Social

By Cassandra Ablan, Allie Albright,

Sanjana Basker, Lase Bayudan, and Jamie

Becker

Up to 600 BCE - Egypt: women treated as romantic equals, sometimes queens, could

divorce; more rights than Mesopotamian women

- Shang Dynasty: elite warrior class; prisoners of war used as slaves and

sacrificial victims

- Roman life: hard work and everyday pleasures, but isolated living

- Mesopotamia: 3 social classes: 1) Free, landowning 2) Dependent farmers

and artisans 3) Slaves

- Chavin: beginnings of class distinctions, rich kings and important priests

- Nubia: women rulers alongside husband or alone; large roles in warfare and

diplomacy

600 BCE - 600 CE - Africa: Fixed social categories (age groupings, kinship divisions, distinct

gender roles, occupational groupings, isolation of king) among varied

African kingdoms

- China: Confucianism, a place & duty in hierarchical order in family and

human relations

- Middle East: More legal rights for women under Islamic law than Christian or

Jewish law

- Europe: more arts and crafts like glassmaking and construction in Kiev

- Americas: Moche women important to weaving and textiles

- India: Decline in role of women with the Gupta Empire and increase in

male's control

600 - 1450

- Maya: matrilineal and patrilineal tendencies, women central to family life

- Chinese women faced subordination, legal disenfranchisement, & social

restriction

- Middle East: Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves

"mamluks"

-Western Europe: Men and women worked in fields, but women subordinate

to men, rural poverty led to rapid population growth and insufficient

farming

- Africa: young maidens and eunuchs to North Africa as slaves

- Mongols: infants placed on goats to train them in riding

1450 - 1750 - Prisoners of war often sold as slaves in African Slave Trade; to Americas,

mostly men; to Muslim North Africa and Islamic states, many women and

children

- India: Improved status of Hindu women

- Europe: Recovering from plague, poor areas worse as a result of warfare,

environmental degradation, and economical contractions

- Americas: conquistadors make slaves of Arawak and Hispaniola peoples

- Middle East: Janissaries are new class and Tulips are strangely popular

-Americas: integration of peoples, e.g. creoles, mulattos, slaves

1750 - 1900

- Africa: Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from illegal slave trade in

19th century restored to free status, called recaptives

- China: conservative Chinese elite stood in the way of Chinese

industrialization

- European clergy in South America: language barrier, cultural barriers

- India: Indian National Congress, movement of middle class Indians

demanding greater participation in government, freedom from British rule

- Western Societies: "Separate Spheres" for women

- Latin America: Poor majority not allowed to benefit from railroad boom,

only landowners and elite

1900 - Present - Africa: Apartheid in South Africa; racial discrimination and race riots

throughout Africa

- Middle East: In Palestine, new Jewish settlers more jobs and better land,

Arabs and Berbers discriminated against

- America: improved birth control methods, women greater control over

fertility, lower birth rates in developed countries

- Global: Declaration of Human Rights, no slavery, cruel and unusual

punishment, torture, arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile

- West Europe and Japan: Low fertility rates: population decline if not for

immigration

- China: Mao's eradication of foreign cultural influences

A History of the World: Politics

By Chris, Elizabeth, Austin, Balon, and Sean

Middle East:

• Babylon – multiple city-states ruled by one king (i.e. Hammurabi, Nebuchadnezzar); society dictated by Code of Hammurabi

• Sumerians – multiple city-states under single ruler; much power given to priests

Asia:

• Indus River Valley – independent city-states led by strong central government likely under rule of a priest-king; cities master planned and uniformly constructed

• Zhou Dynasty – kings ruled by Mandate of Heaven (divine leadership); power divided among loyal nobles (feudalism); developed complex bureaucracies

Africa:

• Egypt – multiple city-states united under single king or pharaoh; pharaohs ruled by ma’at (divine leadership)

Americas:

• Olmecs – likely ruled by form of kingship

Europe:

• Greeks – self-governed city-states (polis); some ruled under oligarchies, some under dictatorships; Athens developed first democracy, though exclusive

• Romans – began as republic made up of Senate and Assembly; developed into military dictatorship known as Principate

Middle East:

• Persian Empire – provincial government, power distributed by central authority among provincial governors (satraps); capital at Persepolis

Asia:

• Han Dynasty – founded on highly centralized and efficient government; empowered by tributary system; strongly emphasized education; ruled by Mandate of Heaven

• Gupta Empire – smaller and more decentralized than preceding Mauryan Empire; ruled through combination of military force and cultural prestige (theater-state)

Americas:

• Mayans – collection of city-states ruled by central king; conquered in order to gain slaves more so than territory

Europe:

• Holy Roman Empire – founded by Charlemagne from remnants of Roman Empire; organized by feudalism, king granted land (fiefs/manors) to nobles (vassals) who used peasants (serfs) for labor

Middle East:

• Abbasid Caliphate – 2nd of major Islamic kingdoms; strong government dictated by Islamic values that provided peace and stability; Sunni – Shi’ite split caused disintegration and fragmentation

Asia:

• Tang Dynasty – avoided over-centralization by allowing nobles, gentry, officials, and religious establishments to exercise power; tributary system; woman as ruler (Wu Zhao)

• Mongols – founded by Genghis Khan (1200s), used vigorous military conquest to create massive empire stretching from China to Eastern Europe; after his death, split into four main empires (khanates): Golden Horde, Il-Khan, Great Khan, and Central Asia

Africa:

• Mali – largest and most powerful state in Africa; good relations with Arab states; Islamic government; Mansa Muse known for vast wealth

Americas:

• Inca Empire – controlled territory using professional army; developed bureaucracy; unified language; complex system of roads and tunnels; rulers viewed as divine

Europe:

• France – absolute monarchy under Louis XIV; centralized bureaucracy; Louis broke apart from aristocracy and forced them into submission; power justified by divine right

Middle East:

• Ottoman Empire – founded from former Byzantine Empire; centralized authority by sultan; elaborate bureaucracy with hierarchy; developed vastly under Suleiman the Magnificent

Asia:

• Tokugawa Shogunate – power moved away from emperor and more towards daimyo (feudal lords); military dictatorship under Tokugawa Ieyasu; feudalism

Africa:

• Songhai – centralized government formerly part of Mali kingdom; centralized power; led by powerful kings; expanded borders through military conquest of neighboring states

Americas:

• European colonies – Spain, France, England, and Portugal controlled nearly all o f the land in the Western Hemisphere through colonies; colonies administered by colonial governors, appointed by the monarchy of their homeland

Oceana:

• Polynesians – people of the islands in the Pacific Ocean; settled many islands throughout the Pacific

Europe:

• France – increasingly oppressive and corrupt power of French monarchy sparks rebellion (inspired by American Revolution); French Revolution overthrows Louis XVI; adopts Declaration of the Rights of Man; ultimately, revolution gets out of hand and fails

Asia:

• Qing Dynasty - government ruled by strong and ruthless leaders; faced internal strife (Taiping, White Lotus, and Boxer rebellions) as well as foreign intrusion (Opium War, Treaty of Nanjing, Sino-French War, Sino-Japanese War, Treaty of Shimonoseki)

Africa:

• Asante Kingdom – strongest and most unified of West African states; large and strong military threatened European outposts

Americas:

• Mexico – Napoleon's invasion of Spain; revolutionary movement (sparked by Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos) against Spanish colonialism was fought; Mexico won independence

• Brazil - Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal; independence gained when Pedro came to power; Pedro II abolished slavery

Oceana:

• Australia/New Zealand – British immigrants settle Australia and New Zealand

Europe:

• Soviet Union – after multiple revolutions in Russia led mostly by Vladimir Lenin, communism slowly but surely took over; Soviet Union lasted until the end of the 20th century when Gorbachev’s reform led to the collapse of communism in Europe

Middle East:

• Israel/Palestine – Zionist movements demanded a Jewish homeland in Palestine; British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour accommodated them with Balfour Declaration (1917); creation of Israel has sparked decades of tension and violence between Israelis and Palestinians and continues to this day

Asia:

• India – British racism, brutality, and arrogance sparked nationalist movements; after long struggle for greater participation in government (Indian National Congress, All-India Muslim League) and nonviolent protests (Mohandas Gandhi) British withdrew from India; split into Pakistan (Muslim) and India (Hindu)

Africa:

• Algeria – Algerians fought a long and bitter war for independence from France but succeeded at last

Americas:

• Mexico – Mexican Revolution led by peasant revolutionaries (i.e. Emiliano Zapata, “Poncho” Villa) against corrupt government (Diaz regime) and wealthy landowners; Constitution of 1917 made many promises of reform but fulfilled few of them; National Revolutionary Party (PNR) allowed classes to work out compromises; promising reforms under Cardenas administrations

Oceana:

• Indonesia – Dutch withdrawal; resource-rich, underdeveloped nation fell under dictatorship; eventually overthrown

Religion☸ ☥ ☪ ☯ ✝ ✡

Emelia Funnell, Charlotte Kinrade, Cate Gibson,

Ben Liptak, Alex Kreitz, Christian Keeney pd. 2

Up to 600 BCE

•Early Neolithic communities and river valleys- animism and polytheism, ziggurats

