SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 (HISTORY) LESSON- 1

VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE I. Fill in the blanks. 1. Military leader of Devaraya II who defeated Sri Lankan king and received tribute was Lakkanna Dandesha. 2. Krishnadevaraya married Gajapathi Prataparudra’s daughter Jaganmohini. 3. In Vijayanagara kingdom Varaha was a gold coin. 4. Foreign traveler who said all religions co-existed peacefully in Vijayanagara kingdom was Barbosa. 5. Art and sculpture of Vijayanagara was ‘the evolutionary form of Dravidian style’. Percy Brown said this. II.Answer the following questions. 1. Who is the founder of Vijayanagara kingdom? Ans: The Vijayanagara kingdom was founded by Harihara and Bukkaraya. 2. Name the dynasties that ruled Vijayanagara. Ans: Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by the four dynasties called Sangama dynasty, Saluva dynasty, Tuluva dynasty and Aravidu dynasty. 3. Name the famous king from the Sangama dynasty. Ans: Devaraya II was the famous king from the Sangama dynasty. 4. Name the famous and the greatest king of Vijayanagara kingdom. Ans: Krishnadevaraya was the famous and the greatest king of Vijayanagara kingdom. 5. When did the Rakkas Thangadi war take place? Ans: The Rakkas Thangadi war took place on23rd January 1565. 6. Name the sources of income for the Vijayanagara kingdom. Ans: Land tax, trade tax, profession tax, road tax, fair tax, export tax and tribute tax were the sources of income for the Vijayanagara kingdom. 7. Name the festivals celebrated in Vijayanagara kingdom. Ans: Deepavali and Dasara festivals were celebrated in Vijayanagara kingdom. 8. Name the main crops grown in Vijayanagara kingdom. Ans: Rice, maize, sugarcane and cotton were the main crops grown in Vijayanagara kingdom. 9. Name the musical creation of Krishnadevaraya. Ans: Krishnadevaraya wrote Jambavati Kalyana, Madalasa Charitam and Rasamanjari in Kannada and Amukta Malyada in Telugu. 10. Name the foreigners who visited Vijayanagara. Ans: Abdul Razk, Domingo Paes, and Barbosa were the foreigners who visited Vijayanagara.

11. Name the important temples from Vijayanagara kingdom. Ans: a. Virupaksha temple b. Hazara Rama Swamy temple c. Vittala Swamy temple d. Shringeri Vidyashankara temple 12. Name the products exported during the period of Vijayanagara rulers. Ans: - Rice, cotton, clothes, iron, diamonds, sugar, musk, sandal and spices were the products exported during the period of Vijayanagara rulers. III. Answer the following questions. 1. Write a note on Krishnadevaraya conquests. Ans: a. Krishnadevaraya seized Shivanasamudra fort from Ummattar chief, Gangaraja, in 1510 CE. b. Later he won Raichur fort, he supported Portuguese to capture Goa from Bijapur Sultan. c. In 1513 CE he won Udayagiri fort. d. 1518 CE he captured Cuttack, the capital of Gajapati Pratapa Rudra, a Kalinga king, by defeating him. e. In 1522 CE he recaptured Raichur from the king of Adil Shah, Ismail Adil Khan f. Later he captured Kalaburgi, Bidar forts. 2. Make a list of literary works from Vijayanagara period. Ans: During the reign of Vijayanagara, literature of Sanskrit, Telugu and Kannada developed immensely. Vidyaranya wrote books like Shankara Vijaya and Sarvadarshan Sangraha in Sanskrit. Kings and their family members also created sufficient literature. among them Gangadevi wrote Madhura Vijayam, Prauda Devaraya wrote a great drama called Sudhanidhi, Krishnadevaraya wrote Jambavati Kalyana, Madalasa Charitam and Rasamanjari . Kumaravyasa’s Gadugina Bharata, Chamaras’s Prabhulingaleele were significant literary works in Kannada. Krishnadevaraya wrote Amukta Malyada in Telugu. IV.Match the following. 1. Gangadevi - Madhura Vijayam 2. Devaraya II - Gajaventegara 3. Krishnadevaraya - Andhrabhoja 4. Shringeri - Vidyashankara Devalaya …………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON -2 BAHMANI ADIL SHAH’S

I. Fill in the blanks. 1. Bahmani dynasty was established in the year 1347 CE. 2. Kalaburagi was the capital of Tajuddin Firoz Shah sultan. 3. Feroz Shah set up Firozabad city on the banks of Bhima River.

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 4. Mohammad Gawan set up Madrasa in the year 1461 CE. 5. Founder of Barid Shahi dynasty was Qasim. 6. Founder of Golkonda’s Qutub Shahi state was Quli Qutub Shah. 7. Founder of Imad Shahi dynasty was Fathullah. II.Answer the following questions. 1. Who was the founder of Bahmani dynasty? Ans: Alla-ud-din Hasan Gangu Bahman Shah was the founder of Bahmani dynasty. 2. Who was Mohammed Gawan? Ans: Mohammed Gawan was a Persian and worked honestly as a prime minister in the reign of Sultanate Mohammed Shah III. 3. Where is Solahkhamba Mosque? Ans: Solahkhamba Mosque is located in Bidar. 4. Name the prominent person among Adil Shahi sultans? Ans: Ibrahim Adil Shah II was the prominent person among Adil Shahi Sultan. 5. What is called as the Taj Mahal of South India? Ans: Ibrahim Roza is called as the Taj Mahal of South India. 6. Why is Golgumbaz famous? Ans: Golgumbaz is famous because it is the fourth largest structure in the world and the largest one in India. It is one of the architectural wonders of the world. 7. Who had the title Jagatguru Badasha? Ans: Ibrahim Adil Shah II had a title called Jagadguru Badasha. IV.Match the following. 1. Adil Shahi - Vijayapura 2. Qutub Shahi - Golkonda 3. Nizam Shahi - Ahmed Nagar 4. Imad Shahi - Briar 5. Barid Shahi - Bidar II.Answer the following questions. 1. Name Mohammed Gawan’s achievements? Ans: a. Mohammad Gawan captured Hubbali, Belagavi and Goa from Vijayanagara Empire. b. He fixed taxes on the basis of land’s fertility and the irrigation facility. Tax was collected in cash only. c. He removed some taxes which were annoying the people. 2. Name five Shahi dynasty. Ans: a. Adil Shahs of Vijayapura (Bijapur) b. Barid Shahs of Bidar c. Qutub Shahs of Golkonda d. Nizam Shahs of Ahmednagar e. Imad Shahs of Berar.

3. Ibrahim Adil Shahi had religious tolerance. Discuss. Ans: Ibrahim Adil Shah was tolerant of other religions. He sheltered many Hindu philosophers, poets and musicians in his court. He renovated Dutta temples in his fort and encouraged Pooja rituals. He worked for the cultural harmony between Hindus and Muslims. He wrote a book called Kitab-e-Navara’s and tried to make music popular among Muslims. The book begin with worshipping the gods like Ganapati, Saraswati, Bhyrava and others. …………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON-3 BHAKTI CULT AND SUFI HERITAGE

I. Fill in the blanks. 1. Channamalli Karjuna is the pen name of Akka mahadevi. 2. Purandaradasa was in the court of Krishnadevaraya. 3. Adikeshava is the pen name of Kanakadasa. 4. Kabir of Karnataka is Shishunala Sharifa. 5. Chaitanya’s first name is Vishwambara. 6. Sufi saint Kwaja Bande Nawaja’s other name is Gesudaraj. IV.Match the following. 1. Gurunanak Sikh religion 2. Chaitanya Hare Krishna Cult 3. Nizamuddin Aulia Sufi saints 4. Meerabai Radha of Kaliyuga III.Answer the following questions. 1. What is the original name of Andal? Ans: Godadevi is the original name of Andal. 2. Where was Akka mahadevi born? Ans: Akka mahadevi was born in Uduthadi of Shivamoga district. 3. Who is Karnataka’s sangeetha pithamaha? Ans: Purandaradasa is known as Karnataka’s sangeetha pithamaha. 4. Name Kanakadasa’s parents. Ans: Kanakadasa’s parents were Beerappa and Bachamma. 5. Which is the sacred books of Sikhs? Ans: Grantha Sahib is the sacred book of Sikhs. 6. Who is called as the Radha of Kaliyuga? Ans: Meerabai is called as the Radha of Kaliyuga. 7. What is the meaning of the word ‘Sufi’? Ans: Sufi means clean and clear. 8. Name the Sufi saints of India. Ans: Nizamuddin Auliya and Kwaja Bande Nawaz are the Sufi saints of India. 9. Who was the founder of the Chisthi Cult? Ans: Moyinuddin Chisthi was the founder of the Chisthi Cult.

