Social mappingCOMMUNITY TRANSFORMATION THROUGH SOCIAL

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Social Mapping used for identify social condition in community. By using social mapping we can obtain people behaviour as tradition, people relationship and the people problem. Social mapping methodology consisted in using ethnography, Social Network Analysis, and Focus Group Discussion among community.

Ethnography for grapping behaviour of people in daily life as tradition, Social Network Analysis for grapping stakeholder relationship, dominant person, patron client relationship, and Focus Group Discussion for grapping people’s problem and the history of social problem those happened in community and also how they solved those problems.

1. Ethnography

Ethnography is implemented using a qualitative approach, through participant observation techniques with informants, who were randomly selected based on its social network to get the data. Ethnography carried out through the following stages:

1. Creating a map of the villages adjacent to the business activities.

2. Describe and define the Ring 1, 2, 3, and so on. The ring means 1st as the center for activity those are used by people as the main activity, there are down town, market, or social institution that is used by people for meeting in economic activity. The 2nd ring means the area or activity those are affected by activity in ring 1. The 3rd ring used for identifying social linkage among people who has relationship in economic institution.

3. Using observations approach for looking and identifying the activities of the population in each village.

  Place Activity Actors

Place (1) Describe all the places of the research sites

(2) Describe all activities that occur on the site

(3) Describe the actors who are on the spot

Activity (4) Describe the places that gave rise to this activity

(5) Describe all activities conducted at research sites

(6) Describe the actors involved in an activity

actors7) Describe the places where certain actors

(8) Describe the specific offender's involvement in its activities

(9) Describe the actors of the research

(1) Describe the places or atmosphere - social atmosphere that is found in the study area in detail - for example, markets, homes, farms, plantations, places of work, terminals, etc. - which involves individuals. Identify the places that exist in the area of research is very important to describe the physical and social circumstances prevailing in the region, and will show the differences of rules, norms, values, and knowledge associated with these places. The depiction is made concerning the natural environment, cultural, and social.

(2) Describe the activities realized by the individuals that exist in places that have been identified. As an example, when explaining market - researchers and their trading activity will describe the model and the shape of the existing trading systems, such as the description of a bargain, how to peddle merchandise, forms between traders money changers, and so on .

(3) Each of these places will describe activities and those activities that appear to involve the roles that exist, so that the status and activity of a particular place must be described. For example, in the market there are drug trafficking activity, then there are drug dealers and buyers, how to sell and buy goods. This metaphor describes the role and behavior in realizing that there are roles.

(4) In this context there are certain activities, such as trade. Of course, not only in the trade market, but also in other place. Recording or descriptions need to be done on trading activity and place that may be the emergence of arena activity needs to be done.

(5) All activities contained in the study site should be described, because it is specific and may differ from similar activities in other communities, for example how to trade, do livelihood, mutual cooperation, and so on.

(6) An activity necessarily involves individuals who are expected to bring a particular action associated with the event in question. In this context the status and role in each activity needs to be described. A status that carried by an individual must be accompanied by a set of roles that need to accomplishment with respect to its position in the society or community.

(7) Actors in society certainly have a position in the social strata in force, which limited the space and the role of actors in visible places. As an example, the presence of a cleric can be expected place. And carry out its role as a cleric at the mosque, study, or an orphanage. When in the field, scholars serve targeted not act as a cleric.

(8) Actors with a certain status will carry out its role in accordance with the status, so that the activity associated with the realization of its status needs to be described, for example, scholars conduct lectures, recitals, led the prayers, and so on .

(9) The individuals in the community or communities will certainly occupy a certain status that is based on the culture of the community or the community. The statuses of the research sites must be described. As an example, in a community with a status that is identified as cultivators, dealers, traders, laborers, farmers fields, tea picker; certainly will not be found forex trader status, a computer expert, and so on.

From observation and interview to the local community leaders then obtained an overview of the daily habits of the people who are often referred to as the traditions prevailing in society. How do community members meet life, how community members relate to each other and how people cope with problems affecting their lives?

