GUIDE TO READING

The BIG IdeaOrder and Security Social, economic,and religious conflicts challenged the establishedpolitical order throughout Europe.

• Cavaliers (p. 225)• Roundheads (p. 225)• Oliver Cromwell(p. 225)

• James II (p. 226)

iousConflicts

Severe economic and social crises plagued Europe in thesixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Holy Roman Empirewas devastated, and France emerged as the dominant nationin Europe. Conflicts between the kings of England and itsparliament ted to a civil war, an execution of a king, and arevolution. From such crises, constitutional monarchy emerged,

Crises in EuropeMAIN IDEA

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Population decline in Europe and the hysteria of witchcraft trialscontributed to economic and social problems in seventeenth-century Europe.HISTORY& YOU What if the number of students in your school declined by halfthis year? Learn how Europeans responded to economic and social problems.

From 1560 to 1650, Europe witnessed severe economic andsocial crises. One major economic problem was inflation, or risingprices. A growing population in the sixteenth century increasedthe demand for land and food and drove up prices for both.

Economic and Social CrisesBy 1600, an economic slowdown had begun in parts of Europe.

Spain’s economy, grown dependent on imported silver, was failingby the 1640s. The mines were producing less silver. Fleets weresubject to pirate attacks. Also, the loss of Muslim and Jewish artisans and merchants hurt the economy. Italy, the financial center ofEurope in the Renaissance, was also declining economically.Population figures in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

reveal Europe’s worsening conditions. Population grew in thesixteenth century. The number of people probably increased from60 million in 1500 to 85 million by 1600. By 1620, the populationhad leveled off. It had begun to decline by 1650, especially in central and southern Europe. Warfare, plague, and famine all contributed to the population decline and to the creation of socialtensions.

The Witchcraft TrialsA belief in witchcraft, or magic, had been part of traditional

village culture for centuries. The religious zeal that led to the Inquisition and the hunt for heretics was extended to concern aboutwitchcraft. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, anintense hysteria affected the lives of many Europeans. Perhaps morethan a hundred thousand people were charged with witchcraft. Asmore and more people were brought to trial, the fear of witches

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Social Crises, War, and RevolutionIII

Content Vocabulary• inflation (p. 222)• witchcraft (p. 222)• divine right of kings (p. 225)• commonwealth (p. 225)

Academic Vocabulary• restoration (p. 226) • convert (p. 226)

People and Places• Holy Roman Empire(p. 224)

• Bohemia (p. 224)• James I (p. 225)• Puritans (p. 225)• Charles I (p. 225)

Reading StrategySummarizing Information As youread, use a chart like the one below to identifywhich conflicts were prompted by religiousconcerns.

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The Malleus Maleficarum, or theHammer of the Witches, of 1486was a guide for prosecuting witchesduring the Inquisition. It influencedwitch trials in Europe for more than200 years. Here are some excerpts:

On the classification of witches:“The category in which women of

this sort are to be ranked is calledthe category of Pythons, persons inor by whom the devil either speaksor peilotms some astonishing operation.

On extracting a confession:“The method of beginning an

examination by torture is as follows:The jailers . . . strip the prisoner.This stripping is lest some means ofwitchcraft may have been sewedinto the clothing—such as often,taught by the Devil, they preparefrom the bodies of unbaptized [murdered] infants . . . the judge . . . triesto persuade the prisoner to confessthe truth freely; but, if [the witch]will not confess, he bids attendantsmake the prisoner fast to . . . someimplement of torture.”

grew, as did the fear of being accused ofWitchcraftCommon people—usually the poor and

those without property—were the onesmost often accused of witchcraft. More than75 percent of those accused were women.Most of them were single or widowed andOVer 50 years old.Under intense torture, accused witches

Usually confessed to a number of practices.For instance, many said that they had5Worn allegiance to the devil and attendedsabbats nightly gatherings where they

feasted and danced. Then others admittedto casting evil spells.By 1650, the witchcraft hysteria had

begun to lessen. As governments grewstronger, fewer officials were willing todisrupt their societies with trials of witches.In addition, attitudes were changing.People found it unreasonable to believe inthe old view of a world haunted by evilspirits.

Witches wereto enjoy castiispells on th€and vulnerabl

as infan

L This painting is entitled Witches’ Sabbath: The Conjurers byFrancisco de Goya (1746—1828).1. Describing According to the excerpts, whom do witches seni2. Comparing Describe similarities between witchcraft trials anthe Inquisition.

VReading Checkdecline in witchcraft trials?

Explaining What caused a

CHAPTER 7 Crisis and Absolutism in Euro

The ThirLy Years’ WarMAIN IDEA

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Started over religious conflicts, theThirty Years’ War was sustained by political conflicts.HISTORY & YOU What if fierce argumentsdestroyed your best friendship? Learn what causedthirty years of warfare.