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 10. Who is the first Kannada Muslim poet? Ans: Shishunala Sharifa was the first Kannada Muslim poet. III.Answer the following questions. 1. Write the messages of Kabirdas? Ans: a. Allah and Rama are the two names of one God. b. According to him, it is not possible to see God by fasting, torturing the body, sacred pilgrimages, it is only possible by sacred devotion. 2. List out the teaching of Guru Nanak. Ans: Gurunanak had great belief in the existence of God. He proclaimed that God is one and eternal. He said that one can gain guru through bhakti and with Bhakthi one can attain Mukthi. 3. What are the influences of the Bhakthi Cult? Ans: a. Bhakthi saints created harmony between Hindu and Muslims. b. Bhakthi saints write in simple common man’s language. This enriched the language of the common man. 4. Summarise the essence of Sufi Cult. Ans: a. God is one, he is powerful and we are all his children. b. Encouraged good deeds. c. All are equal. d. Opposed caste system. …………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON 4.1 NAYAKAS OF KELADI.

I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The Queen of Ullal who helped to defeat the Portuguese was Queen Abbakkadevi. 2. Rani Chennammaji repelled the Mughals and protected Chatrapathi Rajaram. II.Answer the following questions. 1. Who is called Padugadalodeya in the Keladi history? Ans: Shivappa Nayaka was called Padugadalodeya in the Keladi history. 2. How did Shivappa Nayaka encourage the Goa Christians? Ans: Shivappa Nayaka encouraged Christians of Goa to settle down in his kingdom and Granted them land. 3. What is ‘Sistu’? Ans: The revenue system started by Shivappa Nayaka was called as ‘Sistu’. 4. Who is Rani Chennammaji? Ans: Rani Chennammaji was the daughter-in-law of Shivappa Nayaka. III.Answer the following questions in two to three sentences.

1. What are the achievements of Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka? Ans: a. Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka took out military expedition till river Chandragiri in the coastal region. b. With the help of Queen Abbakkadevi he defeated the Portuguese in Mangalore. c. He defeated Adil Shahi, forces of Vijayapura and established victory pillar in Hanagal. 2. Write on the achievements of Nayakas of Keladi. Ans: a. The Keladi king founded temples, Agraharas and Veershaiva mutts. b. The Aghoreshwara temple in Ikkeri is famous for sculpture. c. The mutts were the centres of boarding (food facilities) and education. d. They contributed generously for all the religions. e. Chennammaji gifted land for a Christian church in Mangalore ………………………………………………………………………………

4.2THE NAYAKAS OF CHITRADURGA II.Answer the following questions. 1. Who is Matthi Thimmanna Nayaka? Ans: Matthi Thimmanna Nayaka was the first king of the Nayakas of Chitradurga. 2. Write a short note on Raajaveer Madakari Nayaka. Ans: Raajaveer Madakari Nayaka was the most powerful and popular among the Nayakas of Chitradurga. He ascended the throne at the age of twelve years. He helped Hyder Ali several times during wars. But Hyder Ali was jealous of the bravery of Madakari Nayaka. In order to suppress him Hyder Ali besieged the seven ringed fort of Chitradurga. But it was an impossible task to occupy such an invincible fort. Hyder Ali who was not prepared to accept defeat, besieged the fort once again. Madakari Nayaka was defeated in the fierce war. 3. Why do we still remember Onake Obavva? Ans: Onake Obavva was the wife of the watchman of Chitradurga fort. When Hyder extended the fort from a secret path she had chanced upon the movement of the soldiers and wielding a large Onake, she killed many soldiers. Even today this secret path on the western side of the fort is pointed out as Obavvas Kindi. 4. Name the tanks built by the Chitradurga Chieftains. Ans: The Bharamasagara and Bheema Samudra tanks are the tanks built by the Chitradurga Chieftains. …………………………………………………………………………………

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 4.3THE NAYAKAS OF SURAPURA

II.Answer the following questions. 1. Who is the founder of Surapura province? Ans: Gaddipidda was the founder of Surapura province. 2. What is the name of the king who built Surapura capital? Ans: Peethambari Baharipidda Nayaka was the name of the king who built Surapura capital. II.Answer the following questions. 1. Write a note on the achievement of Nalavadi Venkatappa Nayaka. Ans: a. The Nizams and the British were waiting for an opportune time to annex surapura to their territories. b. Meanwhile strong waves of the first war Independence also became to reach Surapura c. Venkatappa Nayaka immediately decided to join the war. d. Naalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka had the plan to fight against the British by unifying kings of South India. e. He enlisted Arabs and Rohilas in his army. f. The British army laid siege to the fort of Surapura. g. Meanwhile Naalvadi Venkatappa Nayaka travelled to Hyderabad to bring the special force of Arabs and Rohilas but, Salar Jung, the Nizams prime minister made Venkatappa Nayaka a captive and handed over to the British. 2. Explain the architectural contributions of the Surapura Chieftains. . Ans: Surapura Chieftains built tanks, temples, wells, forts and palaces. They had offered patronage to many artists, sculptors and musicians. The Surapura rulers always accorded prominent place to paintings. The design and techniques of Surapura paintings are high quality. The Surapura paintings stand unique from Vijayanagara, Vijayapura and Mysore paintings. …………………………………………………………………………………

4.4 NAADA PRABHUS OF YELAHANKA II.Answer the following questions. 1. Who is the founder of Yelahanka Naddaprabhu dynasty? Ans: Ranabhaire Gowda was the founder of Yelahanka Naddaprabhu dynasty. 2. Who is the founder of Bengaluru city? Ans: Hiriya Kempegowda was the founder of Bengaluru city. 3. Name the capitals of Yelahanka Naadaprabus. Ans: Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Magadi were the capitals of Yelahanka Naadaprabhus. 4. What was the title given to Kempegowda II? Ans: Nava Kavita, Gumbhapumbhavani was the title given to Kempegowda II.

II.Answer the following questions 1. What are the achievements of Hiriya Kempegowda? Ans: a. Hiriya Kempegowda founded Bengaluru city in 1537 CE. b. He built Basava temple of Basavanagudi, Someshwara temple of Halasuru and extended the Gavigangadareshwara temple. c. He is credited of building several prominent tanks. Some of them are Dharmabudhi tank, Halasur tank and Sampangi tank. d. He also earned the title ‘Prajavatsala’ in recognition of his pious administration. 2. Write a short note on Kempegowda II. Ans: Kempegowda II was the elder son of Hiriya Kempegowda. During his period, army General Ranadulla Khan of Vijayapura Adil Shahis occupied Bengaluru in 1638. Hence Kempegowda II started to rule Magadi and Kunigal regions and made Magadi his capital. Kempegowda II had marked the borders of Bengaluru and had built four watch towers in the marked places. …………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON-5 WODEYARS OF MYSURU

I. Fill in The blanks. 1. Srirangapatana was the capital of early Mysore Wodeyar. 2. After the second Anglo- Mysore war British and Tippu signed the Mangaluru treaty. 3. Tippu Sultan was famous as the Tiger of Mysuru. 4. Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah was the Diwan of Naalvadi Krinnaraja Wodeyar III. 5. Legislative assembly started in the year 1907 at Mysore state. 6. Gandhiji described Mysore state as Rama Rajya. 7. Sir M.Vishveshwariah was the first Kannadiga to get Bharatha Ratna award. 8. Irwin Canal was built by Diwan Sir Mirza Ismail. II. Answer the following questions. 1. Who established Athara Kacheri? Ans: Chikkadevaraya established the Athara Kacheri. 2. Where is Daria Daulath? Ans: Daria Daulath is located in Srirangapatana. 3. Where is Lalbagh? Who started this? Ans: Lalbagh garden is in Bengaluru. Hyder Ali started the Lalbagh garden. 4. Who came to power after Tippu’s death? Ans: Krishnaraja Wodeyar III came to power after Tippu’s death. 5. Why was the administration of Commissioner introduced? Ans: British felt that Krishnaraja Wodeyar III did not properly suppress the revolt of Bindanur of

