Walk Usine St. Madeline

Couva Central St. Andrews Village Jordan Village

Cunupia St. Mary's Village

Diamond Tabaquite Siparia

Dow Village Todd´s Road La Fortune/Pluck

Eccles Village Todd's Station

Edinburgh Village Tortuga Tunapuna/Piarco

Esperanza Warren Village Bejucal Pasea Extension

Felicity Hall Waterloo Cunupia St. Helena Village

Flanagin Town Welcome Frederick Settlement Warren Village

Kelly Village


List of Sugar Related Communities

Technical Annex 3. Workshop Outline


Technical Annex 4. List of Workshop Attendees

Name Organization Position Phone +(868) Cellular +(868) E-mail

1 Mr. Robert Latiff Central Statistical Office Snr Statistician Agriculture 623 7276 Ext 4201

[email protected]

2 Mr. Roger Jugmohan Central Statistical Office Statistician II 624 5727 760 0193

3 Mr. Sterling Chadee Central Statistical Office Snr Statistician 625 1164

4 Ms Sheryl Ann Haynes Town and Country Planning Acting Director [email protected]

5 Mr. Ian Lewis Town and Country Planning Draughtsman II in GIS Department

[email protected]

6 Ms Kema Gardiner Environmental Policy Analyst [email protected]

7 Ms June Williams Ministry of Planning, Housing and the Environment Director, Socioeconomic Planning

625 0367 [email protected]

8 Dr. Ellis Burris Deputy Permanent Secretary

9 Mr. Narine Charran Ministry of Public Utilities Snr Economist 623 4853 Ext 606

497 1577

10 Mr. Nemchand Ramdial Ministry of Public Utilities Economic Policy Analyst 623 8466 473 6118 [email protected]

11 Ms Mauricia Pegus Ministry of Public Utilities Senior Research Analyst 729 6325 [email protected]

12 Ms Hema Sharma Ministry of Legal Affairs Project Analyst II 623 7741 [email protected]

13 Ms Sandy Salamath Caroni (1975) Ltd System Analyst 781 1474 [email protected]

14 Ms Lynette Morris Caroni (1975) Ltd Team Leader IS 755 4388 [email protected]

15 Ms Yvonne Davidson Ministry of Agriculture Planning Officer III 622 1221 [email protected]

16 Mr. Rajesh Lal Ministry of Agriculture GIS Technician [email protected]

17 Ms Lisa Madray-Valadere Ministry of Education Educational Planning Division 623 4015 [email protected]

18 Ms Aarti Bedassie Ministry of Labour, Small and Micro Enterprise Development

Planning Officer II 623 4045 [email protected]

19 Ms Michele Gonzales Ministry of Labour, Small and Micro Enterprise Development

Planning Officer I 623 4045 [email protected]

20 Mr. Wayne Koylass Ministry of Works and Transport Snr Economist (Ag) 623 4382 [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

















Technical Annex 5. Consultation Methodology

Analyzing the Impact: Direct: Sugar Worker Unions

For each category of worker:

1. How many members did the union represent? Give numbers in the various categories as well as salary ranges.

2. Was there a gap in employment earnings after the reform? What percentage of workers experienced this gap and how long

was the average gap?

3. Who was impacted most by the reform? Give an indication of age, education, job type etc.

4. How sustainable are the new positions/businesses of your former members?

5. How easy was it to access the services they needed for their transition? Include training, finance, job placement etc. What were

the main obstacles for the transition? Profile affected employee groups.

6. Please give your views on the impact of the reform and comment on positive and negative elements of the reform with

suggestions on what could have been or could still be done differently.

Analyzing the Impact: Direct: Farmers’ Associations

1. What was your peak membership between 2000 and 2007? Give year and number of members.

2. What percentage of members were farmers of private lands as opposed to farmers of Caroni’s lands?

3. Were your farmers predominantly from a concentrated area? List the three (3) main communities where your farmers

originated.

4. Names and contact information for your three (3) largest farmers.

5. How much did your membership collectively earn per year from cane farming? Give an indication of revenue and profit.

6. How many tractors, trucks, and harvesters, respectively did your members own?

7. What happened to the equipment after 2007?

8. Did your members continue to farm cane between 2003 and 2007? What else happened between 2003 and 2007?

9. Since 2007, what have your (former) members been doing? % still farming cane, % farming other crops, % in other occupation

(give details), % combination (give details).

10. What services have your former members accessed in order to do business and what has been the ease in accessing these

services? Include access to finance, training, agricultural extension services, agricultural marketing and any other business

development services.

11. Give some details on the categories of former members who were most affected by the reforms. Include description of number,

size of farms, community, education etc.



Analyzing the Impact: Indirect/Induced: Stakeholders

Contractors: Land Preparation, Field Maintenance, Equipment Maintenance, Transport, Aerial Spraying

Suppliers of goods and services including Parts and Equipment, Agro-Chemicals, Consumables

Service providers and other businesses used by private farmers

Neighborhood businesses not operating in the sugar sector

Questions for Farmers’ Associations on Indirect and Induced Impact:

1. What do you estimate your members spent on a yearly basis for the following:

Land Preparation

Field Maintenance

Equipment Maintenance

Transport Services

Parts and Equipment Suppliers

Agro-Chemical Suppliers

Other key Service Providers


2. Were there contractors/service providers who had private cane farmers as a major source of income?

3. Of the contractors/service providers referred to above, how many could be categorized as micro (revenue less than $50,000/year),

SMES (revenue less than $5M TT year), and large (revenues more than $5M TT year)?

4. For these categories of suppliers, how easy was it for them to transfer to other industries? Give examples.

5. Please give your views on the impact of the reform on contractors to the industry and on neighborhood businesses and comment on

positive and negative elements of the reform with suggestions on what could have been or could still be done differently.

Questions for Caroni (1975) Limited on Suppliers of Parts and Equipment:

1. How many suppliers did Caroni (1975) Ltd. deal with? How many could be categorized as micro (revenue less than

$50,000/year), SMES (revenue less than $5M TT year), and large (revenues more than $5M TT year)?

2. Were there suppliers who had Caroni as a major source of income? List some of these businesses together with the

community in which they are located.

3. In the following categories, what was the average value of yearly purchases? Vehicles, spares, office equipment, agro-

chemicals, airborne spraying services?

4. For these categories of suppliers, how easy was it for them to transfer to other industries? Give details.



Analyzing the Impact: Indirect/Induced; Stakeholders - business owners in farming communities

Questions for Chamber of Commerce in SRA:

1. Number of members in 2003 and in 2009.

2. Number which are small businesses.

3. Give a description of the informal sector in the district. How many families depend on this sector and the top three (3)

businesses in this sector?

4. Have businesses within the area absorbed former sugar workers? Explain, giving an indication of numbers and categories of

workers involved.

5. Have former sugar workers and farmers opted to start businesses within the area? Give indications of numbers.

6. How many of your members depended on the sugar industry as a primary source of income? How many directly though sales

to the industry and indirectly through sales to sugar workers?

7. In your opinion, how has the reform of Caroni (1975) Limited affected commerce in the area? Directly in terms of sales to the

sugar sector (give an estimate of difference in revenue) and indirectly in terms of sales to the sugar workers (give an estimate of

difference in revenue).

8. How has the reform of Caroni (1975) Limited affected social life in the area?

9. Were there members who relied on a bulk supply of sugar from the local industry up to 2002? How many could be categorized

as micro (revenue less than $50,000/year), SMES (revenue less than $5M TT year), and large (revenues more than $5M TT

year)?

10. How have the changes impacted them?



Analyzing the Impact: Induced: Stakeholders

Villages (roads, drains, playgrounds, festivals)

Questions for Caroni:

1. Please list, in detail by community, the infrastructure, built and maintained by Caroni (1975) Ltd. from which communities benefited.

These may include, while not being limited to, the following:

Roads (by type)

Bridges

Drains

Playgrounds

What has happened to these projects between 2003 and present?

2. On a yearly basis, what are the typical village activities that Caroni Limited sponsored?

Give details on recurrent activities.

Give examples of other activities.


3. How much money did Caroni (1975) Limited spend per year on these activities? Which activity was the largest? Give details.

4. Did the company patronize the services of community vendors for these activities? Give details on the nature of these relationships

inclusive of expenditure.

5. Please give your views on the impact of the reform and comment on positive and negative elements of the reform with suggestions

on what could have been or could still be done differently.

Analyzing the Impact: End Users: Stakeholders

Sugar: Supermarkets, Households, Processors of Confectionary, Beverages, Condiments and Baked Goods

Molasses: Distilleries, Animal Feed Processors

Bagasse: Poultry Farms, Horticulturists, Grow Box Farmers

Questions for sugar user(s):

1. Number of members affected by closure of the industry.

2. How many could be categorized as micro (revenue less than $50,000/year), SMES (revenue less than $5M TT year), and large

(revenues more than $5M TT year)?

3. Basic company information

In which community is the factory located?

Major products

Number of employees

4. Provide the following data according to the periods 2002, 2003-2006, 2007+

Volume % of input that is sugar

Cost % of input that is sugar

Have differences in the availability of supply, delivery or quality of sugar impacted the business over the years? In what way(s)

specifically?

