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15 Possible Topics for the Social 15 Possible Topics for the Social Studies Gateway ExamStudies Gateway Exam

1.1. Ancient CivilizationAncient Civilization2.2. GreeceGreece3.3. RomeRome4.4. Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire5.5. The MongolsThe Mongols6.6. The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages7.7. The RenaissanceThe Renaissance8.8. The Age of Exploration & DiscoveryThe Age of Exploration & Discovery9.9. The ReformationThe Reformation10.10. English HistoryEnglish History11.11. Absolute MonarchsAbsolute Monarchs12.12. Enlightenment & RevolutionEnlightenment & Revolution13.13. Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution14.14. Age of ImperialismAge of Imperialism15.15. World War IWorld War I

A few things to remember…A few things to remember…

1. Along with this information, be sure to include something from your World History class that you learned.

2. Focus your studying on only the areas that you are unsure of.

3. Remember this is just a review, use the documents in the exam to help you too.

Good luck!

The Ancient River The Ancient River Valley CivilizationValley Civilization

Ancient River Valley Ancient River Valley CivilizationsCivilizations

1. Mesopotamia: Tigris and Euphrates 1. Mesopotamia: Tigris and Euphrates RiversRivers

2. Egypt: Nile River2. Egypt: Nile River

3. India: Indus and Ganges Rivers3. India: Indus and Ganges Rivers

4. China: Yellow and Yangtze Rivers4. China: Yellow and Yangtze Rivers

The Growth of Civilization

• Agricultural Revolution: farming created settled communities

• The five traits of a civilization– Cities – Writing– Specialized workers– Complex institutions– Technology

•

Mesopotamia / Mesopotamia / Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent

Located between Tigris andLocated between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Euphrates Rivers

Some Some Contributions of Contributions of Ancient CivilizationsAncient Civilizations

• Sumer: first civilization, plow, sailboat, wheel, cuneiform, ziggurats, polytheism

• Babylon: Code of Hammurabi

• Phoenicians: the alphabet and improved shipbuilding

• Jews: ethical monotheism, Judaism

• Persians: well-built empire based on tolerance

Egypt = “Gift of the Nile”Egypt = “Gift of the Nile”

History of pharaohsHistory of pharaohs

• Around 3200 B.C., King Narmer of Upper Egypt conquered Lower Egypt and united the two kingdoms

• The Egyptian kinds used the title of “pharaoh” and were considered god/kings

Some contributions of Some contributions of Egyptian civilizationEgyptian civilization

• Hieroglyphics

• Egyptian religion (polytheistic)

• Pyramids

• Mummification

• Medicine

Indus ValleyIndus Valley

• Located between Indus and

Ganges Rivers

Some of the many contributions of Some of the many contributions of Indus Valley civilizations include. . .Indus Valley civilizations include. . . • Sanskrit

• Hinduism

• Buddhism

• Reincarnation

• Caste system

Complex InstitutionsComplex Institutions Religion in the Indus Valley Religion in the Indus Valley

HinduismHinduism• Hinduism is a mixture of Aryan and

ancient Indian culture

• The sacred writings are the Vedas that explain the basic philosophy of Hinduism.

• Beliefs include reincarnation, moksha, and castes.

A second religion of the Indus A second religion of the Indus Valley is BuddhismValley is Buddhism

• Founder = Siddhartha Gautama

• Beliefs = Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path,

Nirvana

• No complex rituals, as in Hinduism, and it is taught in the everyday language.

China’s River ValleyChina’s River Valley

• Located between the Yellow (Huang-He) and Yangtze (Chang Jiang) Rivers

Chinese philosophiesChinese philosophies

• Confucianism: based on family, respect and education

• Daoism: based on living simply and harmony with nature

• Legalism: based on a strict and powerful government

Some of China’s many Some of China’s many contributions include. . .contributions include. . .

• Printing

• The Great Wall of China

• Dynastic cycle

GreeceGreece

The Birthplace of DemocracyThe Birthplace of Democracy

Geography affected GreeceGeography affected Greece

GeographyGeography

• ¾ of land is covered by mountains

• Many peninsulas, islands, coastlines and inlets

• No navigable rivers

• Made transportation and travel difficult

– People could not form one united government so they created many city-states.