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 Shivamoga. They dethroned the king and brought the administration of Mysore under a commissioner. 6. Name the important Commissioners of Mysore. Ans: Mark Cubbon and Louis Bentham Bowring were the important Commissioners of Mysore. 7. What is punaradana? Ans: In 1881, British handed over the administration of the state again to Chamaraja Wodeyar X. This is called punaradana. 8. When did Praja Prathinidhi Sabhe came into existence? Ans: In 1881, Praja Prathinidhi Sabhe came into existence. 9. Where is Kannada Sahithya Parishad? When was it established? Ans: Kannada Sahithya Parishad is in Bengaluru. It was established in the year 1915. 10. Who led the palace protest? Ans: K.C.Reddy led the palace protest. III.Answer the following. 1. What are the achievements of Hyder Ali? Ans: Hyder Ali was aware of contemporary politics. Though he was an illiterate, he knew many languages including Kannada. He extended the kingdom of Mysore considerably. He was a brave soldier and an efficient administrator. Hyder Ali has an important place in the annas of Karnataka history. He established the beautiful Lalbagh garden in Bengaluru 2...Write a note on the results of third Anglo-Mysore war. Ans: In the third Anglo- Mysore war, the Bristishers lay siege to the capital city of Tippu’s Srirangapatana. Without any alternative Tippu had to sign a peace treaty. Tippu had to surrender half of his kingdom to the British and had to pay 330 lakhs as compensation. Until the compensation was cleared the two sons of Tippu were taken as hostage. 3. What are the achievements of Tippu Sultan? Ans: a. Tippu built Bengaluru palace and a summer palace in Srirangapatana. b. He modernized his army with the help of French. He moulded guns in Srirangapatana. c. He brought many changes in the field sericulture and helped farmers by giving loans which could be repayed in early instalments. d. The tomb of Hyder Ali and the Jumma Masjid were great construction completed by Tippu Sultan. 4. List the achievements of Naalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar. Ans: a. He gave 371 acres of land and five lakh rupees grants to J.N.Tata to start a science institution in Bengaluru. b. In 1907, the Legislative assembly was established.

c. He built K.R.S Dam and developed agriculture in the state. d. The present Mysore palace was completed in 1910. e. He gave the power of voting to womenfolk for the first time. 5. What are the achievements of Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah? Ans: a. Sir M. Vishveshwaraiah started the sandalwood factory in Mysore. A soap factory, Central Industrial workshop, leather processing and metal factories were started in Bengaluru. b. He made primary education compulsory and gave importance to technical education. c. He established an agricultural school in Hebbal. d. The University of Mysore was established in the year 1915. e. The construction of the KRS dam continued and got completed in the year 1932. f. Kannada Sahitya Parishad was established in the year 1915. ………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON-6 THE SULTANS OF DELHI

I. Fill in the blanks. 1. Mohammad Ghori was defeated by Prithviraj Chauhan in the battle of Tarain. 2. Siri was the fort built by Allauddin Khilji in Delhi. 3. Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat. II. Answer the following. 1. Whom did Mohammad Ghori defeat in the second battle of Tarain? Ans: Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the second battle of Tarain. 2. Who built Qutub Minar? Ans: Qutubuddin Aibak built Qutub Minar 3. Who was the only woman ruler of the Delhi Sultanate? Ans: Razia Sultana was the only woman ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. 4. Who was the commander-in-chief sent by Allauddin Khilji to conquer South India? Ans: Malik Kafur was the commander-in-chief sent by Allauddin Khilji to conquer South India. 5. From where did Mohammad Bin Tughlaq shift his capital to? Ans: Mohammad Bin Tughlaq shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri. 6. Which sultan declared himself as the representative of God? Ans: Balban declared himself as the representative of God.

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 7. Why did Mohammed Bin Tughlaq shift his capital from Delhi to Devagiri? Ans: a) Mohammad Bin Tughlaq wanted to improve the functioning of the administration. b) He was of view that the capital should be centrally located. III. Answer the following 1. What were the results of Mohammad Ghazni Invasions? Ans: During the Invasions, the wealthy temples of India were looted and prosperous cities of India were destroyed by him. 2. Name the dynasties of Delhi Sultanate. Ans: The dynasties of Delhi Sultanate were: a. The Slave dynasty b. The Khilji dynasty c. The Tughlaq dynasty d. The Syyed dynasty e. The Lodi dynasty 3. State the achievements of Qutubuddin Aibak. Ans: Qutubuddin was the first Sultan of Delhi. He strengthened the Turkish rule in India by defeating his enemies. To mark his victory he started constructing Qutub Minar at Mehrauli near Delhi. 4. State the policies of Allauddin Khilji? Ans: Allauddin introduced several reforms in administrative military and economic fields. He regulated the price of goods commonly consumed. He banned consumption of liquor and gambling in Delhi. The guilty were severely punished. 5. Explain the experiments of Mohammed Bin Tughlaq. Ans: Mohammed Bin Tughlaq tried to improve the functioning of the administration. He undertook several experiments .One such experiment was the transfer of the capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Maharashtra). He was of the view that the capital should be centrally located. He passed strict orders that all the residents of Delhi should move to the new place. A large number of them died on their way. Anyway after shifting the capital he realized that he had committed a grave mistake, so he ordered resifting of the capital and the people to Delhi. The issue of token coins proved an utter failure and weakened the financial condition of the state. 6. What were the contribution of the Delhi Sultans to the architecture and literature? Ans: The main structures build by the Sultans were the famous Qutub Minar (17 m tall). Alai Darwaza an impressive entrance, Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque and the fort of Siri. During the Sultanate period the Urdu language evolved. Amir Khusru and Amir Hasan, were great Persian poets of the period. Amir Khusru was a great musician and evolved musical instruments such

as tabla, sitar and others. The poet Jayasi wrote Padmavat in Urdu which was a Sufi poem. Ramananda, Kabirdas, Raidas and Meerabai belonged to this period. IV.MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Jayasi Padmavat 2. Daulatabad Devagiri 3. Allauddin Khilji Alai Darwaza 4. Amir Khusru Sitar ………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON-7 THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

I. Fill in the blanks. 1. Rana Pratapa Simha Rajput king was defeated by Akbar in the Haldighati war. 2. Raja Todarmal was Akbar’s minister who framed land tax system. 3. Jahangir Mughal king encouraged artwork. 4. Aurangzeb Mughal king opposed music. II. Answer the following questions. 1. Who was the founder of Mughal dynasty? Ans: Babar was the founder of Mughal dynasty. 2. Name the Mewad Rana who opposed Akbar. Ans: Rana Pratap Simha of Mewad opposed Akbar. 3. Where is Taj Mahal? Who constructed it? Ans: Taj Mahal is in Agra and it was constructed by Shah Jahan. 4. Name the important historians from Mughal dynasty. Ans: Abul Fazal, Nizamuddin and Badauni are the important historians of the Mughal dynasty. III. Answer the following questions. 1. Write a note on Ibadat Khana. Ans: Akbar was tolerant of other religions. He constructed Ibadat Khana in his new capital Fatehpur Sikri, where he discussed religious matters with leaders of various Islamic sects. 2. Write the features of Akbar’s religious policy. Ans: Akbar was tolerant of other religions. He constructed a prayer hall (Ibadat Khana) in his capital Fatehpur Sikri where he discussed religious matters with leaders of various Islamic sects. He invited Hindu, Jain, Buddhist, Parsi and Christian leaders to discuss their views on various religious issues. As a result of such discussions, he evolved a new sect called Din-e-Illahi. It incorporated some of the best principles of different religions. 3. What are the causes for the decline of the Mughal dynasty? Ans: a. The Chieftains became corrupt. b. The provincial governors took advantages of the situation and declared their Independence. c. Aurangzeb’s desire to convert India into an Islamic state met with opposition everywhere.

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 d. The prolonged warfare with the Sikhs, the Rajput’s and Marathas fully exhausted the resources of the empire. 4. Make a list of architectural constructions from Mughal period. Ans: a. Humayun’s tomb in Delhi was constructed during the early period of Akbar’s reign. b. The entrance to the Jami Masjid (Buland Darwaza). It is the tallest in India, it is 40 m tall. c. Moti Mahal the palace that he built in Agra Fort is extremely beautiful. d. The Taj Mahal at Agra shows Mughal architecture at its best. e. Shah Jahan who got the famous Red Fort built at Delhi. IV.MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Tulsidas Ramacharitha Manas 2. Abul Fazal Akbarnama 3. Shahjahan Mayura Simhasana 4. Jiziya Personal tax 5. Akbar Fatehpur Sikri ………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON-8 MARATHAS

I. Fill in the blanks. 1. Dadaji Kondadeva was the teacher of Shivaji. 2. Shivaji killed Afzal Khan with Vyaghra Nakha. 3. Raja Jaya Simha was the commander of Aurangzeb who was defeated by Shivaji. II. Answer the following questions. 1. Where was Shivaji born? Ans: Shivaji was born in Shivaneri Durga near Pune. 2. Who were the parents of Shivaji? Ans: Shivaji’s father was Shahaji Bhonsle and mother was Jija Bai. 3. Why did the Sultan of Vijayapura oppose Shivaji? Ans: Vijayapura Sultan opposed Shivaji because Shivaji captured the fort of Torona which was under the Adil Shahi’s. Soon he captured Raigad, Simhagad, Pratapagada and other forts one by one. 4. Who was Shahista Khan? Ans: Shahista Khan was the governor of Aurangzeb. He was repulsed by Shivaji. 5. Where did the coronation ceremony of Shivaji take place? What was the title conferred on him? Ans: The coronation of Shivaji was held at Rayagada. He conferred the title Chhatrapati on that occasion. 6. Name the important Peshwa who ruled Maratha kingdom. Ans: Balaji Vishwanath, Bajirao I and Balaji Bajirao are the important Peshwa who ruled the Maratha kingdom. ………………………………………………………………………………

(CIVICS) LESSON -1 OUR CONSTITUTION.