Is the factory a traditional employer of persons from whose family members were employed in the sugar industry? Percent of

employees?

Has the factory employed former workers from the sugar industry? Give an indication of the numbers.

5. Have the changes in the sugar industry specifically impacted any of the following? If yes, elaborate:

Cost of production

Employment

Benefits to employees such as year-end bonuses, social activities, training and scholarships, healthcare, pensions etc.

Planned growth or new product development

Sponsorship of community activities

Support to neighborhood schools

Other

Questions for Distillery:

1. What products from Caroni (1975) Ltd did you use? Yearly volume? Yearly expenditure?

2. What percent of your raw material input by value came from Caroni 1975 Limited?

3. Were suitable alternatives or alternative sources of these inputs found on a timely basis? Give details on new source(s), relative

cost, ease, quality of raw material and finished product.

4. How has the reform of the company impacted your operations?

Questions for Supermarkets’ Association:

1. What is the volume and value of sugar that was sold on the domestic market in 2003, 2008?


2. Since the reform of the local sugar industry, what has been the impact on the procurement and supply of alternative sources of

sugar for the domestic market?

a. Availability

b. Logistical ease

c. Prices

3. Do you also sell to smaller food processors? Give an indication of number, volume and value. What has been the effect of the

reform on this category of businesses who are unable to import directly?



Questions for Animal Feed Processors:

1. What products from Caroni (1975) Ltd. did you and/or our contractors use? Yearly volume? Yearly expenditure?

2. What percent of your raw material input came from Caroni 1975 Limited?

3. How has the reform of the company affected your feed production operations? Consider cost, ease, quality of raw material and

finished product.

4. Were suitable alternatives or alternative sources of molasses and bagasse as and where used found? Give details.




Technical Annex 6. List of stakeholders

# Name Organization Position Phone Cell E-mail

1 Mr. John Ribeiro ASTT Sugar Representative 665 8532 789 5097

2 Mr. Deosaran Jagroo Caroni CEO 636 4912 681 4845 [email protected]

3 Ms Lynette Morris Caroni Team Leader ISD 679 7080 755 4388 [email protected]

4 Mr. Russell Boland Caroni Team Leader Lands 636 4912 681 4845 [email protected]

5 Mr. Arjoon Singh Caroni Team Leader Property Security and Maintenance


6 Mr. Ansel Castillio Caroni Chief Financial Officer 636 4973

7 Ms Sandy Salamath Caroni System Analyst 781 1474 [email protected]

9 Mr. Sooklal Ramasray Caroni Sugar Representative 679 3512 687 8910 [email protected]

10 Mr. Robert Latiff Central Statistical Office Snr Statistician Agriculture


11 Mr. Roger Jugmohan Central Statistical Office Statistician II 624 5727 760 0193

12 Mr. Sterling Chadee Central Statistical Office Snr Statistician 625 1164

14 Mrs Nalini Bahadoorsingh

Central Statistical Office

16 Mr. James Clement Central Statistical Office Director, Statistics 623 4322

18 Mr. Keith Gray EMBD Chief Executive Officer (Ag)


19 Ms Salisha Bellamy EMBD Divisional Manager 662 4109 [email protected]

20 Ms Kema Gardiner Environmental Policy Analyst

[email protected]

21 Mr. Ioan Lloyd Fernandez Distillers Limited

22 Mr. Matthew Lee Ministry of Agriculture Director of Agricultural Planning


23 Ms Yvonne Davidson Ministry of Agriculture Senior Planning Officer 622 1221 [email protected]

24 Mr. Tyrone D. Leong Ministry of Agriculture Director of Surveys 623 4611 [email protected]

26 Mr. Rajesh Lal Ministry of Agriculture GIS Technician [email protected]

27 Ms Lenor Baptiste Simmons

Ministry of Education (EPU) Director, Education Planning

625 0806

28 Ms Lisa Valadere Ministry of Education (EPU) 623 4015 [email protected]

30 Ms Yvonne Lewis Ministry of Education (DERE)

Dir Education Research and Evaluation

627 6838 18 Abercromby Street

31 Mr. Wesley George Ministry of Health Parliamentary Secretary 627 0010

34 Ms Varuna Smith Ministry of Health Research Department [email protected]

35 Mr. Lawrence Jaisingh Ministry of Health Corner 3rd Floor [email protected]

36 Mr. Sheldon Salino MLSMED Cooperative Development Specialist

623 5888 290 1083 [email protected]

37 Ms Aarti Bedassie MLSMED Planning Officer II 623 4045 [email protected]

38 Ms Michele Gonzales MLSMED Planning Officer I 623 4045 [email protected]

39 Ms Hema Sharma Ministry of Legal Affairs Project Analyst II 623 7741 [email protected]

40 Ms Marlene Johnson MPHE EDF Unit Head 627 9700 [email protected]

17 Dr. Ellis Burris Ministry of Public Utilities

43 Mr. Narine Charran Ministry of Public Utilities Snr Economist 623 4853 497 1577

44 Mr. Nemchand Ramdial

Ministry of Public Utilities Economic Policy Analyst 623 8466 473 6118 [email protected]

45 Ms Mauricia Pegus Ministry of Public Utilities Senior Research Analyst 729 6325 [email protected]

46 Mr. Roger Ganesh Ministry of Works and Transport

Dir Highways 625 1981

47 Mr. Wayne Koylass Ministry of Works and Transport

Snr Economist (Ag) 623 4382 [email protected]

48 Ms Aura Watson MPHE PMO Vision 2020 Implementation Coordinator


49 Ms Joanne Deoraj MPHE PMO Vision 2020 M&E Specialist 622 2020 [email protected]

50 Ms Denisha Smith MPHE PMO Vision 2020 622 2020





























51 Ms June Williams MPHE SPD Director of Socio and Economic Planning

627 9700

52 Mr. Lincoln Ragbirsingh

Penal/Debe Chamber

53 Mr. Robin Phillips Poultry Association

54 Mr. Chandra Bobart SMCL Chief Executive Officer 698 0620 740 7868 [email protected]

55 Mr. Nigel Gopaul Supermarkets Association

56 Mr. Jainarine Bansee UTT Former Caroni Engineer 636 4125 770 4006 [email protected]

57 Ms Sheryl Ann Haynes Town and Country Planning Acting Director [email protected]

58 Mr. Ian Lewis Town and Country Planning Draughtsman II in GIS Department

[email protected]

60 Mr. Farouk Shah TTABA Production and Procurement Manager

645 9204 326 2464

61 Mr. Ramgopaul Roop TTABA Agricultural Consultant 642 1872

62 Mr. Marc Sandy TTMA Membership Officer 1 - Research Economist


63 Mr. Raffique Shah TICFA

64 Mr. Ashmeer Mohammed

TTMA/Couva Pt. Lisas Chamber

65 Mr. Sylvan Roberts UNECLAC Statistician 623 5595 [email protected]








Technical Annex 7. Statistical Capacity Criteria Detailed Description

1. Statistical Practice

National accounts base year National accounts base year is the year used as the base period for constant price calculations in the country's national accounts. It is recommended that the base year of constant price estimates be changed periodically to reflect changes in economic structure and relative prices. Score is 1 if annual chain linking is adopted or the base year is within the last 10 years; otherwise, 0. Balance of payments manual in use The Balance of Payments Manual serves as an international standard for the compilation of balance of payments statistics. The manual has evolved to meet changing economic and financial environment and analytic requirements. The first edition was published in 1948 and successive editions in 1950, 1961, 1977 and 1993. Score is 1 for countries adopting the latest edition (BPM5); otherwise, 0. External debt reporting status The principal sources of external debt statistics are reports submitted to the World Bank through its Debtor Reporting System by reporting countries. Data quality and coverage vary among countries and from year to year. The reporting status shows, for the latest series, whether data were used as reported (actual), data were preliminary and included an element of staff estimation (preliminary), or data are staff estimates (estimate). Score is 1 for actual and preliminary; otherwise, 0. Consumer price index base year Consumer Price Index serves as indicators of inflation and reflects changes in the cost of acquiring a fixed basket of goods and services by the average consumer. Weights are usually derived from consumer expenditure surveys and the CPI base year refers to the year the weights were derived. It is recommended that the base year be changed periodically to reflect changes in expenditure structure. Score is 1 if the base year is within the last 10 years; otherwise, 0. Industrial production index Industrial production index measures changes in industrial production and is widely used for the observation and analysis of the current economic activity. Monthly survey on industrial production of index allows identifying the turning points in economic development at an early stage. Score is 1 if the index is available monthly; otherwise, 0. Import and export prices Import and export price indexes measure changes in the price of goods and services in international trade. They are used to deflate the value of imports and exports. Import price index is also used as an indicator of future domestic inflation. Score is 1 if the index is available monthly; otherwise, 0. Government finance accounting concept Government finance accounting concept describes the accounting basis for reporting central government financial data. For many countries government finance data have been consolidated into one set of accounts capturing all the central government's fiscal activities. Budgetary central government accounts do not necessarily include all central government units, the picture they provide of central government activities is usually incomplete. Score is 1 for consolidated accounts; otherwise, 0.

