social change lecture #06

8/12/2019 Social Change Lecture #06.

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SOCIAL CHANGE:

SESSIONS 17-20

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Social Change:

Nature:

Change is the law of nature/life & with the passage

of time every society must change.

It refers to any modification in the social

organization of a society in any of its social

institutions or patterns of social roles.

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Social Change:

Nature:

Generally social change refers to a significant

change in social behavior or a change in somelarger social system rather than to minor changes

within a small group.

The reorganization of society in terms of time &

place.

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Social Change:

Nature:

In other words we can say that:

The transformation of culture & social institutionsover time.

Definition: According to the Dictionary of Sociology

(Fair Child)

Variationsor modifications in any aspect of social

process, pattern or form.

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Social Change:

Distinction Between Social Change, Cultural

Change & Progress: Social change: (According to Sociologist)

Changesin the social structure & social relation-

ships.

Cultural change: (According to Anthropologist)

Changesin the culture of a society.

Progress: (According to Intellectuals)

Asocial or cultural change in a desirable direction

is called progress.5


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Social Change:

Social Change & Development:

The changes in society can be both positive &

negative.

If the change (by most of the people/nation) are

balanced, desired & pre-planned, it is to be hopedthat such changes will establish positive correlation

with the countrysdevelopment.

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Social Change: Process Of Social Change:

The process of social change has four major

characteristics:

1) Social Change Is Universal But Variable:

Few dimensions of human experience remain the

same over time.But Although

Every society is affected by social change, all do not

change at the same rate. 7


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Social Change:

Process Of Social Change:


Hunting & gathering societies changed little over

thousands of years.

Furthermore

All cultural elements not change at the same

rate.(the concept of cultural lag)

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Social Change:



o Example:

The rapid development of medical devices to

prolong the life of seriously ill people (elements of

material culture) has outpaced our ability to

clearly define death(an element of nonmaterial

culture)

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Social Change:


2) Social Change Is Both Intentional/Planned & Un-

Planned:

Especially in industrial societies, many dimensions

of social change are deliberately encouraged.

Scientists continually seek more effective forms of

energy & medical technology.

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Social Change:


2) Social Change Is Both Intentional/Planned & Un-

Planned:

o Example:

The role of automobile (motor vehicles) in the

United States early in 20thcentury.

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Social Change:


3) Social Change Is Often Controversial:

Any transformation of society is likely to be

supported by some & opposed by others.

Anyone is likely to find some good & some bad in

any example of social change.

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Social Change:



In The Case Of Automobile,(Motor Vehicles)

Most American appreciate the mobility that auto-

mobile provide.

Auto exhaust is a major cause of air pollution.

More than 50,000 deaths that occur in car

accidents each year in the United States alone.

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Social Change:



o Example:

The Industrial Revolution, was welcomed by

capitalists who saw advanced technology &

factories as a means of earning greater profits. But

many worker fearful of losing their jobs to

machines, had good reason to oppose progress.

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Social Change:


4) Social Change Differ In Duration & Consequences:

Once introduced, some social changes are of

passing importance but others endure for

generations.

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Social Change:


4) Social Change Differ In Duration & Consequences:

o Example:

Like the automobile & television, the computer has

both positive & negative effects.

Providing new kinds of jobs while eliminating old

ones.

Allowing easier processing of information while

reducing personal privacy.16


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Social Change:

Sources Of Social Change:

Social changes can come from many sources.

Some of these sources originate outside of the

society, others develop from processes occurring

within the society.

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Social Change:


Those that come from out side the society are

called exogenoussources.

Those that originate within the society are called

endogenoussources.

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Social Change:


There are many sources of social change, among

them are:

1) Discovery:

A discovery is a shared human perception of an

aspect of reality which already exist.

A discovery becomes a factor in social change only

when it is put to use.

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Social Change:


1) Discovery:

The ancient Greeks knew about the power of

steam, but steam power produced no socialchanges until it was put to serious use.

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Social Change:


1) Discovery:

o Examples:

Steam Engine:- (Transportation)

Pressure Cooker:- (Cooking)

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Social Change:


2) Invention:

An invention is a new combination or a new use of

existing knowledge.