I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. What is Constitution? Ans: Constitution is the fundamental law of country. It describe the organs of the government and their powers and function .It provides guidelines to the government. 2. Who was the President of the Constituent Assembly? Ans: Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the president of the Constituent Assembly. 3. What was the role of Dr.B.R Ambedkar in drafting of the Constitution? Ans: Dr.B.R Ambedkar was the chairman of drafting committee, the committee member drafted the Constitution and helped the Constituent Assembly to finalise the Constitution. 4. On which day India was declared as a Republic. Ans: On 26th January 1950 India was declared as a Republic. 5. What is Adult Franchise? Ans: The system of electing representatives through voting of adult members is called Universal Adult Franchise. 6. What is a Republic? Ans: The Constitution has declared India as a republic. In the case of republican system, there is no rule of the king. Instead, there is the rule of elected representatives by the people. India which has this kind of political system is known as the democratic republic. 7. What is Secularism? Ans: The constitution has upheld the principle of secularism. Accordingly, the government must be impartial towards all religions followed by its citizen, there shall be no state religion. The government guarantees freedom of faith and worship to all citizens. ………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON -2 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT AND DUTIES

I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. What are fundamental rights? Ans: Fundamental Rights are the basic rights given to an individual by the Constitution for his development. They are the Constitutional rights. The constitution of India has prominently provided six fundamental right to all its citizen. a) Right of Equality b) Right to freedom c) Right against Exploitation d) Right of Religion e) Cultural and Educational Right f) Right to Constitutional Remedies.

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 2. What is Right to Equality? Ans: Under this right all are equal before the law and that nobody is above the law. All should get equal protection are the aspect included in Right to equality .The right to equality guarantees that all citizen should be treated as equal irrespective of religion ,race. Caste, sex or place of birth. 3. How does social and economic Exploitation take place? Give examples. Ans: Dowry system, existence of bonded labours, employment of children in mining, fireworks etc. are the ways which lead both social and economic exploitation. 4. Why should we follow fundamental duties with self-motivation? Ans: We should follow fundamental duties with self-motivation because the progress of the country becomes easier. 5. Mention any three fundamental duties. a) To respect the constitution, National flag and National Anthem b) To protect the unity of India c) To defend the motherland ………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON -3 DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. What are directive principles of state policy? Ans: The constitution has directed that state to follow some principles in order to achieve the ideal welfare state .These directive principles are called as directive principle of state policy. 2. What are the constitutional direction to state for establishing the women and children welfare? Ans:a)Equal wages to both men and women for the same work. b) Maternity benefit to women. c) Prevention of exploitation of children. d) Providing opportunities for their healthy development. e) Giving free and compulsory primary education. 3. Explain the uniform code of law to all. Ans: The state will try to secure a uniform civil code for all the citizens in order to treat all the Citizens in order to treat all the people equal. 4. Why are the states directed to enforce prohibition of Liquor? Ans: Drinking spoils the health. It leads to financial problems in the family and increased exploitation of woman .Therefore the constitution has directed all the state government to enforce the prohibition of Liquor. ………………………………………………………………………………..

(GEOGRAPHY) LESSON NO -1 NORTH AMERICA –LANDOF PRAIRIES

I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. Why is North America called ‘the land of prairies’? Ans: a) The central plains are also referred to as the great plains of prairies. b) The plain consists of vast expose almost 3/5 of total area of North America. c) These plains are formed by the river Mississippi, Missouri and their tributaries .This is one of the most fertile plains of the world and is a good farming region. 2. Mention the location and extent of North America. Ans:a)North America is located entirely to the north of the equator. b) It lies within 190 N to 710 N latitudes and 500 W to 1500W longitudes. c) The Tropic of Cancer passes through the continent in the south and the Arctic Circle in the north. d) North America is the third largest continent in area in the world after Asia and Africa. e) It is almost 7times bigger than India. f) There are 24 countries in North America. g) Caribbean Islands are also area included in the physical area of North America. 3. Make a list of important countries of North America. Ans: There are 24 countries in North America Canada, United States of America and Mexico are the three large countries. 4. How are the Grand Canyon of Northern America formed? Ans: River Colorado cuts the Colorado plateau and has given rise to the Grand Canyon. 5. Name the important plants and animals of North America. Ans: North America has a wide variety of plants and animals. a) The Tundra Vegetation: - Mosses and Lichens are found here.Some stunted flowering plants are grown in summer. Animals like Reindeer, Polar Bears and Arctic Foxes etc. Whales, Seals and fishes are found along the coastal area. b) The Taiga or Coniferous Belt: - The trees found here are pine, fir spruce, lurch, cedar etc. Animals like the sable, silver fox, black and grizzly Bear are found here. c) Deciduous Forests: - The trees found here are Cyprus, Oak, Ash, Maple and Chestnut. Animals like Black Bear, Bear, and Musk Rat are found here. d) The Cool Temperate Climate: - They are vast plains with rich grass only a few trees are found on hill tops. Bisons and Prairie dogs are the important animal found here.

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 e) Mediterranean types of climate: - The trees which are found here are Olives, Oak and Cork etc. Citrus trees like Lemon, Orange etc. are also found here. Not much wild life is found here. f) The Desert type climate: - Cactus and thorny bushes are common here. Lizards, Snakes and various kinds of insects are found here. 6. Who is called the Lumber Jacks in North America? Ans:a)Lumbering is a highly organized job in North America. b) People engaged in Lumbering in Canada are known as Lumber Jacks. 7. Make a list of important rivers of North America. Ans: Mississippi, Missouri, Rio Grande, Snake, Columbia, Yukon, Colorado, Arkanas, Ohio, Tenniess are the important rivers in North America. 8. Mention the important races and their languages formed in North America. Ans: Most of the North Americans are descending of Europeans of American Indian and Africans. Although there are some native or indigenous people. Most of them speak Spanish, English, French or American Indian languages. ………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON -2 SOUTH AMERICA - LAND OF ANDES

I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. Why are the natives of South American continent called as the Red Indians? Ans: When Christopher Columbus reached the continent around 1498 AD. He mistook it for India and called brown coloured natives as Red Indians. 2. Explain the location and extent of South America. Ans: a) The continent lies mainly in the southern hemisphere. b) The Equator and Tropic of Capricorn pass through the continent. c) Its latitudinal and longitudinal extent is 120 N to 560 S latitudes and 350 W to 810 W longitudes. d) The land area of South America is about 178.6 lakh sq.km and it 31/2 times bigger than India. 3. Name big and small countries of South America. a)Brazil b)Argentina c)Peru d)Columbia e)Bolivia f)Venezuela g)Chile h)Paraguay i)Ecuador j)Guyana k)Uruguay l)Suriname m)French Guiana 4. Which is the highest waterfall of the world found in South America? On which river it is found? Ans: Angel Falls is the world highest waterfall. River churn, a tributary of Orinoco had formed the world’s highest waterfall in the Guyana shield.