Enrollment reporting to UNESCO


UNESCO Institute of Statistics compiles data on education based on official responses to surveys and from reports provided by education authorities in each country. As the recommended periodicity of these data is annual, annual reporting form countries is considered a good practice. Score is 1 if the country reported at least 3 times in the last 4 years; otherwise, 0. Vaccine coverage reported to WHO/UNICEF WHO and UNICEF collect and review data available on national immunization coverage. Then estimates on the level of immunization coverage are made by using officially reported data, survey results, scientific literature, and by taking account of potential biases and consultation with local experts. The gap between the international estimates and the government official estimates therefore suggests that the estimation method adopted by the country differs from the internationally recommended practice. Score is 1 if the government official estimate on measles vaccine coverage is consistent with the WHO/UNICEF estimate; otherwise, 0.

IMF’s Special Data Dissemination Standard The Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) was established by the IMF for member countries that have or that might seek access to international capital markets, to guide them in providing their economic and financial data to the public. Although subscription is voluntary, the subscribing member needs to be committed to observing the standard and provide information about its data and data dissemination practices (metadata). The metadata are posted on the IMF's Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board. The SDDS is expected to enhance the availability of timely and comprehensive data and improve the functioning of financial markets. The score is 1 for subscribing countries; otherwise, 0. 2. Data Collection


Periodicity of population census Population censuses collect data on the size, distribution and composition of population and information on a broad range of social and economic characteristics of the population. It also provides sampling frames for household and other surveys. It is recommended that population censuses be conducted at least every 10 years. Score is 1 if the country had a census at least once in the last 10 years; otherwise, 0. Periodicity of agricultural census Agricultural censuses collect information on agricultural activities, such as agricultural land use, employment and production, and provide basic structural data and sampling frames for agricultural surveys. It is recommended that agricultural censuses be conducted at least every 10 years. Score is 1 if the country had a census at least once in the last 10 years; otherwise, 0. Periodicity of health survey Health surveys collect information on various aspects of health of populations, such as health expenditure, access, utilization, and outcomes. They typically include Demographic and Health Surveys, Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, Integrated Surveys, Living Standard Measuring Surveys, Priority Surveys and other health related surveys. It is recommended that health surveys be conducted at least every 3 to 5 years. Scores are 1, 1/2, and 0 if a survey is conducted at a frequency of 3 years or less, 5 years or less, and over 5 years, respectively. Periodicity of poverty survey Poverty surveys collect data on household income, consumption and expenditure, including income in kind. They typically include income, expenditure, and consumption surveys, household budget surveys, Integrated Surveys, Living Standard Measuring Surveys, and other poverty related surveys. It is recommended that poverty surveys be conducted at least every 3 to 5 years. Scores are 1, 1/2, and 0 if a survey is conducted at a frequency of 3 years or less, 5 years or less, and over 5 years, respectively. Completeness of vital registration system Vital registration systems record the occurrence and characteristics of vital events pertaining to the population and serve as a main source of vital statistics. Countries with complete vital statistics registries may have more accurate and timely demographic indicators. Score is 1 if the country is judged to have complete registries of vital (birth and death) statistics by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division; otherwise, 0.


3. Indicator Availability

Income poverty (proportion of population below US$ a day) Proportion of population below US$1 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $1.08 a day at 1993 international prices. The one dollar a day poverty line is compared to consumption or income per person and includes consumption from own production and income in kind. This poverty line has fixed purchasing power across countries. This indicator measures progress toward the reduction of extreme poverty and relates to the first MDG goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. Scores are 1, 2/3, and 1/3 if the periodicity of the indicator is 3 years or less, 5 years or less, and more than 5 years, respectively; otherwise, 0. Child malnutrition (prevalence of underweight children under five) Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age, also known as prevalence of child malnutrition (weight for age), is the percentage of children under-five whose weight for age is less than minus two standard deviations from the median for the international reference population ages 0 to 59 months. The data are based on the World Health Organization’s new child growth standards released in 2006. Child malnutrition is linked to poverty, low levels of education, and poor access to health services. Sufficient and good-quality nutrition is therefore critical for development, health, and survival of current and succeeding generations. This indicator monitors nutritional status and health in populations and relates to the first MDG aiming at reducing poverty and hunger. Scores are 1, 2/3, and 1/3 if the periodicity of the indicator is 3 years or less, 5 years or less, and more than 5 years, respectively; otherwise, 0. Child mortality (under-five mortality rate) Under-five mortality rate is the probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. The probability is expressed as a rate per 1,000. The indicator measures child survival. Survival of a child is closely linked to the provision of primary health-care services; but poverty, malnutrition, a decline in breast-feeding, maternal education, use of improved water, and inadequacy sanitation and health facilities are all associated with high child mortality. The indicator relates to the fourth MDG calling for reducing child mortality. Score is 1 if national or international estimate is available for reference years; otherwise, 0. Child immunization (proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles) The proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles is the proportion of children aged one who received one dose of measles vaccine. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine. Immunization is an essential component for reducing under-five mortality, and it serves as a proxy to measure the coverage and the quality of the child health care system. This indicator is also related to the fourth MDG aiming at reducing child mortality. Score is 1 if the periodicity of the indicator is annual; otherwise, 0. HIV/AIDS (prevalence of HIV, total [% of population ages 15-49]) HIV prevalence at any given age is the difference between the cumulative numbers of people who have become affected with HIV up to this age and the number who died, expressed as a percentage of the total number alive at this age. The basis of measuring infection is the incidence of HIV among people aged 15-49. HIV/AIDS is one of the world’s most important killers and has its greatest impact on poor countries and poor people. This indicator relates to MDG number six to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases. Score is 1 if a national or international estimate is available in the last 3 years; otherwise, 0. Maternal health (births attended by skilled health staff) Births attended by skilled health staff are the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period, to conduct deliveries on their own, and to care for the newborns. High maternal mortality rates in many countries are the result of inadequate reproductive health care for women and


inadequately spaced births. The indicator monitors the ability of the health system to provide good antenatal and postnatal care for women and relates to the fifth MDG aiming at improving maternal health, with a target of reducing by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. Scores are 1, 2/3, and 1/3 if the periodicity of the indicator is 3 years or less, 5 years or less, and more than 5 years, respectively; otherwise, 0. Gender equality in education (gross enrollment rate of girls to boys in primary and secondary education) The indicator is defined as the ratio of the gross enrollment rate of girls to boys in primary and secondary education levels in both public and private schools. Women have an enormous impact on the well-being of their families and societies, but their potential is sometimes not realized because of discriminatory social norms, incentives, and legal institutions. Although their status has improved in recent decades, gender inequalities persist. Education is one of the most important aspects of human development, and eliminating gender disparity at all levels of education would help to increase the status and capabilities of women. This indicator provides a measure of equality of educational opportunity and relates to the third MDG that seeks to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women. Scores are 1, 2/3, and 1/3 if the indicator is observed for 5, 4-3, and 2-1 out of the 5 latest years, respectively; otherwise, 0. Primary completion (primary completion rate) Primary completion rate (PCR) is the number of students successfully completing the last year of (or graduating from) primary school in a given year, divided by the number of children of official graduation age in the population. Because of difficulties with developing data based on this definition, data analysis is generally based on the PCR proxy indicator which is the number of children reaching the last year of primary school (as defined by a country) net of repeaters. The indicator, which monitors education system coverage and student progression, is intended to measure human capital formation and school system quality and efficiency and relates to the second MDG to achieve universal primary education. Scores are 1, 2/3, and 1/3 if the indicator is observed for 5, 4-3, and 2-1 out of the 5 latest years, respectively; otherwise, 0. Access to water (access to an improved water source) Access to an improved water source is currently defined as the percentage of the population that can obtain at least 20 liters per person per day from an “improved” source that is within one kilometer of the user’s dwelling. Improved water sources include household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, and rainwater collection, but do not include water provided through vendors, tanker trucks, unprotected wells, unprotected springs, and bottled water. Unsafe water and lack of basic sanitation is the direct cause of many water-related diseases in developing countries. This indicator monitors access to improved water sources based on the assumption that improved sources are likely to provide safer water and relates to the seventh MDG to ensure environmental sustainability. Scores are 1 and 1/2 if primary estimates are observed for at least 2 and 1 out of the 6 latest years, respectively; otherwise, 0.

GDP growth (GDP per capita growth) GDP per capita is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output, divided by mid-year population. Growth is calculated from constant price GDP data in local currency. Sustained economic growth increases average incomes and is strongly linked to poverty reduction. GDP per capita provides a basic measure of the value of output per person, which is an indirect indicator of per capita income. Growth in GDP and GDP per capita are considered broad measures of economic growth. Scores are 1, 2/3, and 1/3 if the periodicity of the indicator is annual, 1.5 years or less, and more than 1.5 years, respectively; otherwise, 0.