Three early civilizationsThree early civilizations

• Minoans

• Mycenaeans

• Dorians

MinoansMinoans

• Lived on the island of Crete

• Equality for women

• Advanced society

• Seafaring

MycenaeansMycenaeans

• Used bronzed weapons and tools

• Warriors

• Trojan War

DoriansDorians

• Less advanced

• Illiterate (Dark Ages)

• Oral tradition– Homer, The Odyssey

• Epic poems

Greek ReligionGreek Religion

• Polytheistic

• Gods took human form and emotions; were immortal

• Myths taught to understand mysteries of nature/life

Greek city-statesGreek city-states

• City-state: a city and its surrounding areas (polis)

• Citizens (free adult males) served the polis

• Citizen armies

• Public meetings held in the agora (market place) and acropolis (fortified hilltop)

Contrasting two major city states: Contrasting two major city states: Athens and SpartaAthens and Sparta

Athens• Government

– Created democracy

• Values– Life based on

education and culture– Women had few rights

Sparta• Government

– Dual monarchy / military oligarchy

• Values– Life based around

military– Women enjoyed more

rights

Athenian democracyAthenian democracy

• Direct democracy: laws voted on and proposed directly by assembly of all citizens

• Citizens: male, 18 years of age, born of citizen parents

• Executive branch: composed of council of 500 men

The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars

• 490-479 B.C.

• Persia versus Greece

• Persia invaded Athens and the Athenians won

• Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state

• Athens became the leader of the Delian League

Golden Age of GreeceGolden Age of Greece

• Classical culture flourished.

• Pericles, a hero from the Persian Wars, became leader of Athens.– Strengthened

democracy– Increased wealth and

power of Athens– Beautified Athens

Contributions of the Golden AgeContributions of the Golden Age

• Architecture: The Parthenon

• Sculpture: figures show grade, strength and serenity / bodies in motion / ideal beauty (classical art)

• Greeks invent drama (tragedy and comedy)

Peloponnesian WarsPeloponnesian Wars

• 431-404, B.C.

• Sparta versus Athens

• Sparta won

• Ends the Golden Age

Greek philosophersGreek philosophers

• Socrates– First great Western philosopher– Questioned authority– Socratic Method

• Plato– Teacher at The Academy– Taught through dialogues

• Aristotle– Teacher at the Lyceum– Taught by use of logic

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

• From Macedonia• Son of King Philip II• Became king at age 20• Student of Aristotle• Invaded Greece, Mesopotamia and India• Wanted to create single empire• Admired other cultures

HellenismHellenism• Mixture of Greek and Eastern cultures• Koine = common language spoken in Hellenistic

cities, dialect of Greek• Alexandria (in Egypt) became center of

Hellenistic culture– Port city, good for trade– Statues of Greek gods, a beautiful palace, and the

famous lighthouse– Center for learning and education– Many contributions in science, math, architecture, art

and philosophy

ROME ROME The RepublicThe Republic

The EmpireThe Empire

The Origins of RomeThe Origins of Rome

• 3 founding groups• Latin shepherds• Greek colonies• Etruscan settlements

GeographyGeography

• Excellent location• Built on the Tiber

River• Mountainous• Mid-point of Italian

peninsula• Center of

Mediterranean Sea

Roman ReligionRoman Religion

• Polytheistic• Blending of Greek

and Roman religions

Social OrganizationSocial Organization

Family• Gravitas

(seriousness)

• Role of fathers was important

• Role of women was less important

Classes• Patricians - upper

class, wealthy landowners

• Plebeians - lower class, farmers, artisans and merchants

Rome had a balanced governmentRome had a balanced government*form of democracy called a republic*form of democracy called a republic*written law code: the Twelve Tables*written law code: the Twelve Tables

• Magistrate-consuls

• Aristocracy-Senate

• Democracy-Election of Senators

• Dictatorship-crisis times

The plebeians made progress The plebeians made progress toward equalitytoward equality

• Tribunes of the “Plebs’– 10 elected officials to represent the plebeians

in the Senate– Were granted veto power

• Twelve tables - codified the laws

• Citizens’ Assemblies– More democratic form of government– All adult, Roman males could attend and vote

Punic WarsPunic Wars

• Carthage vs. Rome• Control of trade in

Mediterranean• Three separate wars• Rome ultimately

won but was weakened

• Lead to rise of proletariat

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar• Military/government leader, gained popularity

and power• Tried to save the Republic• Made many reforms

– Grants citizenship, expands senate, creates new jobs, starts colonies, increased pay for soldiers,

• Became dictator for life, 44 B.C.E.• People fear his growing power• Assassinated by group of senators• Republic collapses at his death

The Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire

• 1st emperor, Octavian (Caesar’s nephew)- Ruled as Emperor Augustus for 41 years

- Created a strong government• Civil service

- Many problems after his death• Succession crisis• religion

Contributions of the Roman EmpireContributions of the Roman Empire

• Pax Romana: 207 years of peaceful rule

• Engineering– Aqueducts– Complex sewer system– Thermal baths– Series of highways– Coliseum