5. Mention the important grasslands of South America. Ans: The grasslands of South America are known as Llanos of Venezuela, Campos of Brazil and Panama of Argentina. 6. Name the important plants and wild animals of South America. Ans: South America has wild variety of plants and animals. a) Equatorial Region:- Selvas are the largest Rainforest in the world .The important trees are Mahogany, Ebony, Logwood and Rubber. Anaconda is one of the world’s largest reptile and it lives in the rainforest. Spider, Monkey, Owl, Monkey, Squirrel Monkey and thousands of insects are found in South America. b) Tropical grasslands: - Tall coarse grass of varying heights with scattered trees are known as Llanos of Venezuela and Campos in Brazil. Armendillo and numerous insects are found here. c) Temperate Grasslands: - Less coarse and short grass are found here. Puma and Jaguar are large animals found here. d) Mediterranean Region: - Evergreen trees and shrubs are found here. Fruits trees are grown well here. e) The Temperate Deserts: - The temperate deserts having scrub vegetation. 7. Mention the important racial groups found in South America. Ans: The inhabitants of South America belong to mixed racial groups, Amazon Indians and Inca Indians are native of South America who settled before the arrival of Europeans. Europeans came in search of gold, later settled here. Slaves were brought from Africa to work in plantations. The intermarriage among these groups formed mixed races. 8. Name the important cities with high density of population in South America. Ans: Most of the population is concentrated along the coasts in big cities and ports like Buenos Aires, Rio-de-Janerio, Valparaiso, Sao Paulo etc. ……………………………………………………………………………… SECOND SEMISTER

(HISTORY) LESSON NO -1 ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS TO INDIA

I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. 1. Who were the first Europeans to reach India for trade? Ans; - Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India for trade. 2. Who discovered the sea route to India? Ans;-Vasco da Gama discovered sea route to India.

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 3. Name the capital of the Dutch. Ans;-Pulicat was the capital of the Dutch. 4. When was the British East India Company established? The British East India Company established in 1600. 5. Name the trade centres of the French. Ans;-Pondicherry, Maslipatnam, Calicut, Mahe, Karaikal and Chandranagar were the trade centres of the French. 6. Who was the Mughal emperor who granted ‘Dastak’ to the British? Ans; - Farrukh Siyara was the Mughal emperor who granted ‘Dastak’ to the British. II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. List out the causes responsible for the decline of the Portuguese in India. a) Possession of strong navy by the Dutch and the English posed as a formidable challenge to the Portuguese. b) Portuguese government officials became highly corrupt, losing their loyalty .Later reduced their government a pathetic condition. c) Religious fanaticism was the reason for their decline. They attempted to convert the locals forcefully. d) With the decline of Vijayanagar Empire, their trade declined. 2. What were the causes that led to the decline of the French? Ans; - a) French army commanders in India were not given complete support by the government of France. b) Political confusion and revolutions took place in France .This led to their decline in India. c) French Navy was not superior to the English Navy. III.MATCH THE FOLLOWING. 1. Portuguese Goa 2. Dutch Pulicat 3. French Pondicherry 4. English Calcutta ………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON NO -2 RISE OF BRITISH POLITICAL SUPREMACY IN INDIA

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. Mir Jaffer became the Nawab of Bengal after the battle of Plassey. 2. Sha Alam II the Mughal emperor took part in the battle of Buxar. 3. The second Carnatic war ended with the treaty of Pondicherry. II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. 1. Between whom did the battle of Buxar take place? Ans;-The battle of Buxar was took place between the British and combined forces of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, the Nawab of Audh and the Mughals.

2. Who emerged victorious after the end of Carnatic Wars? Ans;-The British emerged victorious after the end of Carnatic wars. 3. Who introduced Subsidiary Alliance? Ans;-English Governor General Lord Wellesley introduced Subsidiary Alliance. 4. Who introduced the policy of Doctrine of Lapse? Ans;-British Governor General Lord Dal Housie introduced the policy of Doctrine of Lapse. III.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. What were the results of Battle of Buxar? Ans;-a) Mir Jaffer again became the Nawab of Bengal. b) Battle of Buxar stabilized the British East India Company. c) This war led to the expansion of British influence from Bengal to Allahabad. d) They obtained Diwani right from Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, in Bengal province. e) In 1765 CE after the death of Mir Jaffer, Nizam –Ud-Daula became the Nawab of Bengal. 2. What were the causes for Battle of Plassey? Ans;-Siraj-Ud-Daula was very young when he became the Nawab of Bengal. a) The British started strengthening the fort of port William without obtaining permission from the Nawab of Bengal. b) They abused the tax concession on business. c) Enraged the Nawab took control of their warehouses. These events led to the battle of Plassey. 3. Describe the results of Subsidiary Alliance. Ans;-a) Huge burden of military expenses made Indian states economically weak. b) British took control of vast land. c) States which came under this policy lost their sovereignty. 4. Name the Indian states that came under the policy of Doctrine of Lapse. Ans;-Oudh, Satara, Nagpur and Jhansi were the Indian States that came under the policy of Doctrine of Lapse. ……………………………………………….………………………………

LESSON NO-3 IMPACT OF THE BRITISH RULE

I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING 1. Who introduced the ‘Permanent Zamindari System’? Ans;-Governor General Cornwallis introduced the ‘Permanent Zamindari System’. 2. What is Ryotwari System’? Ans;-The system where the farmers could directly remit the land tax to treasury without any intermediaries is Ryotwari System.

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 3. How much fund was reserved for education in India as per Charter Act of 1813? Ans;-Under the Charter Act, one lakh rupees was reserved for education in India. 4. Who implemented the Regulating Act and When? Ans;-The Governor General Warren Hastings implemented Regulating Act in 1773. 5. Name the Universities that were established in India in 1857. Ans;-Bombay, Madras, Calcutta were the Universities established in India in 1857. 6. Why was the Charter Act of 1813 introduced? Ans: - The universalization of English education the Charter Act of 1813 introduced. II.MATCH THE FOLLOWING 1. Warren Hasting - Collection of tax by auction 2. Cornwallis - Permanent Zamindari System 3. Thomas Munro - Ryotwari system 4. William Bentinck - English Education 5. Dadabhai Naoroji - Wealth drain theory III.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. Explain the impact of western Education in India. Ans;-The traditional system slowly declined .The new education system enabled Indians from different languages to interact among themselves .This gave impetus to the growth of national feelings .The European intellectual thoughts affected the Indian thinking’s in a long term perspective. It also influenced the Indian literature and resulted in various literacy movements. Many sections of the society received social awakening. 2. Mention some of the important constitutional reforms in India. Ans;-Some of the important constitutional reforms in India are as follows. a) Regulating Act b) Pitt’s India Act c) Morley – Minto Reforms d) Montagu – Chelmsford Reforms e) 1935 Act 3. How did permanent Zamindari System influence the Farmers? Ans; - a) The Zamindars exploited the farmers by collecting excess land tax they never gave attention to improve the agricultural output. b) The tenant farmers were forced to pay their share even though crops had failed. c) Apart from this, the company made farmers further poor by forcing them to grow commercial crops that were need for their factories .All this resulted in growth of bonded labour. …………………………………….…………………………………………

LESSON NO -4 SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORMS

I.FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy started Samvada Koumudi. 2. Jyothiba Phule wrote the book Gulamagiri. 3. Dayananda Anglo Vedic College in Lahore was started by Lala Hansraj. 4. Pandith Ramabai started Mukti Mission for the upliftment of women. II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. Who was called as ‘Father of Indian Modernism’? Ans;-Raja Ram Mohan Roy is called as ‘Father of Indian Modernism’. 2. Who was Mahadeva Govinda Ranade? Ans;-Mahadeva Govinda Ranade was a social reformist who worked for the Prarthana Samaj. 3. Who was the founder of Satyashodhaka Samaja? Ans;-Jyothiba Phule was the founder of Satyashodhaka Samaja. 4.’Awake Arise, stop not till you reach the goal’ who gave this message? Ans; - Swami Vivekananda gave this call to Indian Youth. 5. Who was Dr. Annie Besant? Ans;-Dr. Annie Besant was the President of the Theosophical society of Adyar near Chennai. 6. Who was the leader for Aligarh Movement? Ans;-Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the leader of the Aligarh Movement. 7. Name the institution started by Sri Narayana Guru. Ans;-Narayana Guru established the institution called’Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam’. 8. Who was the author of Shree Purusha Thulana? Ans;-Tarabai Shinde was the author of Shree Purusha Tulana. 9. Who was a well-known Christian social reformer? Ans; Pandit Ramabai was a well-known Christian social reformer. III.MATCH THE FOLLOWING 1. Swamy Vivekananda - Ramakrishna Samaja 2. Swamy Dayananda Saraswati - Arya Samaja 3. Syed Ahmed Khan - Aligarh Movement 4. Jyothi Ba Pule - Satyashodhaka Society 5. Annie Besant - Theosophical society IV.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING 1. Write a note on social and religious reformation efforts of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. Ans; - Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the first man to create social awareness in modern time. a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy started ‘Athmiya Sabha’. b) Later in 1828, he started Brahma Sabha. In the next year it was named as ‘Brahma Samaj’.

