social competence and adjustment in chinese and north american children: a contextual-developmental...
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![Page 1: Social Competence and Adjustment in Chinese and North American Children: A Contextual-Developmental Perspective Xinyin Chen University of Western Ontario](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062715/56649d785503460f94a5ba10/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Social Competence and Adjustment in
Chinese and North American Children:
A Contextual-Developmental Perspective
Xinyin Chen
University of Western Ontario
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Some Theoretical Issues
Social competenceThe ability to act effectively and appropriately in social situations in order to achieve personal or group success
e.g., acquiring a toy from another child
Culture and social competence
- The judgment of “appropriateness” based on cultural norms and values
e.g., affect expression in parent-child interactions
- The general neglect of “meanings” of socio-emotional functioning in cross-cultural research
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The contextual-developmental perspective
- The meaning of socio-emotional functioning in social interactions
Social evaluations and responses as a indicator and mediator of cultural influence on human development
- The meaning of socio-emotional functioning in development
Developmental processes and patterns (e.g., antecedents, concomitants and outcomes)
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Shyness-inhibition
The Western literature (e.g., Asendorpf, 1990; Coplan et al., 2004)
- indicating social immaturity and incompetence
- concurrent and long-term correlates
Shyness-inhibition in traditional Chinese culture
Shyness-inhibition vs. social disinterest
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Early Behavioral Characteristics and Socialization I: Behavioral Inhibition
Participants 238 children in China, 108 children in Canada, aged 2 years
Procedure
- Behavioral inhibition paradigm
- Maternal childrearing attitudes (Block, 1981)
Acceptance, Rejection, Punishment orientation, etc.
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Inhibition Scores
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
contactwith M infree play
contactwith M in
toys
latency toapproachstranger
latency totouch toys
China
Canada
**
*** ***
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Percentage of Children who Contacted Mother or Did not Approach Stranger
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
contacted Min free play
contacted Min toys
did notapproachstranger
did not touchtoys
China
Canada***
***
***
***
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Table 1.
Correlations between Maternal Childrearing Attitudes and Inhibition __________________________________________________________ Maternal attitudes China Canada Z value __________________________________________________________
Acceptance .17* -.22* 2.73**
Rejection -.18* .10 -2.00*
Punishment orientation -.15* .21* -2.52*
__________________________________________________________
N = 108 and 82 in Chinese and Canadian samples. * = p < .05 ** = p < .01 *** = p < .001
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Samples:China: N = 200 (50 shy-inhibited, 100 non-shy, based
on POS) Canada: N = 180 (45 shy-inhibited, 90 non-shy)
Age = 4 yrs Laboratory observations: Same-sex quartets, 2 x 15 min. free play sessions
Interaction Strategy Coding:Initiations: nonverbal passive, active low-power, active
high-powerResponses: positive responses, information exchange,
rejection
Social Experiences of Shy-inhibited Children in Peer Interactions in China and Canada
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
passive non-verbal
active low-power
active high-power
Fig 1. Initiations made to others
me
an
pro
po
rtio
n s
co
res Shy-China
Non-shy-China
Shy-Canada
Non-shy-Canada
*
****
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
positive response informationexchange
reject
Fig 2. Responses received from others
mea
n p
rop
ort
ion
sco
res Shy-China
Non-shy-China
Shy-Canada
Non-shy-Canada
*
**
*
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
passive non-verbal
active low-power
active high-power
Fig 3. Initiations received from others
mea
n p
rop
ort
ion
sco
res Shy-China
Non-shy-China
Shy-Canada
Non-shy-Canada
*
*
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Participants: About 500 children from age 8 and 10 years, assessed every 2 years
Peer Assessments (RCP, Masten et al., 1985): Shyness-Sensitivity, etc.
Teacher Ratings (TCRS, Hightower et al., 1986)Sociometric NominationsSchool RecordsSelf-Reports
The “Shanghai Longitudinal Project”
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Table 1. Concurrent Correlations between Shyness and Adjustment in Childhood_______________________________________________________
Shyness
China Canada_______________________________________________________
Peer acceptance .27*** -.21***
Peer rejection .05 .01
Teacher rated competence .17*** -.30***
Loneliness -.01 .24***
Leadership .29***
Distinguished studentship .29***
Academic achievement .12**_______________________________________________________Note. N = 612 and 304 in Chinese and Canadian samples respectively.
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Table 2. Predictive Relations between Childhood Shyness (8-10 years) and Adolescent Adjustment (12-14 years) in China
_____________________________________________________Adolescent variables Childhood Shyness
_____________________________________________________
Peer acceptance .29** /-.04
Peer rejection .11
Teacher-rated competence .31***
Leadership .25***
Distinguished studentship .31***
Academic achievement .20**
Depression -.01_____________________________________________________ N = 162. Correlations for boys and girls are presented before and after the slash when significant sex differences were found in regressions. * p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001
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The massive economic reform and social change in China over the last two decades
The social ecological perspectives on human development (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Elder, 1996 Silbereisen, 2000)
Social Functioning and Adjustment in Chinese children: The Imprint of Social Change
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Participants:
Three cohorts (1990, 1998, 2002) of elementary school children in Shanghai, China
N = 429, 390 and 266; M age =10 years Family income (monthly income/ person):
1990: 161 yuan (SD = 243) 1998: 816 yuan (SD = 587) 2002: 1431 yuan (SD = 1836)
$1 US = approx. 5.2 yuan in 1990, and 8.3 yuan in 1998 and 2002
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Table 3. Effects of Shyness in Predicting Adjustment Variables in Three Cohorts of Children in urban China_________________________________________________________________Adjustment variable 1990 1998 2002 X2 (df=2)_________________________________________________________________
Peer acceptance .17** .14* -.15* 13.56***
Peer rejection .05 .35*** .34*** 14.34***
Teacher-rated comp. .20*** -.05 -.22*** 25.88***
Leadership .23*** .11* -.11 14.76***
Academic achievement .18*** .07 -.08 9.52**
Depression -.06 .01 .22** 11.38**______________________________________________________Note. The effect of sex was controlled in the analyses. n = 429, 390 and 266 for 1990, 1998 and 2002 cohorts, respectively. *= p < .05 ** = p < .01 *** = p < .001
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Table 4. Effects of Shyness in Predicting Adjustment Variables in Rural Children in China_____________________________________________________Adjustment variables Shyness
_____________________________________________________
Peer acceptance .30***
Peer rejection .21***
Teacher-rated competence .17***
Leadership .12**
Academic achievement .18***
Depression -.02_____________________________________________________ Note. The effect of sex and grade was controlled in the analyses. N = 536. * p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001
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Conclusions
- The findings from our projects indicate that the changing social and cultural context may be involved in the process in which specific socioemotional characteristics or behaviors (e.g., shyness-inhibition) are perceived, evaluated and responded to by adults and children.
- Social evaluations and responses, in turn, may serve as an important mediator of contextual influence on individual behavior and development. As a result, the developmental patterns and processes of socioemotional functioning may vary across cultures and over historical time.
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Changing social and cultural context
socialization beliefs and practices
Social interpretations, evaluations, responses
Child socio-emotional characteristics e.g., social sensitivity, receptiveness
Social functioning, psycho-emotional adjustment e.g., depression
Parent-child, peer relationships, groups
Child early disposition, biological influences e.g., shyness-inhibition
OriginsDevelopmental OutcomesProcesses
Dyn
amic
pro
cesses
Figure 2. A Contextual- Developmental Process Model (Chen, in press)