Technical Annex 8. Recommendations for Institutional Strengthening

1. General Conclusions

The primary conclusion is that the Government of Trinidad and Tobago is not aware of the

relevance for policymaking of a national socioeconomic statistical system. After a detailed

analysis of the resources and mechanism available, we understand that there is not enough

emphasis on production of reliable statistics:

1. Economic performance and social well being needs to be monitored to make necessary adjustments

2. Indicators of agriculture production and employment are all crucial to measure the impact of policy reforms.

3. Birth and death rates and both emigration and immigration trends are all key indicators of future population trends in SRA and therefore essential for planning and policy making. For example, in Trinidad and Tobago, there is no official reliable mechanism to collect information and measure national immigration, neither external nor internal. The potential migration of peasants from the rural to the urban areas due to the sugar reforms has not been properly calculated.

4. The populations’ well-being needs to be measured in terms of living standards, health, housing, education, etc.

5. The scarce methodologies used to compile data are far from being suitable to analyze SRA because they do not have a common single methodology and unit of analysis to enable cross sectoral studies

6. Good statistics give early warning of any changes to the natural environment in the agricultural asset of the country, future economic scenarios and prices.

7. Good statistics are prerequisites of membership to the global “information society”. They are fundamental to enable citizens to monitor government spending on public social policies and ensure efficiency and impact of the policies among the poor: good governance and transparency. Good statistics are a cornerstone of democracy.

If the government of Trinidad and Tobago is really committed to a national results-based

agenda and focused on evidence-based policy and decision-making; they should facilitate

and promote an increased demand for good statistical information. Indeed, it is now

internationally agreed that good statistical information is a necessary infrastructure and part

of the enabling environment for national development. It constitutes an essential element in

improving the ability of government to formulate appropriate policies, manage the economic

and social development process, and monitor improvements in the living standards of the

people.

In addition, stakeholders and organizations outside government (civil society organizations,

research institutions, development partners, etc) need and use statistical information for their

own planning and decision-making.


Statistical information is, therefore, an essential ingredient in the management of the SRA in

a modern society and its institutions.


Recommendations

1. Make more efficient use of statistical resources: by creating coordination mechanisms with other government data users (ministry of social Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture, etc) by agreeing on common legal and institutional frameworks, by developing common financing strategies and human resource policies, and by sharing information technology, and communication infrastructures.

2. Improve the productivity of data management: by streamlining management processes, i.e. by creating a data warehouse.

3. Increase the availability of quality data and enable access of data users: by developing a common data dictionary and standards of data quality, and agreeing comprehensive data production and dissemination policies.

4. Raise the public profile for statistics: by developing a coherent NSS-wide advocacy strategy. Statistics today, according to the relevance given to the team by the Government is unfortunately not in the priority agenda: The Government does not see statistics as a priority to achieving the millennium development goal challenges


Recommendations for institutional Strengthening of CSO to improve Socioeconomic Monitoring

1. Stronger national ownership, with higher level political support and championing to coordinate and harmonize socioeconomic statistical monitoring, evaluation and dissemination. Following the government institutional support, interest and commitment to the successful delivery of this report, the team concludes the lack of ownership and limited relevance of the assignment for the government, and a serious misunderstanding or missplanning with the urgent need to provide policy decision makers with reliable data.

2. Demand focused statistics and integration into national development policy processes, taking account of Trinidad and Tobago National Development Strategy 2020. Develop a statistical System which is inclusive and consultative with other socioeconomic data users and collectors.

3. Assessment of all statistical sectors and socioeconomic data user needs and provide a wider vision and strategic plan for national statistics.

4. Set out a comprehensive statistical development programme for all the ministries on socioeconomic issues, which has a set of priorities and a timetable to build capacity to deliver results while responding to user needs.

5. Incorporating plans for implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of all ministries with social responsibilities.

6. Address institutional and organizational constraints and processes which in the current CSO structure are serious and urgent in many levels, including resources, for the sustainable development of statistical systems and outputs.

7. Design a Statistical Coordination Plan to serve as a coherent framework both for international support for statistical development and statistics programs across the Government with other ministerial institutions.

The recommendations can be summarized in the following crosscutting strategic steps

towards defining a common harmonized strategy to build a common socioeconomic statistics

system within CSO.

1. Development of common institutional procedures for coordination, collaboration and cooperation to ensure vibrant and durable partnerships and collaboration within and across sectors and among users to improve sector statistics. Coordination will embrace all sectors and their respective users and producers. Sectors may seek CSO support to enable them to penetrate the management of their institutions and strengthen inter-institutional linkages. Some of the tools that might be used include coordinating committees, meetings and seminars, newsletters, a common website and email discussion groups, such as the recommendations following the workshop celebrated with major government stakeholders by the team. (See Annex IV).


2. Creation of a legal and policy framework that takes into account the requirements of all stakeholders in the system: that sets out functions, rights and obligations of the sectors and the CSO within the NSS.

3. Identify clear areas for improvement in each ministry in terms of indicators and collection procedures. Use the Tool box as a common instrument to guide the learning process.

4. The aim is consistency of existing laws and mandates and the development of data exchange policies between sectors and with the general public.

5. Development of a National Statistics Strategy founded on a wide financing strategy prepared once the other strategies have been drawn up and the plan is complete. Some activities will be financed solely from sectoral sources but others, for example the establishment of a system-wide data warehouse or the development of training courses for common cadres of staff across the system, may be funded centrally.

6. Development of a comprehensive human resource strategy that ensures uniform training, recruitment and promotion procedures for all staff working not only in the CSO, but also in the other government institutions such as Ministry of Social Affairs, Health etc..in the National Statistics System:

7. Undergo Institutional Assessment to provide insights into gaps in human resource capacity and skills in each government institution responsible for socioeconomic policies and data collection and management and for the system as a whole; as well as priorities for career development to sustain statistical production. An human resource strategy may be developed to provide specialized training, common recruitment and career structures for all personnel working across the national system.

8. Rationalized use of physical infrastructure and ICT across the government. It may be possible to share space and buildings. Specialized facilities such as computer laboratories and libraries may be made more widely accessible across the system. An intranet may be set up to facilitate better communication among institutions.

9. Development of a coherent management information system across socioeconomic sectors (improve productivity of data management) to facilitate streamlining of data flow, data sharing and user access across the sectors. This can be undertaken by ensuring that information and communication technologies are compatible and by promoting standard software and hardware, sharing specialized programs and equipment and by developing the intranet, wherever possible.

10. Establishment of a common data warehouse to increase the availability of quality data creating a data warehouse to store all the data collected by the sector. Ultimately, it should be possible to create a common data warehouse across the National Statistical System by linking the sectoral data warehouses, or simply by building one data warehouse for the NSS in the CSO.

11. Development of a common metadata dictionary: with a common set of clearly defined agreed data and indicators, together with information about the way in which the data are collected, with a common set of definitions and specifications about


where they are located, such as the Tool box presented in this report in Chapter VII and Annex III. This will ensure that all sectors use standardized definitions for the same data and indicators, making it possible to relate and analyze data and indicators across several sources and sectors. A compendium of definitions and statistical concepts can also be generated and implemented across all socioeconomic sectors.

12. Agreement about common standards for data quality about relevance, accuracy, timeliness, accessibility, comparability and coherence. A useful strategy would be for the NSS to adopt a common agreement about the standards of data quality to be achieved throughout all the socioeconomic sectors.

13. Creation of a harmonized data production schedule: with corresponding data release calendars for censuses and surveys for each socioeconomic sector integrated into a National Statistical Program. The calendars may be organized so that there is as little overlap as possible between major data production activities such as the HBS and the population Census in order to be able to target resources to support different socioeconomic sector and CSO activities or priority areas in the NSS.

14. Development of a comprehensive dissemination policy for the production of statistical reports synchronizing annual reports for different sectors to inform PRS or MDG monitoring. It can also be useful for a single ministry, such as Ministry of Housing to report information from the HBS or another sector in its annual report; or for example, a national health statistical report may contain statistical information from the ministries of health, education, agriculture, the CSO etc. For this to happen there need to be standard formats, timeline s, methods of analysis, and publication dates. Reports can be made available to key users and partners on a national common website. The CSO has NO dissemination policy and has no understanding of other institutions statistical publications, so no capability of harmonizing or coordinating publications exists.

15. Build a coherent advocacy strategy across the NSS. Given the limited statistical awareness and lack of appreciation of statistics by policy makers and decision makers at different levels and across society in Trinidad and Tobago, a common approach to statistical advocacy is important. Effort is needed to promote uniformity in the use of data to support an argument, the awareness of the variety of interpretations of figures, and a conscientious understanding of widely used concepts such as means and percentages. The media needs to be empowered as well to report and use key statistics to support their reports and this should be encouraged across the National socioeconomic Statistic System.


Administrative Annex 1 Work plan and Methodology

Specific objectives Requested Services Required Outputs Work Program Actions

1. Overview of the restructuring of the sugar sector and its institutional and legislative framework

a. Review objectives, institutional and legislative framework, implementing institutions NAS

b. Review of Actions taken by GoRTT (restructuring of SS) since 2003. Labour conditions of the SRA economic social trends.

c. Review degree of implementation of the strategy.