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy is a representative of the communion of the western and eastern thoughts. d) The Brahma Samaj opposed child marriage, sati system, caste system, Idol worship, polygamy and many other superstitious believes. e) Raja Ram Mohan Roy and his associates petitioned the British Government to eradicate Sati System. 2. What is the role of Savithribai Pule in social reformation? Ans;-a)Savithribai Pule started a school for girls at Pune along with her husband Jyothiba Pule and also worked as a teacher in that school. b) She tried to stop infanticide by opening a rehabilitation centre for child widows. C) She fought against the gender discrimination and caste system. d) She shouldered the responsibility of social struggle waged by her husband Jyothiba Pule. 3. What are the objectives of Theosophical Society? a) To inculcate universal brotherhood by eliminating discrimination. b) To study Dharma, Philosophy and science through comparative approach. c) To investigate the hidden aspects of nature and hidden power in human beings. 4. What is the role of Syed Ahmed Khan in reforming Muslim Community? Ans;-a) Syed Ahmed Khan tried to expand English education among Muslims through it. b) And also tried bring in harmony among Hindus and Muslims. c) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan provided this attempt a movement structure. d) He wanted Muslim youth to have proper employment in the company government by getting good education. e) As a social reformer, he opposed Pardha system, polygamy and divorce systems. f) In order to translate English literature into Urdu, he established ‘Translation society’. Later, it became ‘Scientific Society’. g) In order to promote rationality among Muslims he began publishing a newspaper ‘Aligarh Institute gazette’. f) It was published in English and Urdu languages. He started Muhammedan Anglo oriental college in 1875C E .It became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920. 5. What were the measures taken by Narayana guru in reforming backward Communities? Ans: a) Sri Narayana Guru established ‘Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam’ in 1903. b) Through this institution he tried for the social, economic, cultural, educational development of

communities like Ezhava and other downtrodden community. c) He built around thirty temples in Kerala which were open to all including untouchables. d) He established a good library in all the temples. 6. What was the role of Ramabai in the reformation of women? a) Pandit Ramabai was the famous Christian Reformer of India. b) She received education which was against the practice .She accepted Christianity while studying in England. c) She dedicated her life for the betterment of women of India and established ‘Mukthi Mission ‘in 1889. d) This Institution is active till today and provides rehabilitation to widows, orphans and alcoholic addicts ……………………………………………………….………………………

LESSON NO -5 FREEDOM STRUGGLE

5.1 FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCES I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING 1. What were the immediate reasons for the outbreak of first war of independence? Ans: The immediate cause of the 1857 revolt was the introduction of a new kind of gun, the Enfield rifle into the army. 2. Who was Mangal Pandey? Ans: Mangal Pandey was an Indian Soldier in Barakpur regiment. 3. State any one effect of the first war of independence. Ans: The 1857 Struggle awakened a new political awareness among the Indians. A new sense of Nationalism developed. 4. Who was the first nationalist to call the struggle of 1857 as the first war of independence? Ans: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was the first nationalist to call the struggle of 1857 as the first war of Independence. 5. Which Mughal king participated in the first war of Independence? Ans: Bahadur Shah II was the last Mughal King who participated in the first war of independence. 6. Name the women leader who fought in the first war of independence. Ans: Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai fought in the first war if Independence. II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. List out the reasons for the outbreak of first war of Indian Independence. a) Political reasons b) Administrative Reasons. c) Economic reasons

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 d) Social and religious reasons. e) Military reasons. g) Immediate reasons. 2. Name the leaders of Karnataka who participated in the first war if Indian Independence. Ans: In Karnataka Mundaragi Bhima Rao, the hunters of Halagali, Venkatappa Nayaka of Surapura and Babasaheb of Naragund were the prominent leaders of the revolt. ………………………………………………………………………………

5.2 THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. What is Nationalism? Ans: Nationalism is the germination of the feeling ‘We are one ‘in the minds of the people of a distinct geographical area. 2. By whom and when was the Indian National Congress established? Ans: The Indian National Congress was established by Allan Octavian Hume in 1885 at Mumbai. 3. When did the partition of Bengal take place? Ans: Bengal was partitioned in 1905. 4. What was the famous proclamation made by Balgangadhar Tilak? Ans: Balgangadhar Tilak proclaimed ‘’Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.’’ 5. When was the Indian Muslim League established? Ans: The Indian Muslim League was established in 1906. 6. Who were the national leaders popularly known as ‘Lal, Bal, Pal ‘? Ans: Lala Lajpat Rai, Balgangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal were popularly known as ‘Lal, Bal, Pal’.

7. Who started Home Rule Movement? Ans: In 1916, Lokamanya Tilak and Annie Besant started the Home Rule Movement. 8. When did Jallianwala Bagh Massacre take place? Who was the British police officer responsible for this tragedy? Ans: a) On 13th April 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place. b) The security officer at Amritsar general Dyer was responsible for this. 9. Who gave the call ‘Inquilab Zindabad’? Ans: Bhagat Singh was the first Indian to give the call ‘Inquilab Zindabad’. 10. Name any 1 secret revolutionary organisation. Ans: ’Mitramela ‘was the secret revolutionary organization. II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. Name the factors responsible for the rise of Indian Nationalism. Ans: a) Introduction of Western Education and Modern Science.

b) Uniform Administrative System. c) Economic Exploitation d) Realization of Heritage. e) Social- Religious Movements. f) Inspiration of the first war of Independence. g) Racial Discrimination. 2. List out the objectives of Indian National Congress. Ans: a) To bring together and build a strong bonding between the political activists of different parts of the nation. b) To establish national unity. c) To formulate public opinion by placing the demands of the people before the government. d) To generate nationalism in place of provincialism. 3. What was the role of revolutionaries in the war of Indian Independence? Ans: a) Vasudeva Balavant Phadke was the first among the revolutionaries who formed secret organization. b) Balakrishna Chapekar brothers were the intimate associates of this secret organization. Both of them were arrested and hanged till death. c) Khudiram was the first martyr to be hanged in the history of Indian freedom struggle. d) Vinayaka Damodar Savarkar was another revolutionary in 1899, he set up the secret organization ‘Mitramela’. e) Chandrasekhar Azad joined ‘Hindustan Socialist Republican Association ‘ and was an associate in some cases like Kakori conspiracy ,Bombing the legislative assembly hall and firing at British Officer Sanderson in Lahore. f) Many Martyrs such as Bhagat Singh, Raj guru, Sukhdev, Bhagavati Charan and Gaya Prasad sacrificed themselves to release India from the clutches of British. ………………………………………………………………….……………

5.3 THE GANDHIAN AGE. I.FILL THE BLANKS. 1. Gandhiji’s political guru was Gopala Krishna Gokhale. 2. Sabarmati Ashram was established by Gandhiji near Ahmadabad. 3. Chauri-Chaura incident happened in the year 1922. 4.’’Poorna Swaraj’’ declaration was adopted in 1929. 5. General Secretary of the congress Socialist party was Jayaprakash Narayan. 6.’’Total Revolution was started by Jayaprakash Narayan. 7. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of independent India. II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 1. Where and when was Gandhiji born? Ans: Gandhiji was born on 2nd October 1869 at Porabandar in Gujarat state. 2. Who was the political Guru of Gandhiji? Ans: Gopalakrishna Gokhale was the political guru of Gandhiji. 3. Between whom the Poona Pact took place? Ans: The Poona pact was signed between Gandhiji and Dr.B.R Ambedkar. 4. Who started ‘Forward Block’? Ans: Subhash Chandra Bose was started ‘Forward Block’. 5. Expand I.N.A Ans: Indian National Army. 6. In which movement did Gandhiji give a call ‘Quit India’? Ans: Gandhiji gave a call ‘Quit India’ in Quit India Movement. 7. Who declared ‘Give me blood, I will give you freedom’? Ans: Subhash Chandra Bose declared ‘Give me blood, I will give you freedom’. 8. When was Ambedkar born? Ans: Ambedkar was born on April 14th, 1891. 9. Who was called ‘Architect of the constitution ‘of India? Ans: Dr.B.R Ambedkar’s is called ‘Architect of the constitution of India’. 10. Who was called ‘Lokanayaka ‘? Ans: Jayaprakash Narayan was called ‘Lokanayaka’. 11. Why did Gandhiji start the Quit India Movement? Ans:-Failure of Cripps Commission made Indians angry therefore Gandhiji started the Quit India Movement. II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. Write about Gandhiji Civil Disobedience Movement. Ans: a) Gandhiji started the civil disobedience movement on 12th March 1930 with the historic Dandi March. b) With selected 78 supporters, Gandhiji travelled the distance of 375 kms from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi on foot. c) Production of salt by people in violation of tax laws was the objective of this movement. 2. Explain Quit India Movement. a) Failure of Cripps Commission made Indians angry. Gandhiji called a Congress meeting in Mumbai on August 8, 1942 C.E .The decision to start ‘Quit India Movement ‘was take here. b) The call ‘Do or Die’ was given to Indians. c) The next day the government arrested the Gandhiji and other leaders.