•Middle East- Judaism and the concept of monotheism developed

•Egypt- polytheistic, believed in the afterlife

•Asia- India: origin of Hinduism, China: oracle bones, mandate of heaven

•South America (Olmec, Chavin, Maya): polytheistic, worshipped gods of nature

•Europe (Celtic Europe, Greece)- polytheistic, gods of certain skills or characteristics

•Oceania- tribal organizations practicing polytheism and animism

600 BCE - 600 CE

• Europe- Christianity developed and spread through the network of Roman roads

• Middle East- Judaism in Israel, some zoroastrianism

• Africa-Christianity spread until confrontation with Islam

• Asia- rise of Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism; Hinduism and Buddhism spread along the Silk Road

• Oceania- Traditional tribes believed in spirits that represented natural force

• Latin America- shamanism, ancestor veneration

600 - 1450 CE

•Middle East- arise of Islam, rapid spread through military conquest and trade routes, Sunni/Shi’ite split

•Asia- Neo-Confucianism emerged in China, Buddhism and Shinto in Japan

•Latin America- polytheistic with chief god, human sacrifices

•Europe- Christianity, Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church split, church and state conflict

•Africa- conversion to Islam as well as Christianity

•Oceania- polytheism, ancestral relations

1450-1750 CE

• Martin Luther breaks away from the Catholics and starts the Protestant Reformation.

• Catholic Counter-Reformation changes inner workings of the church. In response to the Protestant Reformation.

• Renaissance movement and logical thinking challenges Catholic Church in Europe.

• Hinduism and Buddhism remain strong in Asia throughout this period.

• Colonialism in the Americas and Africa cause the loss of native religions and the spread of Christianity.

• Enlightenment again challenges Church in Europe and the colonies.

1750 - 1900 CE

• China (Asia)- Christian movements in China by Xiuquan would eventually lead to Taiping Rebellion

• Hawaii (Oceania)- US involvement led to the introduction of Christianity

• Ottoman Empire (Middle East)- Islamic law shrunk by Tanzimat reforms, gained favor with Christians, Muslims did not like this

• France (Europe)- Ideals of Catholicism challenged during the French Revolution

• Africa- Christian missionary work

• Latin America (Americas)- Catholicism: most dominant religion

1900 CE-Present

• Middle East- Islamic extremist groups commit acts of terrorism for religious reasons, Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaeda

• Africa- After colonialism many africans converted to Christianity or Islam, these religions were spread by missionaries

• Asia- People in Asia were primarily Buddhist, Atheists, or Hindu, these religions expanded through trade and migration

• Europe- Primarily Christian, with strong influence from the Catholic Church

• Oceania- Indonesia primarily Muslim with Christian presence in Australia

• Americas- Strongly Christian, and commonly the victims of Islamic terrorism

Our Earth and its People: A.P.W.H.

Rayan Lotfi, Sean Lu, Miles Morgan, Max Moorman, Anthony Lopresti

8000 B.C.E.-600 B.C.E.

Period 1

Paleolithic to Neolithic: Slash and Burn, Specialization of Labor, Pastoralism, Agricultural Revolution

Mesopotamia: Cuneiform, Epic of Gilgamesh, Semitic, Scribes, Lunar Calendars

Egypt: Irrigation Tactics, Nilometer, Mummification, Co-ed Scribes

Indus Valley: Grid System, Running Water, Sewage System Classical India & Mauryan: Sanskrit, Vedas, Mahabharata,

Ramayana, Brahmins, Use of Monsoons Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han: Flood Control, Irrigation, Chinese

Writing, Standardized Language, Confucian Based Civil Service Exam, Astronomy

Mesoamerica: Calendars, Planting Seasons in Relation

Nilometer

Ancient Calendars

Mummification

Mohenjo-daro

600 B.C.E.-600 C.E.

Period 2 • India: Navigation by Stars, lunar to solar calendar

• Middle East: Zero

• America: Pictographs

• China: Intro to Paper

• Greece: Advances in Geometry, Pythagorean Theorem, and Human Anatomy

• Rome: Architecture- aqueducts, arches, and concrete

Paper

Arches

Zero

600 C.E.- 1450 C.E.

Period 3

• Byzantine Empire: Used Cyrillic alphabet

• Sui, Tang, Song: Grand Canal for trade, irrigation systems in Yangzi Valley

• Andeans: Khipu, Calendars

• Aztecs: Chinampas

• Benin: Mastered Bronze

Cyrillic Alphabet

Chinampas

Grand Canal

1450 C.E.- 1750 C.E.

Period 4

• Ottomans: Devshirme, Janissaries Upbringing, Western Intel

• Mughals: Civil Service Exam, Purdah, Architecture • England: Industrial Revolution, Glorious Revolution,