1. List institutions responsible for implementing NAS and analyze type of involvement and implementation actions

2. List and review account all measures taken by GoRTT in view of the restructuring of the sugar sector since 2003 and provide general comments about the overall process

3. Analysis sources to measure labour conditions of former employers (both under Caroni Ltd 1975 and private cane production)

1.T

ech

nic

al A

ssis

tance

to

CS

O

a) Support the CSO in the elaboration of the socioeconomic data collected in HBS during the first half of 2009 and

b) Assess the statistical validity of facts and indicators

2. Description and analysis of the methodology used by CSO for 2009 BHS:

Analysis the statistical validity of facts and indicators of the BHS

Analyse and report the methodology used 2009 BHS,

Identify the data sources used by HBS and assess their quality, reliability and coverage,

a. Institutional assessment of

the CSO and other gov agencies to carry out analysis of the socioeconomic issues for the implementation of the NAS

1. Institutional Assessment of CSO for socioeconomic analysis:

Procedures

methodology:

survey design techniques,

pilot testing,

field supervision,

survey,

administration,


a. identify areas for potential methodological improvement (ex: survey design techniques, pilot testing, field supervision, survey, administration, coding and data entry, data collection, analysis and report system, etc.)

b. analyse the BHS and, by extension, define the scope of the baseline study

c. Assess information collection techniques about the informal economy in SRAs and propose tools to evaluate the incidence of this factor, if any;

d. Report on the consistency between the indicators in socioeconomic baseline and the Performance Indicators under the EU support NAS

e. Evaluation of CSO capacity to assess and collect socioeconomic data. Assess the capacity of the CSO and other governmental departments to analyze socioeconomic issues

and propose measures to enhance such capacity where needed;

b. illustration of the benefits deriving from the application of an enhanced methodology to the approach used by the CSO in carrying out the baseline survey

c. Design methodology for monitoring of socioeconomic conditions in SRAs.

d. Also outline techniques for the repetition of the surveying exercise on a regular basis;

coding and data entry,

data collection, analysis and report system

2. Review and analysis the basic data sources and statistics available in CSO DATA BASE beyond the HBS to potentially be used in the Socioeconomic baseline

3. Scope of Baseline 4. Analyze potential data collection

techniques ofr informal economy 5. Compare Socioeconomic Baseline and EU

Support NAS 6. Design Monitoring and evaluation

Mechanism


2.S

ocio

eco

nom

ic B

ase

line

c) Elaborate a socioeconomic baseline study for SRAs through scientific advise based on:

a. data collected by the CSO and

b. additional relevant data sources in Government

1.Description of stakeholders’ involvement

a. Identify key stakeholders - reliable and value added on implementation and collection of SOCIOONOMIC data to cross-check of the socioeconomic baseline for SRAs.

b. Analyze stakeholder views / causes & impact of reforms / proposed solutions to problem in implementation of the NSA to baseline.

c. Analyze relevant actors stakeholders. d. Formulation of the socioeconomic

baseline conditions in SRAs. Draft and appraise a socioeconomic baseline study, including labour related aspects, for SRAs,

e. Based on socioeconomic areas covered by HBS, consider and propose additional indicators:

f. Ddefine and validate key socioeconomic and labour aspects that should be addressed in the socioeconomic baseline

a. a baseline study on current

socioeconomic conditions in SRAs based on the data provided by the CSO, including labour related aspects

b. a global appraisal of the outcome of the socioeconomic baseline

1. Identify key stakeholders and their status 2. Propose Socioeconomic Baseline contents:

basic Indicators and information 3. Identify Key beneficiaries NSA and

stakeholders

4. Analyze stakeholder views Interview survey questionnaire CARONI regarding level of satisfaction

5. Analyze possibility of survey among Caroni ex employees

6. Formulation of the socioeconomic baseline conditions in SRAs (including labour aspects).

7. Draft and appraise a socioeconomic baseline study, including labour related aspects, for SRAs,

3.-

Recom

me

nda

tion

s

a. Outline potential

scenarios for socioeconomic conditions in SRAs;

b. Formulate concrete policy recommendations for future actions

c. Formulate

recommendations for the improvement of existing data collection.

a. Present scenario of potential socioeconomic trends in the SRAs in the short and medium term if no further implementation of the NAS is assumed.

b. Analyze the prospect to extend or refine the scope of the baseline, and discuss potential constraints (data availability, time series etc.);

a. Recommendations for EU support implementation (including performance indicators, use of technical assistance and other aid delivery methods) and for NAS enhancement by the GORTT

1. Present scenario of potential socioeconomic trends in the SRAs in the short and medium term if no further implementation of the NAS is assumed.


Administrative Annex 2 Consultants’ itinerary

Month August September October November December

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

ACTIVITY / Task

I. Overview of the restructuring of the sugar sector and its institutional and

legislative framework

I.1

Review objectives, institutional and legislative framework,

implementing institutions NAS

Output - List institutions responsible for implementing NAS and

analyze implementation actions

I.2 Review of Actions taken by GoRTT since 2003. Labour conditions

of the SRA economic social trends.

I.3 Review degree of implementation of the strategy

I.4 Analysis sources to measure labour conditions of former

employers

II. Description and analysis of the methodology used by CSO for 2009 BHS

II.1 Assess the usefulness of data collected through HBS survey for

socioeconomic baseline needs and scope in SRA

II.2

Analyse and report the methodology used 2009 BHS

Identify areas for potential methodological improvement (ex:

survey design techniques, pilot testing, field supervision, survey,

administration, coding and data entry, data collection, analysis

and report system, etc.)

II.3

Analysis the statistical validity of facts and indicators of the BHS

Identify the data sources used by HBS and assess their quality,

reliability and coverage,

II.4 analysis extend or refine the scope of the baseline

II.5 Assess data collection mechanism of other institutions


Month August September October November December

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

ACTIVITY / Task

II.6

Assess information collection techniques about the informal

economy in SRAs and propose tools to evaluate the incidence of

this factor, if any;

II.7

Report on the consistency between the indicators in

socioeconomic baseline and the Performance Indicators under the

EU support NAS

II.8 Institutional Assessment of CSO for socioeconomic Assessment.

Socioeconomic Baseline

III.1 Identify key stakeholders - implementation and collection of data

socioeconomic baseline SRAs.

III.2 Analyze stakeholder views / causes & impact of reforms /

proposed solutions to problem in implementation of the NSA

III.3 Analyze relevant actors (potential) stakeholders: key groups,

institutions, NGOs, groups potentially affected by NAS.

III.4 Formulation of the socioeconomic baseline conditions in SRAs.

Draft and appraise a socioeconomic baseline study

III.5

Identify socioeconomic areas covered by HBS, consider and

propose additional indicators: grant of credit facilities, availability

of health facilities, provision of education, infrastructures

III.6 Identify define and validate key socioeconomic and labour aspects

that should be addressed in the socioeconomic baseline

Recommendations

outline potential scenarios for socioeconomic conditions in SRAs;

formulate concrete policy recommendations for future actions to

alleviate conditions?

Formulate recommendations for the improvement of existing data

collection for both the Central Statistical Office and the European

Commission.


Administrative Annex 3 List of documentation consulted

Caroni (1975) Limited Diagnostic Review. Report, Port-of-Spain: Price Waterhouse. 1992.

Central Statistical Office. 2000 Population and Housing Census. Reports, Port-of-Spain: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Planning and Development, 2002 - 2006.

Central Statistical Office. Population and Vital Statistics Reports 2003-2006. Report, Port-of-Spain: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Planning and Development.

Central Statistical Office. Questionnaires used in the 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey.

Central Statistical Office. Population and Vital Statistics Reports 2003-2006. Report, Port-of-Spain: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Planning and Development.

Development of Production Farms on Caroni (1975) Limited 2 acre sites. Presentation. TTABA, January 9, 2009.

European Commission. Sector Approaches in Agriculture and Rural Development. Tools and Methos Series: Reference Document No. 5. October 2008.

GORTT. Vision 2020 Operational Plan 2007-2010: 2008-2009 Progress Report. Report, Port-of-Spain: Ministry of Planning, Housing and the Environment: Programme Management Office, 2009.

Kairi Consultants. Poverty Audit and Inventory for Trinidad and Tobago. Report. Poverty Reduction Programme, Ministry of Social Development 2006.

Minutes of Meetings of the Ministerial Team Committee responsible for the Restructuring of Caroni (1975) Ltd. Port-of-Spain: Office of the Prime Minister, 2004 - 2009.

National Adaptation Strategy (Sugar) for Trinidad and Tobago. Draft Final Report. Agrisystems Consortium. February 2007.

NIRAS Consulting Engineers and Planners. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the Implementation of the National Sugar Adaptation Strategy for Trinidad and Tobago. European Commission 2009.

Ramdeen, Ria. Prime Minister’s award for Innovation and Invention. Report, Brechin Castle: Caroni (1975) Limited, 2000.

Report of the Inter-Agency Land Use Planning Team. Report. Port-of-Spain: Divestment Secretariat: Ministry of Finance, April 30, 2004.

The World Bank. A User’s Guide to Poverty and Social Impact Analysis. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 2003.