The Rise of ChristianityThe Rise of Christianity

• Based on the teachings of Jesus

• Spread rapidly through empire

• Christians persecuted

Fall of the Roman EmpireFall of the Roman Empire

• Economic Problems - three sources of prosperity ended (trade, plunder, farms)

• Military Problems - Goths over ran legions, soldiers fought for money not patriotism

• Political Decay - officials were no longer loyal to Rome

• Social Decay - loss of loyalty for government• Weakened empire falls after Barbarian attacks

(the Huns)

The Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire(The Eastern Roman Empire)(The Eastern Roman Empire)

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

• Barbarian tribes overran Italy

• Emperor Constantine moved Rome to Constantinople

• Excellent location for trade

• Located between Asia and Europe

Politics in ConstantinoplePolitics in Constantinople

• Empire Justinian tried to rebuild Roman glory

• Code of Laws

• Hagia Sophia

The Church SplitsThe Church Splits

• Differences developed between Eastern and Western Church

• Christian Church splits

• West = Rome = Pope = icons = Roman Catholic Church

• East = Constantinople = Patriarch = no icons = Eastern Orthodox Church

The Islamic FaithThe Islamic Faith• Created by the prophet Mohammed• Monotheistic = Allah• Holy city = Mecca• Religious text = Koran (Qur’ an)• Based on the Five Pillars of Islam

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam

• Spread through jihad, trade and empire expansion

• Divided into two sects– Shi’ites (minority)– Sunni (majority)

Contributions of the Arabic Contributions of the Arabic WorldWorld

• Translated Greek books into Arabic

• First chemical laboratories

• Treatment of disease (diagnosed smallpox and wrote an encyclopedia of medicine)

• Created algebra

• Arabic numerals

• Wrote the Arabian Nights

The MongolsThe Mongols

Nomadic, Fierce Warriors, and Nomadic, Fierce Warriors, and Expert HorsemenExpert Horsemen

The MongolsThe Mongols

• From the steppe in Asia (dry, grassy region)

• Lived in kinship groups called clans

• Around 1200, leader named Temujin (Genghis Khan) united Mongols under his leadership.

• Campaign of terror across Central Asia, destroying cities and slaughtering people

Genghis KhanGenghis Khan

• Title means “universal ruler”

• Brilliant organizer and warrior

• Used cruelty and fear as weapons

• Died in 1227, but his successors continued to expand empire

The Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire

4 regions or khanates– Mongolia and China– Central Asia– Persia– Russia

Mongol rulersMongol rulers

• Tolerant rulers in times of peace

• Imposed stability, law and order across Eurasia (Pax Mongolica)

• Provided safety for trade between Europe and Asia

• Mongol rulers relied on foreigners to help rule the government

Kublai KhanKublai Khan

• Grandson of Genghis Khan, took power in 1260• Founded the Yuan Dynasty• United China for first time in 300 years• Opened China to foreign contacts and trade• Tolerated Chinese culture and government• Lived luxurious life of Chinese emperor• Failed to conquer Japan• Restored the Grand Canal, built paved highway• Encouraged trade

The End of Mongol ruleThe End of Mongol rule

• Succession crisis after death of Kublai Khan

• Many rebellions in 1300’s

• Chinese overthrew Mongols in 1368

• Other Khanates declined, except for Russia

The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages

The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages

Invasion of Barbarian tribes caused end of Invasion of Barbarian tribes caused end of Roman EmpireRoman Empire

• Changed way of life in EuropeChanged way of life in Europe– Disruption of trade– Downfall of cities– Decline in learning

The Rise of FeudalismThe Rise of Feudalism

• Feudalism = political system– Based on loyalty and

the exchange of land for services

• Hierarchy of power– King>lord>vassal>

knight>serf

• Fief = land

Manor SystemManor System

• Manor = small estate

• Lord = owner

• Serf = worker; tied to the land

• Peasants = freemen; could leave the land

• All inhabitants had duties to perform

The Church in the Middle AgesThe Church in the Middle Ages

• Center for education and organization

• Christendom = idea of one kingdom under God

• Centered around the holy city of Jerusalem

The CrusadesThe Crusades• The “Holy Land” was invaded by Muslims• The Church called for military aide• Crusades: “journeys to recapture the “Holy

Land”• Overall, not successful

Results of the CrusadesResults of the Crusades

• The Pope and the feudal nobility both suffered a loss of power.

• Religious tolerance decreased.

• Hatred between Muslims and Christians remained high.

• An increase in trade sparked European expansion.