d) As the news of arrests spread, people started Harthals and protests against the British in schools, colleges and favorites. e) The post officer, railway stations and police stations were raided by the angry mob. This movement was supported by farmers, students and workers. g) The ‘Quit India ‘movement failed to realize its immediate political goal. 3. Explain briefly the freedom struggle of Subhash Chandra Bose. Ans: a) The role of Subhash Chandra Bose is unique in India freedom movement b) He founded ‘Forward Block ‘party. c) By this time, the Second World War had started. The British put Subhas Chandra Bose in house arrest due to his radical views. d) But Bose managed to escape from the house arrest and reached Berlin through Peshawar, Kabul and Moscow. e) Bose entered to an agreement with Hitler, the enemy of the British and secured his help to push the British out of India. f) During this period, Japan had entered the Second World War .Around forty thousand Indian soldiers were taken as prisoners of war by Japan. g) These imprisoned soldiers united under the leadership of Mohan Singh and formed ‘Indian National Army’. h) Subhash Chandra Bose arrived at Singapore and accepted the leadership of I.N.A in 1943. i) By declaring ‘Chalo Dilli’ the I.N.A attacked India from Burma and moved 150 miles into Indian Territory. j) The capital of Burma was captured by the British .This was a major setback to I.N.A. 4. Explain Ambedkar’s struggle for social Independence. Ans: Ambedkar’s was a great leader who fought for the welfare of Dalits and other deprived classes of society. a) As he was born into an untouchable caste, he had experienced the pain of untouchability. b) He was convinced that only through constitutional measures, the social evil of untouchability can be eradicated. c) He launched various struggles against untouchability. d) He edited ‘Mookanayak’ and ‘Bahiskruth Bharat’ periodicals to voice the issues of Dalits. He also established ‘Bahiskruth Hithakarani Sabha’. ………………………………………………………………………………

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 LESSON NO -6

PRO-PEOPLE MOVEMENTS OF KARNATAKA. I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. Why did the movement ‘Save the Source of Tunga’ begin? Ans: The Tunga river protection drive agitation started after the people realized that the river was getting polluted. 2. What is ‘Appiko’ Movement? Ans: Appiko means ‘embrace’ .To grow and protect trees and to prevent their destruction this movement was started in Karnataka. 3. What is ‘Social Forestry’? Ans: The planting of selected trees and plants by the forest department in the place of trees cut is known as ‘Social Forestry’. 4. Who were the first women B.A degree holders? Ans: In Karnataka, Srirangamma and Rukmanamma were the first women B.A degree holders. II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. 1. Why should we save ancient lakes? Ans: a) As a result of many Industries, the discharge of effluents into the rivers and lakes make them polluted. b) Lakes provide water for birds, animals and other living beings. Therefore lakes should be preserved and protected. 2. Name the importance movements related to the protection of the environment. Ans: Some important movements are a) Protects against Karwar naval base ‘Sea Bird’. b) Protest against the Nagarjuna power project of Cogentrics in the east coast. c)’save the tanks movement. d) Protest against Bhandra Upper Canal project. e) ’Save Cubbon Park’ agitation. f) Protest against Industrial cities. 3. Why did the Dalit movement begin? Ans: a) Dalits had no place even in the caste system. They were lower than the lowest. They were kept away from the main stream in society for the sole reason that they were born in untouchables families. b) The Non-Brahmin Movements that started in the 20th century did not include the dalits, protesting against this the ‘Dalit movement ‘started in the 1970’s and grew into a decisive force. 4. What was the motto of the Dalit movement? Ans: a) The dalits are fighting for their own rights. b) Education, organization and agitation were the catch words of their movement. c) They became more aware and looked at political achievement as a solution for their problems.

5. Why is the Panchayat Raj System Significant? Ans: a) Panchayat Raj system can be defined as the decentalization of administration. b) It aims at giving authority to the local people to participate in administration and take decisions. c) Panchayat Raj System created many opportunities for the Dalit’s, people of Backward Classes and women to participate in self –government. ………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON -7 KARNATAKA–ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL

TRANSFORMATION I.FILL IN THE BLANKS. 1. B.D Jatti was the Ex- Vice President of India. 2. In 1974 D.Devaraja was the chief Minister of Karnataka. 3. L.G Havanur was the first Chairman of Backward Classes Commission formed in 1975. II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. 1. What are ‘Land Reforms’’? Ans: The various measures implemented to solve the problems with regard to land holdings are called Land Reforms. 2. Which are the main land reforms implemented in Karnataka? Ans: a) Abolition of the Zamindar System b) Reforms in the Tenancy System c) Maximum Limit on landholdings. d) Creation of Economic holdings. e) Development of co-operative farming. 3. What is ‘Economic holding’? Ans: The land holdings which enable the cultivators to earn sufficient income for a comfortable life of his family after accounting for all his expenses are called ‘’Economic holdings’’. 4. What is ‘Co-Operative Farming’? Ans: a) Farmers voluntarily form co-operative associations, give up their lands for collective supervision and cultivate the lands together. b) When the crop is harvested and sold, they set aside money for long term development of the land and divide the rest of the money among themselves. This is called ‘C0-Operative Farming System’. 5. How did the L.G Havanur Commission identify the backwardness of a community? Ans: The percentage of students of different castes who passed in S.S.L.C examination in 1975 was taken as the criterion for determining the Backwardness of those castes. ………………………………………………………………………………

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 LESSON NO -8

WOMEN FREEDOM FIGHTERS I.FILL IN THE BLANKS 1. Veerarani Abbakkana Utsava is celebrated in memory of Queen Abbakka in Ullal. 2. Ballari Siddhanama was born in the year 1903. 3. In 1938, Yashodharamma participated in Shivapura Flag Satyagraha. 4. Yashodharamma was a minister of congress. 5.’Swadeshi Vrath’ was written by Umabai Kundapura. II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING 1. Describe Abbakkadevi’s fight against Portuguese in the protection of Ullal. a) Abbakkadevi rejected the demands of Portuguese for taxes. b) They declared war on her in 1555 Abbakka won this battle. c) In 1568, the viceroy of Portuguese Antonio Noronha entered Ullal. Abbakkadevi escaped from there and attacked on the Portuguese with a band of 200 soldiers. d) General Peixco died in this attack .Many Portuguese soldiers were taken as prisoners. e) In another battle an admiral Portuguese Mascarenhas was killed. f) Rani Abbakka demanded the Portuguese to vacate the Mangalore fort. But, the Portuguese continued to attack Ullal as they were attracted by its wealth. 2.’’Multi-talented Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay is Karnataka’s pride’ ’Explain. Ans: Kamala Devi Chattopadhyay is multi-talented person from Karnataka who played an important role in national politics. a) Influenced by Gandhi and Sarojini Naidu, she participated in the national non-cooperation movement. b) She walked the streets of Allahabad by holding the flag and raised slogans against the British government. c) She participated in the salt Satyagraha. d) She was not only a freedom fighter but also a social reformer, feminist, writer and film actor. 3. List the achievements of Umabai Kundapur in the freedom struggle. a) Umabai Kundapur participated in the freedom struggle after 1921. b) She was influenced by the nationalist ideologies of Gandhiji and Hardekar. c) She wrote a drama in Marathi ‘Swadeshi Vrath’ to carry the message of Swadeshi and its importance. d) She took over the responsibility of Saraswati Sahitya Samaj, Bhagini Mandal and Tilak School of Bombay.

e) Apart from taking part in freedom struggle led by Tilak, she also participated in the movements led by Gandhiji. f) She assumed the leadership of women unit of Sevadal, which was started by N.S Hardekar in 1923. g) She played a pivotal role in national convention of Congress at Belagavi of 1924. h) She participated in the salt agitation and agitations that took place in Ankola, Sirsi, Siddapura and other places. i) She became the guardian for many destitute women. j) She under took the responsibility of Kasturba foundation and continued her social work. ………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON -9 INTEGRATION OF KARNATAKA AND