Trinidad and Tobago – European Community Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Programme 2008-2013.

Miscellaneous

The Commercial Farm Programme Paper

Trinidad and Tobago Public Sector Reform Initiation Programme. Terms of Reference – Strengthening of the Central Statistical Office.

Maps Caroni Estates. Caroni (1975) Limited.

Procedure for Regularization of Former Caroni Agricultural Tenancies.

CD Results of 2008/09 Household Budget Survey (HBS)

Central Statistical Office. Methodology for the 2008/2009 Household Budget Survey. (Electronic Copy)


Administrative Annex 4 Curricula vitae of the consultants

1. Family name: FERNANDEZ TRILLO-FIGUEROA 2. First names: MIGUEL ANGEL 3. Date of birth: 19 January 1968 4. Nationality: SPAIN 5. Education:

6. Language skills: Indicate competence on a scale of 1 to 5 (1-excellent; 5-basic)

7. Membership of professional bodies: Pan American Health Organization Bulletin, Editor; member of International Society for Ecologic Economics ISEE.

8. Other skills: Statistics and Data Analysis (SPSS, SAS), poverty assessment programs (POVCAL, PovcalNet, PovSTAT, Poverty Toolkit), Computer skills (MS Office applications, MS Project). Excellent presentation and oral skills, fair sense of judgment, fine organizational skills and ability to handle multiple tasks effectively.

9. Key Capabilities and Skills

An Agricultural Economist with 18 years of professional experience designing, implementing and evaluating policy reforms and poverty reduction program in the rural and agricultural sectors in developing countries for major donors: EC, IADB, WB, CIDA, UNDP, SIDA, USAID and DFID.

Extensive Project Management Knowledge of EC EDF procedures, General and Sector Budget Support Programs and aid packages, financing modalities (Integration Package for accession IPA, PAPS, Sector Wide Approach) through recent EC experience leading evaluation teams assessing and designing Rural Development and Agricultural Reform Programs.

Extensive expertise as EC Team Leader in the area of sugar and agriculture development programs in Latin America and the Caribbean and direct hands on experience with the design/conception of agriculture implementing business financing /micro and small business lending programmes and trade export support-oriented technical assistance (Sugar related areas and banana diversification) programmes in St Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Egypt, Guatemala, Guyana, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, etc.

10. Country experience

Experience Date from - Date to

Saint Lucia, Trinidad y Tobago 2009 and 2010

Guyana 2007, 2008, 2009

Dominican Republic, Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panamá, Nicaragua, Guatemala, 1998 to d 2008

Lebanon, Palestine, Morocco, Egypt 2006 , 2007

Lesotho, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Uganda, Eritrea, Somalia 1996 to 2009

Macedonia, Slovakia, , Romania, Albania, Czech Republic, Latvia, Poland, Malta and Cyprus From 1993 to 2008

Bolivia, Venezuela, Ecuador 2002 to 2008

Institution [ Date from - Date to ]

Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained:

Institute for Agricultural Economics. Göttingen University, Germany. From 2001 to 2008

Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics

Graduate School of Public Policy. George Washington University, USA from 1995 to 1997

Master of Arts in Public Policy

Complutense Univ. Madrid, Spain From 1985 to 1993. Bachelor of Arts - Economics

AIDCO European Union Brussels. Nov 2003

AIDCO. Help Desk PCM, SWAP y AP design and Management

of Sectoral Budget Support CE Programs

Language Reading Speaking Writing

English 1 1 1

Spanish 1 1 1

Italian 1 3 3

German 1 2 3


CURRICULUM VITAE – CILLA BENJAMIN

1. Family name: Benjamin

2. First names: Cilla Thadeen

3. Date of birth: 24 September, 1971

4. Nationality: Citizen of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

5. Civil status: Single

6. Education:

Institution Date Degree(s) or Diploma(s) obtained:

University of the West Indies 2008- Present Expected in 2011 Doctorate in Business Administration

University of Trinidad and Tobago

2006-2007 MSc Industrial Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Management Class Rank 1st Place

University of the West Indies 1994-2001 MSc Production Engineering and Management

University of the West Indies 1990-1993 BSc Industrial Engineering

7. Language skills: Indicate competence on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 - excellent; 5 - basic)

Language Reading Speaking Writing

English 1 1 1

8. Membership of professional bodies: Member Institute of Industrial Engineers, Norcross Georgia

9. Other skills: Computing MS Office including MS Project, Visio, SPSS, ERP, CMMS, SImulation

10. Present position: Management Consultant/Lecturer

11. Years within the firm: 3 years

12. Key qualifications:

Managing Technical Assistance Projects: OJT CDE Brussels, Belgium

International Best Practice for Business Development: BDS Springfield Institute UK

13. Experience : 1993-2010

Project Management, Public and Private Sector Technical Assistance, Academics, Operations Management

Project Execution Office for EU Private Sector Development Programme (CBSL). Managed Competitiveness Building component of EU funded programme. Developed projects and performed cost/benefit analysis for projects undertaken in hospitality, food processing, manufacturing, industrial and construction sectors. Designed and executed monitoring and evaluation systems and conducted post project impact assessment. Provided local support for EU and ACP consultants and project managers/auditors.

Delivered technical assistance and training to companies and institutions in the areas of business process reengineering, operational improvement, business planning, and lean management. Lectured and supervised university projects in this area (2006-2010).

Public sector projects in Trinidad and Tobago (2006-2010) Sports and Youth Facilities Review - Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs, Trinidad and Tobago. Surveyed all Sporting and Youth Facilities managed by Central Government and provided report detailing areas for attention with respect to organizational and physical infrastructure. (with associates). Ferry Service Study - Port Authority of Trinidad and Tobago – Ministry of Works and Transport. Conducted a stakeholder study of the implementation of the Inter-Island Fast Ferry Service (with associate). Ministry of Health – currently supervisor of UTT projects at the South Western and North Central Regional Health Authorities respectively. UTT supervisor/examiner for T&T cocoa industry projects.

Managed business development projects in inner city Kingston, Jamaica (2002-2003)

10 years experience in operational efficiency, planning, information systems and quality management in the productive sector (1993-2002)

14. Publications

Benjamin, Cilla, and Denise-Margaret Thompson. "The Impact of Science, Technology and Innovation on the Global Competitiveness of Trinidad and Tobago’s Food Processors." Science and Technology: Vehicles for Sustainable Economic Development in the Caribbean. St. Georges: The Caribbean Academy for Sciences, 2008. 323-328. Benjamin, Cilla. "Can Lean Production Create Competitive Advantage in SMEs? A Framework for a Local Case Study." Science and Technology: Vehicles for Sustainable Development in the Caribbean. St. Georges: The Caribbean Academy of Sciences, 2008. 317-322.


Administrative Annex 5 Terms of Reference

EUROPEAID/119860/C/SV/MULTI

LOT N° 12: Standards

REQUEST N° 2009/209666

Specific terms of reference

for a report on the socioeconomic baseline

in sugar related areas in the framework of

the National Sugar Adaptation Strategy for Trinidad & Tobago

BACKGROUND

The European Commission requires an assessment report on the quality of the data collection system employed by the

Central Statistical Office for monitoring - through statistical indicators - the progress in implementation of one of the strategic

objectives of the National Sugar Adaptation Strategy for Trinidad and Tobago (T&T NAS). More specifically, the reference

objective is Objective n. 3.2: Limited adverse socioeconomic, community and area-based impacts of the planned

transformations in former sugar related areas (SRAs).

The reform of the sugar sector is proving to have significant impact on socio-economic conditions in specific areas of the

country. Therefore, the availability of reliable and comprehensive datasets is essential for both stakeholders and decision

makers in order to design and implement policies aiming at mitigating potential adverse impacts of the reform process as

well as at strengthening possible positive effects of the NSA. In this context, the report will formulate a socio-economic

baseline conditions study in the areas affected by the NAS, will help improving the existing data collection and treatment

system by the relevant government agencies in this field and will formulate appropriate recommendations to achieve this

result. Based on the outputs of the study, the government would be able to adopt additional tools to better monitor the

evolution of livelihood conditions in the SRAs as they undergo social and economic change as a result of divestment of the

sugar sector.

Context

Since 2003, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago (GORTT) started to restructure its sugar sector. On 5 March 2007 its

National Sugar Adaptation Strategy was submitted to the European Commission as a response to the decisions by the EU

Council of Ministers of 24 November 2005 on the changes in the support to the sugar industry and in the framework of the

Regulation 266/2006 on the Accompanying Measures to the changes in the EU trade regime with Sugar Protocol Countries.

The T&T NAS is a sector policy document which is incorporated into a wider national development agenda (Vision 2020) and

is based on the Government’s policy to divest from sugar and to end subsidies to the sugar industry in Trinidad and Tobago

by the end of 2007.


The general objective of the EU’s assistance in the sugar sector is to mitigate the adverse effects for the sugar growing

areas of the EU Council of Ministers decision to phase out the Sugar Protocol starting in 2006, while supporting the GORTT

in the realization of the priorities established in Vision 2020, the country’s National Development Plan to become a

developed nation by the year 2020.