Religious disputes continued in Germany after the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.One reason for the disputes was that thepeace settlement had not recognized Calvinism. By the 1600s, Calvinism had spreadthrough Europe.

Causes of the WarReligion played an important role in the

outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War, calledthe “last of the religious wars.” However,political and territorial motives were alsoevident. Beginning in 1618 in the HolyRoman Empire, the war first involved thestruggle between Catholic forces, led bythe Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors, andProtestant (primarily Calvinist) nobles in

Bohemia. As Denmark, Sweden, Franceand Spain entered the war, the confl11became more political. Especially impor.tant was the struggle between France ancSpain and the Holy Roman Empire fo1European leadership.

Effects of the WarAll major European powers except Eng.

land became involved in the Thirty YearsWar. For 30 years Germany was plunderedand destroyed. The Peace ofWestphalia offi.cially ended the war in Germany in 1648.The Peace of Westphalia divided thc

more than three hundred states of the HolyRoman Empire into independent statesand gave them power to determine theiiown religion and to conduct their own foreign policy. This brought an end to thEHoly Roman Empire as a political entityGermany would not be united for anotheitwo hundred years.

/Reading Check

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Summarizing What threemajor powers struggled for European leadership duringthe Thirty Years’ War?

1. Regions Compare this map tothe map on page 219. Describethe effects of the Thirty Years’War on the Holy Roman Empire.

2. Movement Research what ledFrance to become involved inthe Thirty Years’ War.

fl NA11ONALU GEOGRAPHIC

Revolutions in EnglandMAIN IDEA Civil war raged over what roles theking and Parliament should have in governingEngland.HISTORY& YOU What if your class had to decidewho should be the leader of an important schoolproject? Learn how the struggle for power in Englandesoled.

In addition to the Thirty Years’ War, aseries of rebellions and civil wars rockedEurope in the seventeenth century. By farthe most famous struggle was the civil warin England known as the English Revolution. At its core was a struggle between kingand Parliament to determine what role eachshould play in governing England. It wouldtake another revolution later in the centuryto finally resolve this struggle.

The Stuarts and Divine RightWith the death of Queen Elizabeth I in

1603, the Tudor dynasty came to an end.The Stuart line of rulers began with theaccession to the throne of Elizabeth’scousin, the king of Scotland, who becameJames I of England.James believed that he received his

power from God and was responsible onlyto God. This is called the divine right ofkings. Parliament did not think much ofthe divine right of kings. It had come toassume that the king or queen and Parliament ruled England together.Religion was an issue as well. The

Puritans (Protestants in England inspiredby Calvinist ideas) did not like the king’sStrong defense of the Church of England.While members of the Church of England,the Puritans wished to make the churchmore Protestant. Many of England’s gentry, mostly well-to-do landowners, hadbecome Puritans. The Puritan gentryformed an important part of the House ofConurton, the lower house of Parliament.It Was not wise to alienate them.The conflict that began during the reign

of James came to a head during the reignof his son, Charles I. Charles also believed0 the divine right of kings. In 1628,Parliament passed a petition that

prohibited the passing of any taxes without Parliament’s consent. AlthoughCharles I initially accepted this petition,he later changed his mind. Charles realized that the petition would put limits onthe king’s power.Charles also tried to impose more rit

ual on the Church of England. When hetried to force Puritans to accept this policy, thousands chose to go to America.Thus the religious struggles of the Reformation in England influenced Americanhistory.

Civil War and CommonwealthComplaints grew until England slipped

into a civil war in 1642 between the supporters of the king (the Cavaliers orRoyalists) and the parliamentary forces(called the Roundheads because of theirshort hair). Parliament proved victorious,due largely to the New Model Army ofOliver Cromwell, a military genius.The New Model Army was made up

chiefly of more extreme Puritans, knownas the Independents. These men believedthey were doing battle for God. As Cromwell wrote, “This is none other but thehand of God; arid to Him alone belongs theglory.” Some credit is due to Cromwell.His soldiers were well disciplined andtrained in the new military tactics of theseventeenth century.The victorious New Model Army lost no

time in taking control. Cromwell purgedParliament of any members who had notsupported him. What was left—the so-called Rump Parliament—had Charles Iexecuted on January 30, 1649. The execution of the king horrified much of Europe.Parliament next abolished the monarchyand the House of Lords and declaredEngland a republic, or commonwealth.Cromwell found it difficult to work with

the Rump Parliament and finally dispersedit by force. As the members of Parliamentdeparted, he shouted, “It is you that haveforced me to do this, for I have sought theLord night and day that He would slay merather than put upon me the doing of thiswork.” After destroying the roles of bothking and Parliament, Cromwell set up amilitary dictatorship.

CHAPTER 7 Crisis and Absolutism in Europe 225

The RestorationCromwell ruled until his death in 1658.

