social psych lec 1'”
TRANSCRIPT
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Vokart et al., (1983)
-Social Isolation Psychological
problems
-Naturalistic observation
-Found: Hallucination, fear,
depression, suicidal tendencies
Kiecolt-Glaser et al., (1992)
-Social Isolation health
problems
-Naturalistic observation
-Found: adverse health and
well-being comparable to
smoking/being obese/high
blood pressure
Schacter (1959)
Social isolation similarity
-Laboratory experiment
-Different participants
Naturalistic observation Natural setting
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Archival Studies Archives/records
Surveys e.g silent treatment
Experimental methods
Involve attempts to measure or
records thoughts, feelings,
through laboratory
Social facilitation Tripplett
(1898)
Contradictory findings
-Social facilitation vs Social
inhibition
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Zajonc (1965)
Mere presence theory
-Explained interference and
inhibition-Increased arousal
-Caused social facilitation with
easy/well learned tasks
-Caused social inhibition with
hard/poorly learned tasks
Tripplett
Proved mere presence with
cockroach maze
AROUSAL FACILITATES
THE DOMINANT
RESPONSE
Evaluation Apprehension
theory
Cotrell, wack et al.,
Jogger ran faster with
confederate
Social Loafing-Working less effectively in a
group than alone
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Alan Ingham
Tug o war, proved social
loafing
-less force exerted whenthought they were in a group
Reasons for loafing -Evaluation potential-Dispensability of effort
-Matched effect
Factors which effect social
loafing
-Gender, more prevalent in
males
-Boring task
-Relationship within group
Conformity
People tend to confrom
-Milgram et al., Found: 4%
copied one person looking,
40% copied 15 people
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Solomon Asch -Confederate line matching
Informational Social response - Conform because we arewilling to accept others
judgement as correct
Normative Social influence- Conform to avoid
disapproval or gain approval
Unanimity
-When the group is not
unanimous there is 80% less
conformity
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Bystander effect
- Kitty Genevese
- When the presence of others
inhibits social influence
Intercom seizure
-90% likely to help alone
-60% likely with 1 other-50% with 2 others
-40% with 3 others
-30% with 4 others
Smoke room
75% chance of leaving alone
38% with 2 strangers
10% with 2 confeds ignoring
the smoke
Pluralistic ignorance
-Diffusion of responsibility
-Ambiguity
-Mood
-Victim characteristics
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Deindividuation -Arousal + Anonymity
Mann (1981) Jumper suicides
10 out of 21 people would yell
jump when:
- Part of a large crows
- It was dark
- Victim and crowd are distant
Deindividuation occurs;
When there is arousal andanonymity which causes
reduction of normal
constraints against deviant
behaviour
Zimbardo believed
deindividuation occurs
because of arousal and
anonymity and is always bad
- 2 cars
- big and small city
- both ransacked
- small city zimbardo had to
start the damage
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Laboratory deindividuation
-electric shocks
-put people in outfits
-kkk shocked more
nurses shocked less than nondeindividuated people
found: deindividuation is not
always negative
Gergen, gergen and burk
(1973)
-people in dark room 1 hour
- love intimacy
-80% felt sexual arousal
light room was boring
-when anonymity was
removed (meet people after the
hour in dark room) was sam
effects as light room
People are highly obedient
-gave severe shocks
-felt bad/disturbed
reasons
-novelty, pre-existing
perceptions of authority-immediacy of experimenter
-when experimenter was out of
room obedience dropped
highly
-Recreated aschers line
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But minor individuals make abig difference
matching study
-With 1 confederate
disagreeing with group people
were much more likely to
object-if someone agreed to shock
the man, so would the
participant (obedience
increased)
-if someone objected
obedience would greatly
decrease
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Attributions and stereotypes -causes
-Consensus: extent to which
others react the same way to
the same stimuli
-Consistency: the extent anindividual reacts over time
-Distinctiveness: The extent to
which the same response
occurs to different stimuli
Fundamental Attribution error
Tendency for observers to
underestimate the impact of
the situation and overestimate
the impact of personal
disposition
Actor - Observor bias
We attribute our own
behaviour to external
(situational) causes, but we
attribute the behaviour of
others to internal
(dispositional) causes
Attractiveness biaspeople are more forgiving of
attractive people
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Cognitive heuristics
A tendency to overestimate the
probability that an event will
occur based on the availability
of examples
e.g: which occurs more -
words that start with r, or have
r as the third letter: because it's
easier to think of examples of
words that start with r
attitudes can effect behaviourwomen working in an office
become more male
cognitive dissonance can occur
between action and behaviour
cafes served asians people
despite saying they wouldn't
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