social change in the city

7/28/2019 Social Change in the City

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BY-NISH


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Recent data from the 2010 U.S. Census showimportant trends within the bigger data points:

Cities now represent 80.7% of the U.S. population,and the majority of growth is central, urbanizedareas they now hold 71.2% of residents, versus68.3 in 2000. At the same time, rural areas were home

to a falling percentage of population, 19.3%compared to 21% a decade earlier.
http://journalistsresource.org/studies/environment/cities/economic-social-change-us-cities-research-rounduphttp://journalistsresource.org/studies/environment/cities/economic-social-change-us-cities-research-roundup


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A VILLAGE A CITY


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In the eighteenth century, the family had beena unit of production and consumption as wellas of political decision-making. The functionand the shape of the family were completelytransformed by life in the industrial city.

Ties between members of householdsloosened, and among the working class theinstitution of marriage tended to break down.

SOCIAL CHANGE IN

THE CITY


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Women of the upper and middle classes in

Britain, on the other hand, faced increasingly

higher levels of isolation, although their liveswere made easier by domestic maids whocooked, cleaned and cared for young childrenon low wages.

Women who worked for wages had somecontrol over their lives, particularly among thelower social classes.


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However, many social reformers felt that thefamily as an institution had broken down,and needed to be saved or reconstructed bypushing these women back into the home.


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The city no doubt encouraged a new spirit of

individualism among both men and women, and

a freedom from the collective values that were afeature of the smaller rural communities.

But men and women did not have equal access tothis new urban space.

As women lost their industrial jobs andconservative people railed against their presencein public spaces, women were forced to withdrawinto their homes.

MEN, WOMEN ANDFAMILY IN THE CITY


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The public space became increasingly a male preserve,and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper placefor women.

Most political movements of the nineteenth century,such as CHARTISM (a movement demanding the vote

for all adult males) and the 10-HOUR MOVEMENT(limiting hours of work in factories), mobilized largenumbers of men

Only gradually did women come to participate in

political movements for suffrage that demanded theright to vote for women, or for married womens rightsto property (from the 1870s).


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By the twentieth century, the urban family hadbeen transformed yet again, partly by theexperience of the valuable wartime work doneby women, who were employed in large

numbers to meet war demands.The family now consisted of much smaller units.

Above all, the family became the heart of a newmarket of goods and services, and of ideas.

If the new industrial city provided opportunitiesfor mass work, it also raised the problem of massleisure on Sundays and other common holidays.


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For wealthy Britishers, there had long been an annualLondon Season.

Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theatre

and classical music performances were organised foran elite group of 300-400 families in the late eighteenthcentury.

Meanwhile, working classes met in pubs to have adrink, exchange news and sometimes also to organisefor political action.

Many new types of large-scale entertainment for thecommon people came into being, some made possiblewith money from the state.

LEISURE ANDCONSUMPTION


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A OPERA A PUB


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Libraries, art galleries and museums wereestablished in the nineteenth century toprovide people with a sense of history and

pride in the achievements of the British.At first, visitors to the British Museum in

London numbered just about 15,000 everyyear, but when entry was made free in 1810,

visitors swamped the museum: their numberjumped to 127,643 in 1824-25, shooting up to825, 901 by 1846.


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Music halls were popular among the lowerclasses, and, by the early twentieth century,cinema became the great mass entertainment formixed audiences.

British industrial workers were increasinglyencouraged to spend their holidays by the sea,so as to derive the benefits of the sun andbracing winds.

Over 1 million British people went to theseaside at Blackpool in 1883; by 1939 theirnumbers had gone up to 7 million


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A MUSIC HALL

l h


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Politics is the art or science of influencing people ona civic, or individual level, when there are more than

2 people involved.Modern political discourse focuses on democracy

and the relationship between people and politics. Itis thought of as the way we "choose government

officials and make decisions about public policy"

Politics in the cityWhat is Politics??


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In the severe winter of 1886, when outdoor work

came to a standstill, the London poor exploded in a

riot, demanding relief from the terrible conditions ofpoverty.

Shopkeepers closed shops fearing people marchingfrom Deptford to London.