In this framework, the EU strategy supports two of the NAS Strategic Objectives:

Promoting economic diversification of sugar dependent areas

Exit strategies for sugar farmers and sugar-cane workers who choose to leave the industry

Improving the enabling environment for economic diversification

Addressing broader impacts related to social, environmental, community and area-based issues

Maintaining environmental stability

Providing sustainable social and economic support related to the socio-economic effects of transitioning out of the

industry

Since May 2008 the National Strategic Management Group, which is acting under the responsibility of the Prime Minister,

acts as Project Coordination Unit and assumes responsibility for the successful management and implementation of the

NAS. It also submits regular reports to the EU Delegation on the progress of the implementation of annual Financing

agreements. A part of its activities is based on the data provided by the Central Statistical Office, which is a Division of the

Ministry of Planning and Development. Data for poverty were made available in 2006 and also cover sugar related areas.

More recently, the Central Statistical Office has started a more comprehensive survey focusing on socioeconomic data and

budgetary conditions of households in Trinidad and Tobago. The survey is expected to be completed by mid June 2009 and

its outcomes will be the focus of the experts’ work.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ASSIGNMENT

2.1 Global objective

The overall objective of the assignment is to contribute to the improvement in the quality of data collection, elaboration and

dissemination by relevant government agencies in key sectors of the NSA in order to better shape sectoral policies that

would contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of those groups affected by the sugar sector reform process in

SRAs.

2.2 Specific objective(s)

Specific objectives will be:

to identify possible knowledge gaps in the existing datasets; to suggest appropriate methodology to fill such gaps and to

develop more comprehensive data collection and treatment techniques; to assess the overall data collection process;

to support the Central Statistical Office in the elaboration of the socioeconomic data collected in the frame of the budgetary

and household surveying exercise carried out during the first half of 2009 and to assess the statistical validity of facts and

indicators;

to elaborate a socioeconomic baseline study for SRAs through scientific advise based on the data collected by the CSO and

on additional relevant data sources;

to outline future scenarios for existing socioeconomic conditions in SRAs; to formulate concrete policy recommendations for

future actions in this field; to put forward recommendations for the improvement of existing data collection and elaboration

practice which would be of use for both the Central Statistical Office and the European Commission.

2.3 Requested services, including suggested methodology

The European Commission requests an integrated service which is composed of two parts: 1.) a monitoring and support

mission to the Central Statistical Office during the elaboration of data collected in the framework of the budgetary and


household survey 2009; 2.) a report that fully meets the objectives above and that thoroughly addresses the issues outlined

below.

Part 1. Report on the socioeconomic and labour baseline conditions in SRAs

Overview of the restructuring of the sugar sector and its institutional and legislative framework

A general description must be made of the NAS's objectives, institutional and legislative framework, including the institutions

responsible for the implementation of the NAS, with regard to the socioeconomic aspects of such process. The description

must also take into account all measures taken by GoRTT in view of the restructuring of the sugar sector since its decision to

divest in 2003. Labour conditions should be considered as well, as the progressive shift of the labour force formerly

employed in the sugar sector (both under Caroni Ltd 1975 and private cane production) to other economic sectors and the

deriving social and economic trends currently represent a key issue for the assessment of the T&T NAS. The specific policy

decisions and areas that should be influenced by the output of the requested report must be identified and ways to maximise

the impact of the recommendations suggested. This overview has to take into account the recent state of play of the

implementation of the strategy.

Description of stakeholders’ involvement

The involvement of stakeholders in the NAS process is a key success factor. The experts should identify key stakeholders

which could provide reliable and value added data that could be used for the elaboration and the cross-check of the

socioeconomic baseline for SRAs in Trinidad and Tobago. Also, different stakeholders could have different views of the

causes of specific situations and could identify different solutions to the problems arising from the implementation of the

NSA. Such positions should be taken into account when compiling and reviewing the baseline. Relevant actors should also

be eligible for consultation when a draft version of the baseline is made available. Potential stakeholders could be: key

groups and institutions, environmental agencies, NGOs, representatives of the public, groups potentially affected by the likely

socioeconomic impacts of implementing the NAS. An indicative list of key stakeholders is attached as Annex I.

Description and analysis of the methodology used by the CSO during the 2009 budgetary and household survey and

formulation of the socioeconomic baseline conditions in SRAs (including labour aspects).

The correct formulation of every public policy is based on the availability and use of complete and reliable data collected

through appropriate methodology. In order to ensure the statistical validity of facts and indicators of the CSO’s surveying

exercise, the experts will:

analyze and report the methodology used by the CSO when conducting the 2009 budgetary and household survey;

identify the data sources used by the CSO and assess their quality, reliability and coverage;

identify what aspects have been studied by the CSO and, if any, consider and propose appropriate additional

indicators to extend the CSO survey’s coverage. Additional aspects to be appraised could include (but not

necessarily be limited to): grant of credit facilities, availability of health facilities, provision of education,

infrastructures and facilities as drinking water, electricity, roads etc. On the basis of the policy, institutional and

legislative framework analysis, as well as the participation of stakeholders, the experts should identify the key

socioeconomic and labour aspects that should be addressed in the socioeconomic baseline (that is, the key NAS–

socioeconomic interactions that need to be given special consideration and emphasis);

identify areas for potential methodological improvement (ex: survey design techniques, pilot testing, field

supervision, survey administration, coding and data entry, data collection, analysis and report system, etc.);


report on the opportunity to extend or refine the scope of the baseline, and discuss potential constraints (data

availability, time series etc.);

assess to what extent information about the informal economy in SRAs have been taken into account and propose

tools to evaluate the incidence of this factor, if any;

report on the consistency between the indicators employed in the elaboration of the socioeconomic baseline and

the Performance Indicators envisaged under the EU support to the NAS for the period 2008-2010 and referring to

Objective 3.2 (Limited adverse socio-economic, community and area-based impacts of the planned

transformations in former sugar related areas) and comment on any divergence and on possible ways to

harmonize the results;

assess the capacity of the CSO and other governmental departments and agencies to carry out appropriate and

complete analysis of the socioeconomic issues at stake in the framework of the implementation of the NAS and

propose measures to enhance such capacity where needed;

on the basis of the analysis above, draft and appraise a socioeconomic baseline study, including labour related

aspects, for SRAs, with a clear distinction between primary and secondary aspects. Trends for the various

components of the socioeconomic analysis should be identified and projections should be made of the current

socioeconomic conditions in SRAs in the short and medium term if no further implementation of the NAS is

assumed.

Conclusions and recommendations

The last chapter of the report will summarize the key methodological issues identified during the elaboration of the baseline

study and will include indications about future scenarios as well as concrete recommendations. Recommendations should

also be made on how to optimize the data collection and treatment system as well as on how to make the best use of such

information when formulating socioeconomic policy measures. The recommendations for NAS enhancement should be

addressed to the European Commission for incorporation in its policy dialogue with the GORTT. They should also identify

areas where technical assistance or other aid modalities (e.g. projects) would be required to address specific weaknesses in

the application of statistical surveys in NAS areas relating to socioeconomic aspects. Recommendations should also include

proposals for the fine tuning of the performance indicators for the EU support programme to the NAS. The report is expected

to contribute to a deeper understanding of the socioeconomic impact of the implementation of the NAS in SRAs and to

enable the GORTT and the European Commission to make use of comprehensive and reliable datasets when formulating

and assessing sectoral policy measures.

Part 2. Monitoring and support

The experts will support the CSO and monitor the analysis of data collected in the framework of the 2009 budgetary and

household survey in view of the production of a socioeconomic baseline for SRAs. This task will be carried out at both the

European Commission’s Delegation and CSO offices and it will aim, amongst others, to collect direct information on the way

data are treated in order to identify methodological gaps and suggest measures for improvement. Consequently, this second

task will be performed alongside the drafting of the final report.

2.4 Required outputs

The assignment should be concluded with a report to be submitted to the Delegation of the European Commission in

Trinidad and Tobago for approval according to the indications provided at point 2.3 and following the guidelines in Annex II.

The report will deliver the following outputs:

a thorough and complete analysis of the data, the sources, the socioeconomic aspects, and the methodology used

by the CSO for the 2009 budgetary and household survey;

an in-depth analysis of the scope of the survey and of the areas where methodological improvements are possible;

an identification of relevant and/or significant data related gaps in the framework of the data collection exercise and

suggestions for appropriate methodology to fill in such missing knowledge;

an assessment of the statistical validity of facts and indicators produced by the CSO’s surveying exercise and a

global appraisal of the outcome of the socioeconomic baseline;


a baseline study on current socioeconomic conditions in SRAs based on the data provided by the CSO, including

labour related aspects, and appropriately checked by the experts;

an assessment of the capacity of the CSO and other governmental departments and agencies to carry out

appropriate and complete analysis of the socioeconomic issues at stake in the framework of the implementation of

the NAS and propose measures to enhance such capacity where needed;

an illustration of the benefits deriving from the application of an enhanced methodology to the approach used by

the CSO in carrying out the baseline survey;

provision of an appropriate, feasible and cost-effective methodology for a regular and timely monitoring of

socioeconomic conditions in SRAs. Owing to the limited resources available, such methodology should also outline

techniques for the repetition of the surveying exercise on an annual basis;

concrete recommendations for EU support implementation (including performance indicators, use of technical

assistance and other aid delivery methods) and for NAS enhancement by the GORTT.