It is the idea of combining elements in a useful waythat produces something which never before

existed.

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Social Change:


2) Invention:

Inventions may be classified as material

inventions, such as the bow & arrow, telephone, &

social inventions, such as the alphabet,

constitutional government , or the corporation.

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Social Change:


2) Invention:

Iron with the addition of small amounts of others

metals become steel.

In each case, old elements are used ,combined, &

improved for a new application.

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Social Change:


2) Invention:

o Example:

The jet engine & the piston engine use the same

principle (expansion of burning gases) but differ in

form (one uses expanding gases directly for thrust,

the other to push a piston in a cylinder)

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Social Change:


3) Diffusion:

Most of the social changes in all known societies

have developed through diffusion, the spread of

culture traits from group to group.

Diffusion operates both within societies & between

societies.26


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Social Change:


3) Diffusion:

Diffusion takes place whenever societies come into

contact.

Societies may seek to prevent diffusion by

forbidding contact.

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Social Change:


3) Diffusion:

Diffusion Is A Selective Process:

Group accepts some culture traits from a neighbor,at the same time rejecting others, we accepted

much Red Indian food but rejected Red Indian

religion.29


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Social Change:


3) Diffusion:

Diffusion Is A Selective Process:

Jazz originated among black musicians of New

Orleans & become diffused to other groups withinthe society. Later it spread to other societies & hasnow been diffused throughout the civilized world.

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Social Change:

Sources Of Acceptance & Resistance To Social

Change:

Acceptance:

I. Role of mass media.

II. Role of leaders.

III. Role of education.IV.Role of technology.

V. Acculturation process.

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Social Change:

Sources Of Acceptance & Resistance To Social

Change:

Resistance:

I. More the primitive society lesser the rate of social

change.

II. Vested interests/pressure groups.

III. Trend of non-acceptance of inventions.

IV.Ideological conflicts.

V. Defective means of transportation & communi-

cation.32


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Social Change:

Social /Cultural & Political Changes In Pakistani

Society:Before General Elections 1970 :

Political Crisis/Instability:

Governors-General:- 04

(15/08/1947 - 22/03/1956)

Presidents:- 03

(23/03/1956- 20/12/1971)33

S i l Ch


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Social Change:

Social /Cultural & Political Changes In PakistaniSociety:

Before General Elections 1970 :


Prime Ministers:- 08

(15/08/1947-27/12/1971)

Chief Martial Law Administrators/ChiefExecutives:- 02

(07/10/1958-20/12/1971)34


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Social Change:


Society:

After General Elections 1970 -2011 :


Presidents:- 10

Vice President:- 01 Prime Ministers:-15

Chief Martial Law Administrators/Chief

Executives:- 0335

S i l Ch


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Social Change:


Society:

The Constitution of 1973:

Islamic Provisions of 1973 Constitution:

Official name.

State religion.

Sovereignty belongs to Allah.

Definition of a Muslim.36


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Social Change:


Society:

The Constitution of 1973:


A Muslim to be a President & Prime Minister.

Islamic way of life.

Promotion of social justice & eradication of social

evils.37

l h


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Social Change:


Society: The Constitution of 1973:


Teachings of Holy Quran & Islamiyat.

Council of Islamic Ideology.

Ahmadisdeclare a Non Muslim Minority.

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i l h


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Social Change:


Society:

Steps towards Islamization in Pakistan:

Hadood Ordinance.

Zakat & Ushr Ordinance.

Establishment of Federal Shariat Courts.

Interest-Free Banking.

Establishment of Islamic University.39


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S i l Ch


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Social Change:


Society: Role/Contribution of different Institutions:

Electronic Media:-(Film, T.V)

Fast Food.

Islamic Banking.

Fashion Industry.

Political Awareness. (Urban Areas)

Nuclear State, etc.

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Assignment # 01

Q.

Make a list of all the recent (Last 20 Years) socio

cultural changes in every aspect / field (Businessenvironment, Technology, Education, Politics, etc) of

Pakistani society, which people consider desirable &

undesirable? Discuss with logical reasoning &related examples.

social change lecture #06

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