The plague hit Europe in 1496The plague hit Europe in 1496

• Expanded trade and increase in population caused diseases

• Bubonic plague: carried to Europe by fleas via trading ships

• 2/3 of European population died

The RenaissanceThe RenaissanceRebirth of classical culture and Rebirth of classical culture and

learninglearning

The Renaissance BeginsThe Renaissance Begins

• Where?– In Florence, Italy (later spread north)

• When?– Around 1300

• Why?– Urban centers, power of the merchants and

influence of the de Medici family

• What?– New styles in art, writing and thought

Influence of the CrusadesInfluence of the Crusades

• Brought back learning and new ideas from the Middle East

• New values:– Artists and writers were eager to be known as

individuals– Love of classical learning flourished– Enjoyment of worldly pleasures– Idea of the ideal man changed– Idea of the ideal women changed

Renaissance ArtRenaissance Art• Artists began painting and sculpting lifelike

images

• Often art would glorify the human body

• Discovered techniques to use perspective

Renaissance ArtistsRenaissance Artists

• Michelangelo– David, the Sistine Chapel

• Da Vinci – Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, – scientific experiments and inventions

• Rembrandt– the Flemish School of Art

Writers and the printing press helped

spread the Renaissance spirit

to the rest of Europe.

The Age of Exploration The Age of Exploration and Discoveryand Discovery

God, Gold and Glory!God, Gold and Glory!

The Age of Exploration and The Age of Exploration and DiscoveryDiscovery

•Spread ChristianitySpread Christianity

•Find richesFind riches

•FameFame–Renaissance thirst for knowledge

Portuguese ExplorationPortuguese Exploration

• Portuguese explorers– Prince Henry the

Navigator*– Dias– da Gama– Cabral

• Portuguese colonies– Brazil– Parts of Africa

Spanish ExplorationSpanish Exploration

• Spanish Explorers– Christopher Columbus – Amerigo Vespucci– Magellan– Balboa– Cortez– Pizarro– De Soto

• Spanish colonies– South America (except

for Brazil)– Mexico– Southwestern United

States– Florida

Land Disputes between Land Disputes between Portugal and SpainPortugal and Spain

• 1493: Pope Alexander IV Line of Demarcation

• 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas

English ExplorationEnglish Exploration

• English explorers– Sir Walter Raleigh– John Cabot– Francis Drake

• English colonies– Jamestown– New England

French ExplorationFrench Exploration

• French explorers– Verrazano– Cartier– Champlain– LaSalle– Marquette and Joliet

• French colonies– Louisiana– Canada– Parts of Northern

America

Dutch ExplorationDutch Exploration

• Dutch explorers– Henry Hudson

• Dutch colonies– New York

The ReformationThe Reformation

Changes in the Catholic churchChanges in the Catholic church

The ReformationThe Reformation

• Conflicts in the Catholic ChurchConflicts in the Catholic Church• Abuses in the ChurchAbuses in the Church

– Worldliness of Renaissance popes– Poorly educated lower clergy—some illiterate– Lower clergy having semi-official wives– Selling of indulgences (pardons for sin)

Conflict in the Catholic ChurchConflict in the Catholic Church

Reasons for Reform:* The printing press allows the printing of

the Bible and other literature that allowed people to read and interpret for themselves.

* The people began to see abuses and wanted higher standards for clergy. Reform was demanded.

Martin LutherMartin Luther

• Luther is angered over the sale of indulgences.

• In anger he writes the 95 Theses:* Salvation by faith alone* The Bible is the only authority for

Christian life not the church* The priesthood of all believers;

meaning that all people can communicate with God as the priests do

• Someone took Luther’s ideas and printed them with the printing press. The document was spread across Germany.

• The church was not happy with Luther’s ideas and he was asked to recant his beliefs.

• Luther refused and was excommunicated.• Charles V tried Luther at the Diet of Worms. The result

was the Edict of Worms which declared him a heretic and an outlaw.

• In spite of this, Luther’s ideas took hold and began to spread across Germany.

More on Luther…More on Luther…

John Calvin-- SwitzerlandJohn Calvin-- Switzerland

Beliefs:– Everyone is sinful, but God can save you– Predestination - God knows when you

are born whether you will be saved or not-- those who are saved are called “The Elect”

– Wanted a theocracy - government ruled by the Church

– Followers are known as Calvinists

John Knox-- ScotlandJohn Knox-- Scotland

Knox put Calvin’s ideas into practice. His followers overthrew their Catholic Queen (Mary Stuart) and set up a working theocracy.

– Followers were known as Presbyterians

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

• Henry broke from the church when the Pope refused to give him a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Catherine could not produce a male heir and Henry wanted to remarry.