2 Social Networks

Step 1: Determine the main groups of the community to represent the social institutions that would be observed in a society.

Make the point that previously has been observed in the area concerned. In this context, the subject matter is very relevant to the local community perspective on social phenomena that it faces, so that the principal issue presented by the researchers is the principal problems experienced by community members. Principles of the problem is basically with respect to the economic problems that exist in the community, because the most basic things of life is associated with an economic standpoint, including livelihoods, businesses get a livelihood, and all things related to livelihood. Of the economy, the problem can be elaborated or expanded into politics, religion and religious customs that exist in the community such as the implementation of religious activities, and also the problems of kinship. The problems are then inventoried in the notes on the papers that have been provided previously by researchers.

Step 2: Determine the limits of the community into the research area. Mark the boundaries of observation.

Discuss with population figures are most knowledgeable subject matter. Main points that have been written in the papers are then distributed to the participants to the discussion. Based on the records provided by the researchers, the participants are expected to provide the names of the people in the village who know the problems that have been written, such as the person most responsible for the emergence of agriculture and the role of time: harvesting, planting, and so on. Then write also the people who are usually involved in the subject matter, because each issue will certainly involve some individual as the people who are often involved in the same issue, and the process of settlement of the issue.

Step 3: Ask and observe the shape of the relationship between them, the things they exchanged (material or information). Make a list of the types of resources that are exchanged based on gender and age.

Create social relations symbolized by arrows for dependence, the dashed line for occasional and transverse lines with little to close relationships. In this context the symbols are used to describe the social relationships between people that exist in a particular context may only be understood by the researchers themselves. Each subject matter is created in the same model, so that the difference between the interpretations of the problem does not occur with other problems. This rationale is the fact, that social issues are not a cracked picture of one point of view, but also can be seen from all angles of view (holistic).

Step 4: Describe the relationship in a paper, use colored pencils or markers to distinguish the form of an exchange or a particular relationship that occurs between communities or the observed object.

Create an asterisk to the person in the picture as a destination of a lot of arrows. People marked with an asterisk are a patron in problem solving and the others are the client.

The picture shows the distribution of power in the community. Thus it can be seen, that the community has the solution to the social problems that exist in the community, according to an overview of the power lines and distribution lines of power that exist and are in the community.

Individuals with lines surrounding arrows signifying, that the individual is a person who plays a role in the field of the flagship or individual who dominate social institutions into the field. Social problems associated with these fields can be solved through individual who dominates. When solving social problems in the complicated field, then the comparison through social institution discussions with other individuals that dominate other areas do. Social institution discussion with people of different fields indicate that individuals dominate the social institutions are at the level (level) are equal, so that the discussion can go well. Conversely, if the person involved is different capabilities - for example, those with the same fields but one is dominant, then the minority will think or clam up when people talk dominates, so the discussion will seem lame. Social problems that exist in the community are likely to be resolved through discussion by the people who dominate their respective fields.

Through social network analysis it is known members of the community who have been dominant in each of the existing social institutions. Social status of actors in a particular institution can be identified in this way. The data obtained can also be an attempt to verify the data obtained from official records in the community.

3 Focus Group Discussions

Inviting some persons who got from social networking analysis for identifying social problem and also solving their problem together. In this discussion there are 15 until 20 persons who is the dominant person in their area (social institution), as the trader, supplier, or producer. On person could explain his ability or his concern at about 10 minute, so for 15 to 20 participants so that discussion can run 150 to 200 minutes. If the results of research social network gained more than 20 people, then the discussion can be carried out two times with different participants. Besides participants drawn from the population that has been selected based social networks, in the arena of the discussion also led by one researcher, then one reporter and one person as 'participants'. Researchers involve in the meeting and also giving some ideas connected with data those already found from field through ethnography.

From the focus group discussions were obtained data about the problems that occurred in the village and also how members of the community to solve the problem. In addition, the data obtained in the history of how people solve problems.

Reference:

Bambang Rudito, Institut Teknologi Bandung, IndonesiaSEED, Asean Learning Network