Divine Right • Russia: Infrastructure, Westernized • Ming China: Confucian Based Civil Service Exam,

Western Christian Theology, Study of Stars as GPS • Japan: Christian Missionaries • Europe: Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, Lassiez-

faire

Hagias Sofia

Enlightenment Scholars

Literature

Zheng He & Astrolabe

1750 C.E. – 1900 C.E.

Period 5

• Western World: Enlightenment, Agricultural Revolution, Industrialization

• African Expansion: Quinine, Machine Guns

• France: Declaration of the Rights of Man, Declaration of Independence

Quinine

Enlightenment Applied

Declarations

1900 C.E. - Present

Period 6

• Einstein’s Theory of Relativity

• Watson and Crick’s Discovery of DNA

• Polio Vaccine

• Quantum Physics

• Quantum Mechanics

• Smallpox Vaccine

• Sigmund Freud’s Human Nature

Stop Being An Einstein!

Sigmund Freud

Polio Treatment and Vaccine

Technology

Erin O'Neal, Emily Nolan, Grant Ossmann, Katie O'Shaughnessy,

Olivia Orzechowski

Up to 600BCE

• Stone Tools

• Irrigation- Indus Valley

• Cuneiform- Mesopotamia

• Hieroglyphics- Egypt

• Bronze- Mesopotamia

• Olmec Head- Americas

600 BCE-600 CE

• Han China- watermills, horse collars,

paper, early seismometer

• Rome- aqueducts (carried water using

gravity)

• Greece- trireme (cool warships)

• India- plows pulled by oxen

• Africa- iron smelting

• Rome- arches (allowed distribution of

weight for building), and concrete

600 CE -1450

• Iron horse shoes helped protect feet

• Horse collar helped increased efficiency

• Junk ship made in china

stern-mounted rudder improved steering

• seaworthy compass with fixed pivot and glass cover

• gunpowder in china used to make explosives and grenades

• chinampas in mesoamerica. Were raised fields that increased agriculture

1450-1750

• Usage of the printing press with the movable type in Europe.

• Caravel in the Indian Ocean.

• New advancements in metallurgy in the Americas and Europe.

• New method of chemical extraction of silver in Mexico.

• Invention of the thermometer in Germany.

• Creation of the Aztec sunstone calendar.

1750-1900

•France-guillotine, became symbol of Reign of Terror

•Mass Production and division of labor (created by Josiah Wedgwood with his pottery)

•Steam Engine by Watt, transform fossil fuels into energy for machines (part of

Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries)

•Railroads (after invention of steam engine), aid in transportation

•Electricity for electric telegraph (1840s), lighting, industrial motors and railroads

(1880s)

•Mid to Late 19th century, new, more deadly firearms

(In Africa, Europe and Americas)

1900- present

• Stronger and larger amounts of weapons of mass destruction were created

• Movies-France

• Radio became commercial

• Airplanes- America

• automobiles- America

• Use of hydroelectric energy-Japan

Economy AP World History-2nd period-

May 2013

Up to 600BCE

600 BCE – 600 CE

600 CE-1450

1450-1750

1740-1900

1900-Present

Austyn Wohlers Mark Phillips Vicoria Tummings Hamilton Wexler Joseph Simpson Graham Thornhill

Economy Up to 600 bce

• Mesopotamia -Trade for raw materials, sea trade, two institutions with financial resources and long distance

connections, and merchants independent and dependent. Wool,Barley, and vegetable oil were exported, wood from cedar plants in Lebanon and Syria, silver from Anatolia, gold from Egypt, copper from the eastern Mediterranean and Oman, tin from Afghanistan, and precious metals and carved figures came from Iran ,Afghanistan ,and Pakistan.

• Egypt -Largely self sufficient, Foreigners were considered enemies, traded ,some with costal towns, strong

interest with goods from south Africa, Egypt traded gold for products of tropical Africa such as ivory, dark ebony wood and exotic jungle animals

• Indus Valley -Had widespread trade contacts reaching as far as Mesopotamia, served as a middleman in long distance

trade, hereditary occupational groups They had ready access to the metals and precious stones of eastern Iran and Afghanistan, as well as ore deposits in western India ,building stone ,and traces of Indus valley seal stones have been found in the Tigris Euphrates valley

• China -self sufficient, they traded with the Polynesians by boa and traded many different domestic

items like spices and rice.