• Henry created the Church of England and named himself head of the new church.

Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation(Catholic Reformation)(Catholic Reformation)

• Catholics were concerned about Protestants leaving the church so they began their own reforms. These reforms are called the “counter” reforms because they come in response to the Protestants.

• Pope Paul III called a meeting in Trent.• The Council of Trent decided. . .

– 1. To end the sale of illegal indulgences– 2. To clarify church rules, practices, and beliefs– 3. To set up more education for priests and clergy

St. Ignatius of LoyolaSt. Ignatius of Loyola

• Founded the Society of Jesus– Members were known

as Jesuits.– The society was run

like an army. – Their mission was to

win Protestants back to the Catholic Church.

English HistoryEnglish History

1588-16891588-1689

The RoyaltiesThe RoyaltiesThe Tudors

• Henry VIII (P)• Edward VI (P)• Mary I “Bloody Mary” (C)• Elizabeth I (P)

The Stuarts

• Mary “Queen of Scots” (C)

• James I (C)• Charles I (C)• <Oliver Cromwell> (P)• <Richard Cromwell> (P)• Charles II (C/P)• James II (C) • William III and Mary II (P)

** C = CATHOLIC ** P = PROTESTANT **<>= NON ROYAL

The TudorsThe Tudors

• Henry VIII dies, 1547

• Edward VI – young, sickly, Protestant, rules with help of advisors

• Mary I – succeeds at Edward’s death, cruel, “Bloody Mary”, Catholic

Elizabeth I: The “Virgin Queen”Elizabeth I: The “Virgin Queen”

• Faces many problems– Religious conflicts (Protestant vs.

Catholic)– A rival queen (Mary Stuart)– Competition from Spain (Philip II)– Money problems– Issues with Parliament

• Known as the most powerful English monarch

Solutions to Religious ProblemsSolutions to Religious Problems

• Declared the Act of Uniformity– This act created one legal church in England.

• People must attend or pay a fine.

• Services were held in English.

• Some rituals of the Catholic Church were kept to make the Catholics happy.

Stopping the Rival QueenStopping the Rival Queen

• Elizabeth’s cousin (Mary Stuart) challenged the throne

• Because Elizabeth had no heirs, Mary was her successor

• Mary and Philip II of Spain planned to overthrow her

• The plot failed and Elizabeth ordered Mary’s execution

The Spanish ThreatThe Spanish Threat

• Philip attacked England with the Spanish Armada– Angered at rejected marriage proposal and

raiding of “Sea Dogs”

• England was victorious

• Spain’s power declined

Financial and Religious problems Financial and Religious problems with Parliamentwith Parliament

• Financial:– Elizabeth started to build an empire in the Americas

with money from investors– These investors were part of joint-stock companies

• Religious:– Towards the end of her reign, Puritan members of

Parliament began asking for religious changes– Puritans were a strong group in Parliament but

Elizabeth refused to change

James I of EnglandJames I of England

• James VI (of Scotland) (son of Mary Stuart) inherits English throne from Elizabeth and becomes James I of England

• Clashes with Parliament over money and the Church

• Believes strongly in idea of divine right

Charles I of EnglandCharles I of England

• Son of James I

• Was strong believer in divine right

• Spent excess of money on wars

• Dissolved Parliament for 11 years

• Problems lead to English civil war

Civil War!Civil War!

• Charles I began to persecute the Puritans. Many left for the Americas.

• Charles I also tried to make the Scots worship in the Church of England.

• The Scots began to form an army. War was coming.

• Charles I has to recall Parliament to get money for war.

• Charles I tried to have key leaders arrested.• War began!• The Cavaliers (loyal to the King) vs. the

Roundheads (Puritans).• Oliver Crowell led the Roundheads.• The Roundheads won.

• Charles I was executed!

More on Charles I…More on Charles I…

Oliver Cromwell: “Lord Protector”Oliver Cromwell: “Lord Protector”

• Cromwell declared himself “Lord Protector”.

• He sent Parliament home and created a republic.

• The republic was really a dictatorship.

• People lost many freedoms.• When Cromwell died his son took

over. This gave England a chance to bring back the monarchy.

The RestorationThe Restoration

• Tired of Puritan rule, England “restores” the monarchy by inviting Charles (son of Charles I) to be King Charles II

• Charles II (the “Merry Monarch”) did not rule by divine right

• Allowed “habeas corpus”• Charles II died and left no

heir• Catholic brother, James

succeeded as King James II• Ruled under belief of divine

right• Forced to abdicate

<Charles II

James II>

William and Mary: William and Mary: The Glorious RevolutionThe Glorious Revolution

• The British people were desperate for change.• They asked the Protestant daughter of James II’s first wife

and her husband to come take over the throne.

