Social and Political Development

Population GenderEducationHealth Empowerment

Millennium Development Goals

Promote gender equality and empower women (#3)– Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably

by 2005, and at all levels by 2015 Health:

– Reduce child mortality (#4) Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five

– Improve maternal health (#5) Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio

– Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (#6)

Achieve universal primary education (#2) – Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling

Population Clock

http://math.berkeley.edu/~galen/popclk.html

http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html

World Vital Events

Births-Deaths=Natural Increase

http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/pcwe

Demographic Transition Model

Population Pyramids

Theories of population growth

Malthusian: Agriculture grows arithmetically/Population grows exponentially

Malthus assumptions– Highly judgmental of poor– Assumptive of western cultural norms and standards

Modern Malthusian ideas: “population bombs”, ”limits to growth”, “carrying capacity”

– IPAT: Impact=Population x Affluence x Environmental Disruption of technology

Migration: Push/Pull Factors

Push Factors: – Conditions that cause people to leave their area

Pull Factors: – Conditions that attract people to another location

Theories of population growth

Boserup– Pop density creates ag intensification– Cornucopians—technology and free enterprise better

than state control: CONTRACEPTION and POPULATION CONTROL: Coercion

for both women and men

Political Economic approach– Land and resources unequal distribution pop– Structural Adjustment and concentration on cash crops

Ignores subsistence economy emphasizes need for other utilities to provide access to survival

Theories of population growth

Social Relations of Gender approach– Labor utility– Security utility– High infant and child mortality– Others: cultural son preference– Subordination of women

Gender and DevelopmentAttention to gender analysis, empowering women

and reducing gender equalities will:

Reduce population growth

Avoid development mistakes

Support productivity and economic growthpoverty reduction

Improve governance Support health

goals for women and children

History of gender and development

Decline in women’s status, economic and political situation

Colonial shifts– Decline of rights to land and status

Development shifts– 1950’s: Welfare approach

women as “homemakers”

1970: Ester BoserupWID (Women in Development)

Judith Carney: Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia

Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia

Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia

Colonial Development Corporation (CDC)– irrigation and development scheme– Started alienation of women’s land rights– Assumptions about ownership of land by men– IGNORED:

Women had strong access to land resources and their benefits from rice farming

Also responsibilities for food and support of children

Post colonial development schemes made similar mistakes

Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia

Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia

World Bank, China, IFAD irrigated rice projects– Small Scale and Large Scale Double cropping schemes

Ignored the elaborate system of land rights and cropping responsibilities

– Women’s land taken– Women expected to labor for men’s fields year round– No way to generate same income and maintain

independent decision making over their labor and livelihoods

Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia

Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia

Women rebel– Refuse to work at certain times of year when they

want to work on their own fields– Form work groups to drive up wage labor

Projects are very expensive/unsuccessful Some people are switching to non-

traditional export crops, but food security is still a problem

Irrigation and Women Farmers in the Gambia

Conclusions:– Need to address social and gendered organization of production– Especially in Africa, no joint-utility households– Need to link gender equity to productivity

Alternatives: – Focus on food production– link ownership/management to women’s cooking units– Consider small scale irrigation technology that responds

to refined traditional environmental knowledge of women and their work schedules

– Consider more appropriate tech: tidal irrigation

History of Gender and Development

1975: First World Conference on Women-Mexico City: – Equity? Heavily debated

Basic needs/anti-poverty approach Convention on the Elimination of all forms of

Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1979

History of Gender and Development

Early 1980’s– “New household economics” replaced household

as “black box”– feminist critique of SAPs: both rural and urban

WID Efficiency Approach – Neoliberal approach: utilitarian

GAD Empowerment approach– 1985: 2nd World Conference on Women (Nairobi)– 1987: Third world feminists:

DAWN and Chipko, etc.

Mainstreaming Gender

Fourth World Conference on Women Platform for Action, 1995 (Beijing)

– Gender is a development issue

Women in the World

Women in the World

Gender disparities have tended to decline over time, but remain largest in low-income countries --except in political participation

Gender Equality in Middle Income Countries

1970 1980 1990 1995

Gender Equality in High Income Countries

1970 1980 1990 1995

Gender Equality in Low Income Countries

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1970 1980 1990 1995

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Life expectancyPrimary enrollmentSecondary enrollmentParliamentary representation

Gender mainstreaming in Development

“Social relations of Gender”gender analysis

Gender analysis

Gender Analysis

28 April 2003 14

Links betw een gender equality and econom ic grow th

Low er pop u la tion g row th , m ore e ffic ien t rep lacem en t

G ender Inc reased labo r E conom ic equa lity p roduc tiv ity g row th

M ore e ffic ien t a lloca tion o f resou rces

Where women and men have more equal rights, governments are less corrupt

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Women's economic and social human rights

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Benefits for future generations

Women invest their incomes in their children, men in themselves Ex: In Brazil, income in the hands of mothers has four

times the positive impact on children’s nutrition (height-for-age) as income in the hands of fathers.

Better educated mothers invest more heavily in their children’s learning Ex: In India, children of literate mothers spend two more

hours a day studying than children of illiterate mothers.

Benefits of Women’s Education: Economic Growth

Health benefits of women’s education: Lower malnutrition

Health benefits: child immunization

MDG Gender equality indicator--adequate?