George Monk, one of Cromwell’s leadinggenerals, realized that under any ofCromwell’s successors the country wouldbe torn apart. With his army, Monk createda situation favorable to restoring the monarchy in the person of Charles II, the son ofCharles I. Charles II had lived years ofexile during Cromwell’s rule. With thereturn of the monarchy in 1660, England’stime of troubles seemed at an end.After the restoration of the Stuart mon

archy, known as the Restoration period,Parliament kept much of the power it hadgained earlier and continued to play animportant role. One of its actions was topass laws restoring the Church of Englandas the state religion and restricting somerights of Catholics and Puritans.Resisting attempts by his mother and

sister to convert to Catholicism, Charles IIremained openly loyal to the Protestantfaith. He was, however, sympathetic toCatholicism. Parliament was suspicious

about his Catholic leanings, especiallywhen Charles suspended the laws thatParliament had passed against Catholicsand Puritans. Parliament forced the kingto back down on his action.Charles’s brother James did not hide the

fact that he was a Catholic. Complyingwith his brother’s wishes, James agreed toraise his two daughters in the Protestantfaith. Rather than take an anti-Catholicoath, James resigned from all of his offices.His second marriage to a Catholic gaveParliament even more concern.When Charles died, leaving no heirs to

the throne, James II became king in 1685.James was an open and devout Catholic.Religion was once more a cause of conflictbetween king and Parliament. Jamesnamed Catholics to high positions in thegovernment, army, navy, and universities,Parliament objected to James’s policies

but stopped short of rebellion. Membersknew that James was an old man. HisProtestant daughters Mary and Anne, bornto his first wife, would succeed him.

PEOPLE HISTORYOliver Cromwell1599—1658 English Revolutionary

However, in 1688, James and his second wife, a Catholic,had a son. Now, the possibility of a Catholic monarchyioomed large.

A Glorious RevolutionA group of English nobles invited the Dutch leader,

William of Orange, to invade England. In their invitation,the nobles informed William that most people throughoutthe kingdom wanted a change. The invitation put Williamand his wife Mary, the daughter of James II, in a difficultposition. Based on Mary’s relationship to James, it wouldbe appalling to rise up against her father, the king ofEngland. However, William, a foe of France’s Catholicking Louis XIV welcomed this opportunity to fight Francewith England’s resources.William began making preparations to invade England

in early 1688. He made his plans as secretly as possibleand thus kept them largely hidden from James. Not untilearly October did James realize William’s intentions. InNovember 1688, William’s forces landed at Torbay andbegan their march toward London. James responded bysending forward his army. Following the desertion ofmany of his soldiers and the defection of his daughterAnne and her husband, James retreated to London. Therehe made plans for his wife and son to flee to France where

Vocabulary1. Explain the significance of: inflation,witchcraft, Holy Roman Empire, Bohemia,James I, divine right of kings, Puritans,Charles I, Cavaliers, Roundheads, OliverCromwell, commonwealth, restoration,convert, James II.

Main Ideas2. Explain what contributed to the economicand social problems of sixteenth-centuryEurope.

3. Illustrate the causes and effects of theThirty Years’ War by using a chart like theone below.

Thirty Years’ War

tELL]

4. Explain why Oliver Cromwell first purgedJames later joined them. Parliament and then declared a militaryWith almost no bloodshed, England had undergone a dictatorship.

“Glorious Revolution.” The issue was not if there wouldbe a monarchy but who would be monarch. Critical ThinkingIn January 1689, Parliament offered the throne to 5. The BIG Idea Drawing Conclusions

William and Mary. They accepted it, along with a Bill of Which nation emerged stronger after theRights. The Bill of Rights set forth Parliament’s right to Thirty Years’ War? Did 30 years of fightingmake laws and to levy taxes. It also stated that standing accomplish any of the original motives forarmies could be raised only with Parliament’s consent. waging the war?

Under the Bill of Rights, it was impossible for kings to 6. Distinguishing What are the differences, ifOppose or to do without Parliament. The rights of citizens any, between a military dictatorship and ato keep arms and have a jury trial were also confirmed. king ruling by “divine right”?The Bill of Rights helped create a system of government 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the paintingbased on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament. on page 223. How does Goya portray theThis bill laid the foundation for a limited, or constitutional, witches? What details in the paintingmonarchy. indicate that witches were feared?Another important action of Parliament was the Tolera

tion Act of 1689. This act granted Puritans, but not Catho- Writing About Historylics, the right of free public worship. Few English citizens, 8. Expository Writing Write an essay onhowever, would ever again be persecuted for religion, why population increased and decreased inBy deposing one king and establishing another, Parlia- sixteenth- and seventeenth-century

ment had destroyed the divine-right theory of kingship. England. Include a population graph.William was, after all, king by the grace of Parliament, notby the grace of God. Parliament had asserted its right to be

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( HistoryONLINEFor help with the concepts in this section of Glencoe World History

part of the English government.

rnnrnes,gotoglencoe.com and click Study centraM. -

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Describing Trace the sequence of events thatled to the English Bill of Rights.VReauing Check

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