• William and Mary were able to take over without a war. • They allowed many positive changes to protect the rights of

the people.• These changes included:

– The end of the “divine right of kings.”– The people had more power and representation– Most importantly…..They signed the Bill of Rights!

Milestones of Democracy:Milestones of Democracy:England 1689England 1689

• Limited power of the monarchy.

• The monarchy could not act above the law or collect taxes without permission.

• Only male property owners could vote.

• Individual rights were protected by the law.

• Some limitations on freedom still existed for non-Protestants.

Absolute MonarchsAbsolute Monarchs

a king of queen who has a king of queen who has unlimited power and seeks to unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of historycontrol all aspects of history

Absolute MonarchsAbsolute Monarchs

• Spain: Philip II (Hapsburg)

• France: Louis XIV (Bourbon)

• Russia: Peter the Great (Romanov)

• Prussia: Frederick the Great (Hohenzollern)

Philip IIPhilip II

• Defender of Catholicism• Spanish wealth used to

annihilate Protestants and Muslims

• Launched Spanish armada against England, defeated by Elizabeth I, weakened Spanish power

Louis XIV, the “Sun King”Louis XIV, the “Sun King”

• French Catholic king• Most powerful ruler in French history• Weakened power of the nobles• Helped France attain economic, political

and cultural brilliance• Patron of the arts• Attempted to expand France’s boundaries• His many wars brought ruin to France

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

• Russian genius• Wanted to Westernize

Russia• Established St. Petersburg• Many successes in

governmental and cultural reforms

• Russia becomes a major European power

Frederick the GreatFrederick the Great

• Loved music, philosophy and poetry

• An aggressor in foreign affairs• Pushed to extend Prussian

territory• Encouraged religious tolerance• Supported legal reform• Earned the title “the Great” by

achieving his goals for Russia

Enlightenment and Enlightenment and Revolutions:Revolutions:

Europe and the AmericasEurope and the Americas

A Time of ChangeA Time of Change

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

• Europe

• 1720-1790

• Changes in thinking led to reforms in government

Enlightenment ThinkersEnlightenment Thinkers

• Thomas Hobbes– Ideas of a social contract– Leviathan– Man is evil, must have a strong government

• John Locke– Ideas regarding natural rights– Two Treatises on Government– Man has rights to life, liberty, property

The The Philosophers Philosophers advocate reasonadvocate reason

• Voltaire– Used satire– Wrote many essays– Defended tolerance, reason, freedom of speech and religion

• Montesquieu– Political liberty– Admired Britain’s balanced government– Separation of powers

• Rousseau– Committed to individual freedom– Social contract– Government by consent of the governed

Impact of the EnlightenmentImpact of the Enlightenment

• Salons

• Secular outlook on life

• Importance of the individual

• Ideas of freedom and rights

• Enlightened despots

• Democracy

The Road to RevolutionThe Road to Revolution

• People were dissatisfied with governments.• Citizens often did not have a voice in

government.• People decided to fight for their freedom.• Wars for freedom were called revolutions.

Most of the revolutions occurred between 1775 and 1826.

• 1775 - 1781 = American Revolution• 1789 - 1799 = French Revolution

(1799 – 1815) = Napoleon’s rule• 1810 - 1826 = Latin American Revolution

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution1775-17811775-1781

• Great Britain’s King George III ruled the American colonies

• The 13 colonies paid taxes to England but had no representation in Parliament

• Colonists were angry• Wrote the Declaration of

Independence• Broke ties with Great Britain• George Washington led the

American troops to victory!

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution1789-17991789-1799

• French people were angry over high taxes, unfair class systems (3 estates), and poor standard of living

• Influenced by ideas of Enlightenment and American independence, the French people revolt!

Revolution!Revolution!

• The Third Estate creates a series of new, unsuccessful governments

• Many innocent people died in the bloody violence

• Both King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were guillotined during the reign of terror

• “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity!” was the slogan of the revolution

Napoleon’s new governmentNapoleon’s new government1799-18151799-1815

• Napoleon Bonaparte, a national hero, leads the new government and appoints himself Emperor of France.

• Napoleon wants to conquer the world.• Becomes very powerful and makes his

brother king of Spain.• After a series of wars with Europe,

Napoleon is defeated and exiled.