The purpose of the required output is to allow the EU Delegation in Trinidad and Tobago to obtain comprehensive and

reliable facts on the socioeconomic and labour situation in SRAs. Also, the study should provide sound scientific basis for

permitting the relevant government agencies to better plan their actions in sugar sector reform related areas.

On the basis of this draft proposal and the time schedule outlined in the Terms of Reference, the company must provide a

detailed work plan.

EXPERTS PROFILE

The contractor shall specify the qualifications and experience of the specialists who will carry out the assignment. Moreover,

the experts must be sensitive to socioeconomic impacts of the implementation of the NAS in the country in general and

SRAs in particular and take into account that some of the stakeholders are already affected by changes.

3.1 Number of requested experts per category and number of man-days per expert

Two experts (Category II and III) are required for carrying out the assignment. The indicative number of man-days per expert

is reported in the table below.

Indicative Schedule (work days)

Expert I Expert II

Preparation of the assignment (in consultant's head office) 5 5

Technical assistance to CSO 15 30

Report (including field phase and final workshop) 52 20

Finalizing of the report (in consultant's head office) 2 1

Total days 74 56

3.2 Profile required (education, experience, references and category as appropriate)

Economist/Statistic Expert – Category II

Qualifications

Minimum an MSc in social statistics and/or economics or an equivalent field

A recognised certificate for Proficiency in English (written and spoken) for non-native speakers

General Experience

At least 10 years practical experience in social statistics and transitional economics issues, with particular focus on

socioeconomic, institutional and development aspects or other related issues.

Specific Experience

Experience with Global Information System (ex: ArcView)

Knowledge of SPSS and/or Stata systems

Knowledge of and experience with demographic profiles and management of household level survey data


Familiarity with developing country statistical measures

Additional advantages

Familiarity with EU guidance on programming, country strategies, policy mix and integration of social issues into

development and/or economic sectoral transition areas;

An understanding of the EU environment and development policies;

Previous working experience in the region;

An understanding of the agricultural issues.

Socioeconomic Expert – Category III

Qualifications

Minimum an MSc in social science, social statistics or an equivalent field

A recognised certificate for Proficiency in English (written and spoken) for non-native speakers

General Experience

At least 5 years practical experience in social and economic development issues, including experience in analyzing the

impact of sectoral economic restructuring on local social systems

Specific Experience

Experience with Global Information System (ex: ArcView)

Knowledge of SPSS and/or Stata systems

Knowledge of and experience with demographic profiles and management of household level survey data

Familiarity with developing country statistical measures

Additional advantages

Familiarity with EU guidance on programming, country strategies, policy mix and integration of environmental issues into

other policy areas;

An understanding of the EU environment and development policies;

Previous working experience in the region;

An understanding of the EU Sugar Market Regime and of its socioeconomic impact on affected ACP countries.

3.3 Working language

The working language shall be English.

LOCATION AND DURATION

4.1 Starting period

The assignment shall commence on 10 August 2009.

4.2 Foreseen finishing period or duration

The assignment is expected to end on 9 December 2009.


4.3 Planning

The planning of the assignment is as follows:

Date* Planned Assignment Remarks

10 August 2009 Commencement of the assignment Consultants' headquarters

14 August 2009 Submission of the work plan, including

stakeholders’ consultation

The EU Delegation and the representatives of

the GoRTT will provide their feedback on the

plan prior to the commencement of the study

On the field mission

17 August 2009 Introduction meeting With the EU Delegation and the representatives

of the GoRTT and agencies

Commencement of Draft report

18 August 2009 Regular meetings at the Central

Statistical Office to analyse work

procedures and data collection

Parallel meetings and workshops with

other stakeholders

Individual mission. Possible support by EU

Delegation staff

17 November 2009 Submission of Draft Report

Presentation of the draft report at a

stakeholder workshop

A meeting will be held with the EU Delegation

and the representatives of the GoRTT and

relevant agencies wherein the consultant will

present his/her findings/recommendations

beforehand for validation.

The workshop will be organised by the

consultants in collaboration with the CSO and

the NSMG

4 December 2009 Submission of comments on the draft

Report by the EU Delegation

Comments submitted will include the

comments made by the representatives of the

GoRTT and other key stakeholders

7 December 2009 Integration of comments into the Draft

Report

9 December 2009 Submission of Final Report

Presentation at a final meeting / press

conference

End of assignment

* Dates are indicative

4.4 Location of assignment

The assignment shall be carried out in Trinidad and Tobago.

REPORTING

5.1 Content

Instructions on the content of the report are contained in points 2.3 and 2.4. Changes to the proposed structure and study

areas could only be made after consultation with and approval by the EU Delegation in Trinidad and Tobago.

5.2 Language

The final report shall be drafted in English.

5.3 Submission/comments timing


The detailed stakeholder engagement plan to be presented 2 weeks after kick-off shall be submitted to the European

Commission for comments. Any comment should be treated confidentially. The table reported in point 4.3 above provides a

detailed timing of both report and comments submission.

5.4 Number of report(s) copies

The draft and final reports shall be submitted to the European Commission in 5 hard copies and one CD-Rom.

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION

6.1 Other authorized items to foresee under ‘Reimbursable’

a return plane ticket place of residence – Port of Spain – place of residence for both experts. The lead expert will

also be reimbursed a return ticket for a mission to Trinidad for the presentation of the results of the study in the

framework of a workshop or press conference

inter city travel outside Port of Spain (please note that expenses for car hire and fuel, or other transport, are only

eligible for mission days outside Port of Spain)

expenses required for organizing the workshop

All the above items are expenses reimbursable on submission of relevant supporting documents.

The consultancy must provide all other support, communication, intra-city transport and backstopping for the experts. Please

note that intra-city transports are covered by the per diem allowance.

Annex I - List of key Stakeholders

Ministries:

Finance

Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources (MALMR)

Public utilities

Trade and Industry

Planning Housing and Environment

Social Development

Government bodies / Parastatal organizations and programmes:

Central Statistical Office (CSO)

Divestment Secretariat

Environmental Commission of Trinidad & Tobago

Environmental Management Authority (EMA)

Farmers Training Centre

Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA)

Sugar Cane Feeds Centre

University of the West Indies (Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences).

Private Sector

All Trinidad Island-wide Cane farmers and general Work Trade Union

Cane Farmers’ Co-operative

Cane Producers Association of Trinidad and Tobago

NAMDEVCO

Trinidad Island-wide Cane farmers Association of T&T

T&T Agribusiness Association

South Trinidad Chamber of Industry and Commerce

Port of Spain Chamber of Industry and Commerce

Annex II – Standard format for reports


Final Report

Maximum length of the report (without appendices): 100 pages.

The following text appears on the inside front cover of the report:

This report is financed by the European Commission and is presented by the [name of consultant] for the Government of the

Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the European Commission. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the

Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago or the European Commission.

1. Executive summary

2. Scope

3. Background

3.1 Sector Programme justification and purpose

3.2 The CSO 2009 budgetary and household survey

3.3 The case for action

4. Approach and methodology

4.1 General approach

4.2 Statistical mapping units and techniques

4.3 Assumptions, uncertainties and constraints

5. Description of the implementation of the T&T NAS

6. Overview of the policy, institutional and legislative framework with a focus on the socioeconomic aspects

7. Description of key stakeholders and of their role and contribution

8. Methodological approach of the budgetary and household survey 2009

8.1 Analysis of the methodology used by the CSO for the survey

8.2 Analysis of the data sources used by the CSO for the survey

8.3 Analysis of the key socioeconomic aspects addressed in the survey

8.4 Identification of additional socioeconomic aspects to be studied

8.5 Description and assessment of the scope of the socioeconomic survey

8.6 Description of the areas for potential methodological improvements

8.7 Analysis of alternatives

8.8 Consistency between indicators: socioeconomic baseline vs. NAS Performance Indicators 2008-2010

9. A socioeconomic baseline study for SRAs in Trinidad and Tobago

9.1. From the survey to the socioeconomic baseline: methodology and data

9.2 Statistical validity of facts and indicators reported in the baseline9.3 Results of the socioeconomic baseline exercise

(including labour aspetcs)

9.4 Global evaluation of the baseline

10. Report on the technical assistance activity

Assessment of institutional capacities

Conclusions and recommendations

General conclusions

Methodology for a regular and timely monitoring of socioeconomic conditions in SRAs

Recommendations for EU support of the NAS

Recommendations for NAS enhancement by the GORTT

Technical appendices

Maps and other illustrative information not incorporated into the main report

Other technical information and data, as required

Stakeholder consultation methodology

List of stakeholders consulted/engaged

Records of stakeholders’ consultation

Administrative appendices

Study methodology/work plan (2–4 pages)

Consultants’ itinerary (1–2 pages)

List of documentation consulted (1–2 pages)

Curricula vitae of the consultants (1 page per person)