The marchers had to be dispersed by the police. A

similar riot occurred in late 1887; this time, it wasbrutally suppressed by the police in what came to beknown as the Bloody Sunday of November 1887.


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Two years later, thousands of Londons dockworkerswent on strike and marched through the city.

The 12-day strike was called to gain recognition forthe dockworkers union. From these examples youcan see that large masses of people could be drawninto political causes in the city. A large city

population was thus both a threat and anopportunity. State authorities went to great lengthsto reduce the possibility of rebellion and enhanceurban aesthetics, as the example of Paris shows.


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Politics in India takes place within the framework of

a federal Westminster-style Parliamentary

democratic constitutional republic, in which thePresident of India is head of state and the PrimeMinister of India is the head of government.

Nominally executive power is exercised by thePresident and is independent of the legislature.

Legislative power is vested in both the governmentand the two chambers of the Parliament of India, theLok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.

Politics in Present day

India


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Federal and state elections generally take place within a

multi-party system, although this is not enshrined in law.

The judiciary is independent of the executive and thelegislature, the highest national court being the SupremeCourt of India. India is the world's largest democracy interms of citizenry.

India is a nation that is characterized as a"sovereign socialist secular democratic republic". Like theUnited States, India has had a federal form ofgovernment since it adopted its constitution.


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However, the central government in India hasgreater power in relation to its states, and its central

government is patterned after the Britishparliamentary system.

The national government has the power to dismissstate governments under specific constitutional

clauses or in case no majority party or coalition isable to form a government. The central governmentcan also impose direct federal rule knownas president's rule.


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Locally, the Panchayati Raj system has severaladministrative functions and authorities.

For most of the years since independence, the federalgovernment has been guided by the Indian NationalCongress (INC).The two largest political parties havebeen the INC and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

Although the two parties have dominated Indianpolitics, regional parties also exist.


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As the 1991 elections gave no political party amajority, the INC formed a minority

government under Prime Minister P.V. NarasimhaRao and was able to complete its five-year term. Theyears 19961998 were a period of turmoil in thefederal government with several short-lived alliancesholding sway.


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In the 2009 Lok Sabha elections, the INC won with amajority of more than 200 seats and formed the

government by creating a coalition with other partieswhich were willing to form alliance with it.

Indian democracy has been suspendedonce. Nevertheless, Indian politics is often described

as chaotic. More than a fifth of parliament membersface some criminal charges and around 40 of themare accused with serious criminal charges.


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FACTS ABOUT CITY LIFE:

The human species was born on the plains of Africa.

According to the United Nations, more than 50% ofthe worlds nearly 7 billion peoplenow live in urbanareas.

Cities now represent 80.7% of the U.S. population,

and the majority of growth is central, urbanizedareas.

Summary


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By the eighteenth century,the function and the shapeof the family were completely transformed by life in

the industrial city. Ties between members of households loosened, and

among the working class the institution of marriagetended to break down.

Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain,faced increasingly higher levels of isolation.

Summary contd.


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Women who worked for wages had some controlover their lives.

Many social reformers felt that the family as aninstitution had broken down, and needed to besaved or reconstructed by pushing these women

back into the home.

Summary contd.


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MEN, WOMEN AND FAMILY IN THE CITY:

The city encouraged a new spirit of individualism among

both men and women. As women lost their industrial jobs, women were forced

to withdraw into their homes.

Most political movements of the nineteenth century, suchas CHARTISM and the 10-HOUR MOVEMENT,

mobilized large numbers of men. If the new industrial city provided opportunities for mass

work, it also raised the problem of mass leisure onSundays and other common holidays.

Summary contd.


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LEISURE AND CONSUMPTION:

Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theatre andclassical music performances

were organised for an elitegroup in the late eighteenth century.

Meanwhile, working classes met in pubs to have a drink.

Libraries, art galleries and museums were established inthe nineteenth century.

Music halls and cinemas were popular among the lowerclasses.

British industrial workers were increasingly encouragedto spend their holidays by the sea.

Summary contd.


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Unscramble:

1. Banru urban

2. Naitirb Britain

3. Amenic cinema

4. Mistrahc Chartism

5. Cisum music

Quiz time.

social change in the city

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