Congress of Vienna:Congress of Vienna: 1814-1815 1814-1815

• European countries needed to restore stability and restructure pre-Napoleonic boundaries

• Austria’s conservative foreign minister Metternich, led a meeting in Vienna

• His goals were to:– Restore legitimacy of the monarchs– Restore the balance of power– Weaken France– Compensate severely damaged countries

(reparations)

• The Congress of Vienna was successful; however, democratic ideas could not be erased

• New political philosophies were born– Conservatism: keep the old ways– Radicalism: violent changes– Liberalism: small reforms, no violence– Nationalism: love of one’s country

More on the Congress of Vienna…More on the Congress of Vienna…

Latin American RevolutionsLatin American Revolutions1810-18261810-1826

• Spain had colonies in Latin America.• Latin America includes the countries

south of the United States.• The people of Latin America wanted their

freedom from Spain.• 1813 - Napoleon lost power in Europe.• The people of Latin America chose this

time to revolt.

Latin American colonies win Latin American colonies win independenceindependence

• Haiti was the first colony to win independence in 1804

• Father Miguel Hidalgo helped Mexico win its freedom from Spain

• Simon Bolivar fought for the freedom of Venezuela and many other colonies

• Jose de San Martin fought for Argentina’s freedom

• Peru was the last colony to gain independence in 1826

The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution

1700-18501700-1850

The Industrial Revolution:The Industrial Revolution:

Factors aiding industrial growthFactors aiding industrial growth• Changes in farmingChanges in farming• Rise in populationRise in population• Geographic advancesGeographic advances• New inventionsNew inventions• Effective banking systemEffective banking system• Politically stablePolitically stable

Great Britain, birthplace of industryGreat Britain, birthplace of industry

• Great Britain, having all the necessary factors was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution

• Textiles, the major industry, had been produced in the homes (cottage industry)

One invention leads to another. . .One invention leads to another. . .

• Six Major Inventions Change the Textile Industry– John Kay - Flying Shuttle– James Hargreaves - Spinning Jenny– Richard Arkwright - Water Frame– Samuel Crompton - Spinning Mule– Edmund Cartwright - Power Loom– Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin

Transportation ImprovesTransportation Improves

• To help transport goods faster from place to place engineers built:

• Better roads (John Mc Adams)• Canals (human-made waterway)• Railroads (The Rocket)

Industrial Revolution Changed LivesIndustrial Revolution Changed Lives

• The Industrial Revolution spread to other countries.

• The growth of factories brought people to the cities.

• The working conditions in factories began to improve.

• The middle class social structure grew.• Social tensions began to build between the

different classes.

New political systems evolveNew political systems evolve

• Socialism:– Robert Owens– Wealth of country to

be shared equally– Share ownership of

certain properties such as factories and the railroad

• Communism– Karl Marx– Communist Manifesto– Wealth and power to

be shared by all– In reality, state

controls everything

The Age of The Age of ImperialismImperialism

1875-19141875-1914

The Age of ImperialismThe Age of Imperialism

• Imperialism: the act of extending one’s rule over others

• European countries needed raw materials to supply their industries.

• Prestige was associated with owning many or large territories.

• Missionaries wanted to spread Christianity.

• New markets were needed for European products.

Britain’s Lead is ChallengedBritain’s Lead is Challenged

• Up until the late 1800’s Britain was the most powerful nation in the world.

• Germany and the United States begin to challenge Britain for economic power.

• Countries begin to tax imported British goods to protect their own industries.

• Britain has few sources of raw materials and desperately needs them for production.

RivalriesRivalries

• Competition among the European nations for territories was strong.

• Just as Britain saw the advantages of colonies, so did other European countries.

• Almost every European country competed for colonies as did Japan and the US.

European SuperiorityEuropean Superiority

• Europeans believed that the new technology developed during the Industrial Revolution proved their superiority.

• They would be able to successfully manage colonies from far away by railroads, telegraph cables, and steamers.

• Europeans also believed that their religion and morals were the right way to live and felt a strong sense of duty to show others “the right way.”

Imperialism in AfricaImperialism in Africa

• Competition for colonies in Africa was so fierce that European countries feared war.

• A meeting in Berlin in 1884 was called to settle land disputes. (No African rulers were invited)

• European countries agreed that any European country could claim land by sending in troops to occupy that area.

• Border lines were drawn without regard to the native cultures.

European Countries in AfricaEuropean Countries in Africa

The following countries all had colonies in Africaduring the 1900’s.• Britain• France• Germany• Italy• Portugal• Belgium• Spain

Africa became a continent of coloniesAfrica became a continent of colonies

By the 1900s only two countries remained free from colonial rule; the rest of Africa had been carved into colonial territories.

1. Liberia – A country set up by former U.S. slaves with American support.

2. Ethiopia – Benefited from its mountainous geography, strategic position between three major colonial powers and its own strong leader.