• Nubia -natural wealth and location on the trade route between Egypt and sub-Saharan African, traded heavily

with Egypt which led to the rise of complex civilization there

• Americas -coordinated exchanges of goods between different ecological zones, llamas were used to transport

goos between regions they trade more domestic things like sweet potatoes

600 B.C.E – 600 C.E.

• The Silk Road increased trade between Asia and the Middle East

• Indian Ocean trade routes became popular between Africa and Asia

• Trans-Saharan routes came in Africa to make trade easier.

• Pax Romana enhanced trade locally in Rome, though they imported grain from Sicily and Egypt

• Oceania located in the middle of a trade route between China and India

• Southeast Asia / Oceania Funa society housed people going across the Malay Peninsula trade routes in return for customs duties and other fees

Economics (600-1450 CE)

• Africa: -Tropical Africa = iron, copper, + gold dominated; ironworking = most productive metal trade.

• Asia: -Song: tax farming maintained high military/infrastructure costs; innovation sparked commercial activity. Japan/Korea/Vietnam: landowning + agriculture = primary source of wealth; Champa (Vietnam) sent Champa rice to China as tribute.

• Oceania: -trade begins among Polynesians; boats transported domesticated animals/plants to help isolated island settlements

• Europe: -feudalism = economic system; kings/lords gave fiefs (land) to sworn military supporters (vassals/armed knights).

• Middle East: -Mecca grew as a prosperous caravan city, controlled ME trade, etc; caravan trading linked peoples.

• Americas: -Teotihuacan & Aztecs practiced extensive long-distance trade; the former fell due to poor resource management.

Depictions of European Feudalism.

Economy: 1450-1750 • Europe: The Renaissance and Scientific Revolution boosted the economy as well as propelled Europe, into a new economic

mindset, once paired with immense competition, making the stock exchange and such systems possible. This created a well-off

middle class (bourgeoisie) and a very poor rural, farmer class.

• The Americas: Except for the weakening of population due to epidemics, the Columbian Exchange and its byproducts such as the

diffusion of plants and animals, strengthened the economy and standard of living significantly while also helping the previously

established smaller trades such as the fur trade or mining. Later, the slave trade heavily effected the labor and structure of the

economy.

• Africa: After European colonization and trade was set up, much of the economy changed as the demographics shifted, the slave

trade became the most profitable of any economic function and the lives of Africans were changed forever through the new

money, trade goods and weapons being brought in for slaves to be sent over for the plantations or servitude in houses.

• The Middle East: Largely dominated by the Ottomans, trade on the land bridge between Europe and Asia was slowly becoming

less and less. This weakened the Ottomans substantially and forced them to do heavy tax farming. The weakening was partially

due to the weakness of their neighbors in Iran, the Safavid Empire as well as the Europeans finding better ways to make money.

• Asia- With the Mughal Empire in India, the drastic change in political system in Japan, China and Russia, this time period was

one of that with lots of ups and downs economically. Each focused a lot on their internal economies or not at all as they worked

out their political changes. However, when trading, each was successful and heavily relied on the prosperity in Europe or their

enslaved, lower class work force.

• Oceania- Heavily influenced by their being Islamic and under the joint-stock companies, trade was at a peak in this time. India

and the Europeans were commencing maritime trade which linked them to Africa, putting ports on the East coast of Africa.

1750-1900 • British forces dominated Qing economy after the Opium War, Meiji restoration begins

modernization in Japan

• Australian and New Zealand were dominated by an early gold rush and then whaling industry

• British then rest of Europe underwent industrial revolution, boosted economy with labor unions to get better conditions and pay

• USA also had industrial revolution, slave trade in Americas in early 1750s helped economy, slave trade decreased after independence movements in South/Central America

• Muhammad Ali’s reign brought reforms to the economy, and by the mid 1800s Egypt’s trade with Europe had increased a six-fold, and Egypt became industrialized and westernized

• European colonialism in Africa led to the economization by increasing trade through palm-oil, “legitimate trade”, and the slave trade

1900 to the present

• Americas- US in great depression before WWII; US prospers post WWII; South

American nations have slow economic growth due to dictators

• Europe- Great Depression pre WWII; main economic powers; industrial; economic

imperialism

• Africa- Trade away instead of utilizing resources

• Middle East- Oil; Opec

• Asia- Post WWII Japan becomes technologically industrialized; Japanese recession in

the 1990’s; China tries to industrialize under Mao but fails; Asian tigers industrialize and are trade powers

• Oceania- Singapore is a major trade center; Australia has strong economy