BORDER DISPUTES I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. When was the Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha established? Ans: The Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha was established in 1890. 2. Who is called ‘Karnataka Kulapurohita’? Ans: Aluru Venkatarao was called ‘Karnataka Kulapurohita’. 3. Name two organizations that contributed to the integration of Karnataka. Ans: a) Akhanda Karnataka Rajya Nirmana Parishat. b) State Reorganizing Commission. 4. When did Vishala Mysore State come into existence? Ans: Vishaka Mysore State came into existence on November 1, 1956. 5. By whom and when the name Karnataka was given? Ans: When the D.Devaraja Urs became the chief minister, he renamed Mysore State as ‘Karnataka’ on November 1, 1973. 6. Who wrote the poem ‘’Udayavagali Namma Cheluva Kannada Naadu’’? Ans: Huylagola Narayana Rao wrote the poem ‘’Udayavagali Namma Cheluva Kannada Naadu’’. II.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. 1. Who are poets and writers that provided motivation for the Karnataka Integration Movements? Name their poems. Ans: Poets:- a) Huylagola Narayana Rao wrote ‘Udayavagali Namma Cheluva Kannada Naadu’. b) Kuvempu wrote ‘’Jayahe Karnataka Maathe’’ and ‘’Nee Mettuva Nela Ade Karnataka’’. Writers:-

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 a) Alur Venkatarao communicated the glory and richness of Kannada language and land. b) Shanthakavi played an important role in motivating the people of Bombay Karnataka. c) Many other poets, writers and journalists motivated Kannadigas to get united. 2. Who was the Chairperson of State Reorganizing Commission? Who were the members of the Commission? Ans: a) S.Fazal Ali was the Chairperson of State Reorganizing Commission. b) H.N.Kunjru and K.M Phanikkar were its members. ………………………………………………………………………………

(CIVICS) LESSON NO -1 OUR DEFENCE FORCES

I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. Who is given the supreme power of the defence forces? Ans: The supreme power of the defence forces are vested with the President of India. 2. Which are the divisions of the defence forces? Ans: The defence forces has three divisions .They are Army, Navy and Air Force. 3. What is the chief of the Army called? Ans: The chief of the Army is called General. 4. Where is the head office of the Army? Ans: The head office of the Army is in New Delhi. 5. What is the chief of the Navy called? Ans: The chief of the Navy is called Admiral. 6. What is the slogan of the NCC? Ans: The slogan of the NCC is Discipline and Unity. 7. What are the important functions of the army? Ans: a) The army protects the border areas. b) Safeguards the integrity of the country. c) Prevents smuggling and such other anti–national activities. 8. What are the functions of the Border Road Organization? Ans: a) The Border Road Organization opens the closed entries to the army to enable armed operations instantly. b) It also co- ordinates the important works like construction of roads, bridges and drainage lines. 9. What is the aim of the Indian Red Cross Society? Ans: The main aim of the Indian Red Cross Society is Humanity and Voluntary Service. 10. Would you like to serve the defence? If so, give reasons. Ans: Yes, I would like to serve the defence .It gives me pride to be an Indian and serve the country .In the lower classes ,I have read about great kings and warrior who had sacrificed their lives serving the nation, I want to become one too. ………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON -2 CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT

I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. What is Constitutional Amendment? Ans: Amendment is a minor change or as addition to a constitutional provision or other document. 2. What are the methods of amending the constitution? Ans: a) Amendment by Simple Majority b) Amendment by Special Majority c) Amendment by Special Majority along with consent by half of the states. 3. What is Simple Majority Amendment Method? Ans: Certain parts of the constitution can be amended by a Simple Majority through general legislative process of the parliament and seek the consent (approval of half of the total member of Parliament) for amendment. 4. What is Special Majority Amendment Method? Ans: Certain parts of the Constitution can be amended by a special majority consent of the members of Parliament. Majority means two third members should accept .For example –Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and other factors. 5. Explain the third method of amending the constitution of India. Ans: Certain parts of the constitution can be amended by special majority along consent from half of the states of India. ………………………………………………………………………………

(GEOGRAPHY) LESSON -1 AUSTRALIA –THE FLATTEST CONTINENT

I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. Australia is known as the flattest continent. Why? Ans: Out of the land surface in Australia 94% is less than 600mt above sea level, comprising of flat lowland. Therefore it is known as the flattest continent. 2. Explain the location and extent of Australia. a) The continent of Australia is situated completely in the southern and the eastern hemisphere. b) It lies between 10.450 and 43.390, south latitude and 113.90 and 153.390 east longitude. c) The Tropic of Capricorn passes approximately through the central part of the continent. d) The total area of the continent including the island of Tasmania, is 76.82 lakh Sq.kms. e) The continent is 3940 Km from North to South and 4,350 Km from west to east .Its coastal line is 19,310 Km long.

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 3. What are the major physical divisions of Australia? Ans: Australia can be divided into 3 physical divisions. They are as follows. a) The Eastern Highlands. b) The Plateau Lowlands c) The Western Plateau. 4. Write a note on the river systems of Australia. Ans: a) There are a few rivers in Australia. b) Most of the rivers of Australia are short and flow into the lakes. c) The Muaary is the most important river in Australia .Darling, Lachlan and Murrumbidge are its main tributaries. d) The east flowing rivers are short and swift .They are the Hunter, the east Flitzroy and Belyando. e) The rives Mitchel, Gilbert and Flinders in the north eastern part, flow towards North West and join the Gulf of Carpentaria. f) The Daly, Victoria, West Flitzeroy and others flow northward and north westward and joins the Timor Sea. g) The Rivers Cooper Creek, Diamantia and Mucumba drain into Lake Eyre. h) River Murchison, Avon, Black Wood etc. drain into the Indian Ocean. 5) What are the main crops of Australia? Ans: A variety of crops are grown in the continent i.e. Wheat, Sugarcane, Cotton, Maize, Tobacco. A variety of fruits and vegetables are grown here. 6. Which are the important minerals of Australia? Ans: Australia has enough mineral resources .Its important minerals are Iron Ore, Bauxite, Lead, Zinc, Copper, Nickle, Tin and uranium. 7. Mention the important industries of Australia. Ans: The major industries and producing centres are as follows. a) Iron and Steel Industry b) Automobile Industry c) Ship building d) Electrical Machinery e) Textiles f) Paper, paperboard and pulp industries g) Oil Refining 8. Mention the product exported from Australia. Ans: a) Australia exports about 70% of its total production of Wheat. b) Milk, meat and other daily products are exported .The fine wool of Merino sheep is also exported. c) Minerals like Iron Ore, Bauxite, Lead, Zinc etc. are also exported. d) Iron and steel, Machinery and other manufactured goods are exported.

9. Density of population in Australia is low. Why? Ans: Australia is one of the countries with very low density of population in the world. The average density of population is only 3 persons per sq.km .It is because 80% of the continent is covered by desert and semi desert. In Australia urban population is more than rural population. 10. Mention the grasslands found in Australia. Ans: There are two types of grasslands in Australia. They are a) Tropical grasslands b) Temperate grasslands. ………………………………………………………………………………

LESSON NO -2 ANTARCTICA –THE WHITE CONTINENT

I.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING. 1. Mention the location and extent of Antarctica. Ans: Antarctica is the continent which surrounds the South Pole. Most of the continent lies within the Antarctic Circle or 66.300 south latitude. Antarctica is the fifth largest continent .Its total area is 14.2 million Sq.kms. 2. Explain the physical setting of Antarctica. Ans:The Continent of Antarctica is surrounded by a water body .It is often called the Southern Ocean or Antarctic Ocean .But it is not a separate water body. Instead it is formed by the meeting of southern parts of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. 3. Antarctica is known as the White Continent. Why? Ans: a) Ice and Snow cover about 98% of the Antarctica therefore most of the relief features of the continent are covered by ice sheets. b) The ice layer, which approximately 2300 meters thick, makes it look white .Therefore, Antarctica is called ‘’the white continent’’. 4. Mention the important Mountains and Peaks of Antarctica. Ans: a) The Trans-Antarctic mountain crosses the entire continent. b) Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. c) Mt.Erebus, Antarctica’s most active volcano, is on the Ross Island. Another one is Prince Charles Mountain. 5. Name the plants and animals of Antarctica. a) The natural vegetation consists of Moss, Lichen and algae. b) There are a variety of animals like the Krill, Penguins, Whales, Seal and a variety of sea birds. 6. Mention research centres of India in Antarctica. Ans: a) Dakshina Gangothri: The first permanent settlement was built in 1983 and named Dakshina Gangothri. In 1989 it was buried and was later excavated and is being used again for storage.

SOCIAL NOTES, CLASS – 7 b) Maitri is the second settlement .It was set up in 1988-89 on the Schumacher Oasis for experiments in Geology, Geography and medicines.

c) Bharathi is the third proposed settlement and active research station. Its propose is for the study of Oceanography. …………………………………………………………………………….....