Three types of imperialistic ruleThree types of imperialistic rule

• Colony = total rule

• Protectorate = military presence / self rule

• Sphere of influence = pay taxes to preserve self-rule

The importance of South AfricaThe importance of South Africa

• Location of the Cape of Good Hope

• Discovery of diamonds

The reality of Imperialism in AfricaThe reality of Imperialism in Africa

• African were expected to work and pay taxes• Many were forced to work against their will• Africans were treated as second class citizens

and faced discrimination• Europeans found a wealth of mineral resources

in Africa• Europeans also used the land for cash crops• They also introduced Christianity to Africans

Imperialism in South AsiaImperialism in South Asia• Britain found in India what it did not

in Africa.– A supplier of raw material for

European factories– A large market for British goods– A large workforce for factories

built in India• The British East India Company set

up trading posts in India in the 1600’s.

• India became a sphere of influence under the British East India Company.

• Even though the company was under the control of the British Crown, the company was free to govern India as it saw fit. It even had its own army.

• The British Crown did not intervene until it had to suppress an uprising called the Sepoy Rebellion.

The Sepoy RebellionThe Sepoy Rebellion

• Sepoy – Indian soldiers working for the British East India Company

• Angered by deception of the British East India Company, led a rebellion.

• The British East India Company could not control the revolt, so the British troops set up a colony

Britain controls IndiaBritain controls India

• Britain built transportation and communication systems

• Projects built and funded by Indians and their taxes

• Indians were treated as second class citizens and faced discrimination

Imperialism in ChinaImperialism in China

• China was a self-sufficient country which meant it did not need to trade with other countries. It had little interest in European goods.

• English merchants smuggled opium into China and created a demand.

• The Opium War was fought to try to end the British control of the substance but China was defeated.

• The Treaty of Nanking was signed which allowed Britain to establish spheres on influence in China.

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy

• China was carved into spheres of influence

• Americans saw what was happening in China and feared they would lose their trading opportunities in China.

• The Open-Door Policy was established to enforce an “open-door” or the freedom to trade and sell to China for all merchants of all nations.

• This prevented China from being colonized but its fate lay in hands of other nations.

Chinese NationalismChinese Nationalism

• Many Chinese citizens also felt like second class citizens in their own country.

• Most of their major cities were controlled by outsiders.

• Nationalist groups such as the Boxers begin to form and protest foreign occupancy.

Japan’s isolationJapan’s isolation

• Like China, Japan had practiced isolation for a long time

• Fearing loss of independence, Japan conceded to trade with the U.S. and agreed to demands of Mathew Perry

• Japan began to industrialize and modernize its country

• Japanese studied the ways of Westerners and adopted the best ones

• Japan was smart with its finances and stayed out of debt

Imperialism in the western Imperialism in the western hemispherehemisphere

• A demand for Latin American goods began to grow. Latin American countries borrowed money from American and European banks to fund enterprises.

• Unable to repay their debts, many of the lending nations began to take over the industries in Latin America and influence the countries politically.– Roosevelt Corollary

The Pacific IslandsThe Pacific Islands

• The Pacific Islands were rich in resources and had military advantages.

• The U.S. was interested in Hawaii and made it a territory in 1898.

• The U.S. acquired the Philippines and Guam as a result of the Spanish- American War.

World War IWorld War I

World War IWorld War I

Underlying causes:Underlying causes:

•MilitarismMilitarism

•Alliance systemAlliance system

•ImperialismImperialism

•NationalismNationalism

MilitarismMilitarism• The belief that the use of force is an

acceptable way to decide political problems

• Built large armies and stockpiled weapons

• Developed war plans

• War fought on two fronts

Alliance systemAlliance system

• Fear leads nations to seek out friends

• Triple Alliance– Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

• Triple Entente– Great Britain, France, Russia

• Promise to assist if ally is under attack

ImperialismImperialism

• Competition creates tension between European nations

• Competing for: colonies, new markets, sources of raw materials

• Imperialized areas: Africa, India, parts of the Middle East, China

NationalismNationalism

• Love of one’s country• Influenced the Great Powers to make their

nation “the best”• Power includes money, land and control of trade

markets• Minor countries sought independence

WAR!WAR!

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand was murdered• Austria declares war on Serbia• Both alliances mobilize for fighting• Battle zones include: Europe, Asia and Africa• New weapons include: machine guns, tank,

poison gas, flame throwers

The War EndsThe War Ends

• Both sides suffer from loss of life and widespread destruction

• U.S. enters war in 1918 on the side of the allies

• November 9th, 1918: Germany surrenders• Armistice signed November 11– end of

fighting• Treaty of Versailles• League of Nations