Written By Md. Sohel Rana

SMS Based Automatic Vehicle Accident Information System

A Project Submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Of

University of Information Technology and Science (UITS)

Submitted By Md. Sohel Rana ID:11420158

Kaisari Khanom ID:12320131

Mst. Shearmin Akter ID:12320285

Shah Md Mizanur Rahman ID:13310404

Supervised by

Md. Ekramul kabir Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering (ECE) University of Information Technology and Sciences (UITS)

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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University of Information Technology and Science (UITS)Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project “SMS Based Automatic Vehicle Accident Information System” is the confide record of the project work by Md. Sohel Rana, Kaisari Khanom , Mst. Shearmin Akter , Shah Md Mizanur Rahman for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of B.Sc in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE) from University of Information Technology and Sciences(UITS).

Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported here in does not form part of any dissertation on basis of which a degree was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Internal Guide Head of the Department

Md. Ekramul kabir Dr.Mizanur Rahman

Assistant Professor Professor & Head

Department of ECE Department of EEE

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DECLARATION OF CANDIDATE

The project entitled “SMS Based Automatic Vehicle Accident Information System” submitted to UITS

is a record of an original work done by us under the guidance of our respect supervisor Md.

Ekramul Kabir, Assistance Professor Department of ECE, Faculty of Engineering, University of

Information Technology and Sciences(UITS) . The results in this project work have not been submitted

to any other University or Institute for any Degree or Diploma.

Md. Sohel Rana (11420158)

Dept. of EEE

Kaisari Khanom (12320131)

Dept. of EEE

Mst. Shearmin Akter (12320285)

Dept. of EEE

Shah Md. Mizanur Rahman (13310404)

Dept. of EEE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank Almighty ALLAH for giving us the ability to work hard successfully. We want

to thanks our honorable Dean, Associate Professor Dr. Mizanur Rahman of this valuable guidance at

every stage of our study.

We pay our to project guide Md.Ekramul kabir, Assistant Professor of Electronics and

Communication Engineering of UITS for his excellent guidance, careful guidance and direction

throughout the study period. Finally we acknowledge with thanks the help of all members of University

of Information Technology and Science (UITS) for their cordial cooperation and useful suggestions.

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ABSTRACT

In recent years infrastructure has developed tremendously but accordingly the accident rate also increased tremendously. In the existing system only the human sees that the accident has occurred and they will call to the ambulance and the reach of ambulance to the spot is late due to that there is huge loss of human life and for that a solution is brought up by using vibration sensor which senses during the occurrence of accident and using GPS(global positioning system) the latitude and the longitude of the position can be found and using GSM(global system for mobile communication) modem the position of the message can be send to the operating center and the operating center will have the GIS(geographical information system) through which can find the location easily and they can call to the nearby ambulance and they will reach the spot firstly and this all will happens within two minutes by this human life can be saved.

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INDEX

CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO

Chapter1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………10

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11

1.3 Objective………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11

1.4 Overview ……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………11

Chapter2. GPS AND GSM

2.1 Global Positioning System (GPS)…………………………………………………………………………………………..12

2.1.1 History of Global Positioning System (GPS)……………………………………………………………………..12

2.1.2 Basic concept of GPS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13

2.1.3 How It Works? .........................................................................................................................13

2.1.4 How accurate is GPS? ..............................................................................................................13

2.1.5 The GPS satellite system …….…………………………………………………………………………………………………14

2.2 GSM (Global System for Mobile) ……………….……………………………………………………………………………..15

2.2.1 History of GSM ……………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………15

2.2.2Network structure ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..17

2.2.4 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) ……………………………………………………………………………………………18

Chapter 3 Description of Usage Component

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3.1 List of Components…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19

3.2 Resistor ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19

3.3 LED (Liquid Crystal Display)………………………………………………………………………………………………………….20

3.4Capacitor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………21

3.5 Transistors………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23

3.5.1 Physical Description of Transistor…………………………………………………………………………………24

3.6 Transformer…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………25

3.6.1 The basic working principle of transformer……………………………………………………………………………….26

3.7 Voltage Regulator…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………27

3.8GSM and GPS MODULE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….28

3.9MEMS Vibration sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29

3.10 PIC16F73 Microcontroller………………………………………………………………………………………………………….30

3.10.1 PIN DIAGRAM……………………………………………………………………………………………………………31

3.10.2 Internal Architecture of a PIC16F73 Microcontroller………………………….……………………..32

3.10.3 Pin Description…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..33

Chapter4 Our proposal of SMS Based Automatic Vehicle Accident Information System 4.1 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………………….36

4.2 Block diagram of the complete circuit..................................................................................36

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4.3 Circuit diagram ……………………………………………………………………………37 4.4 Flow Chart…………………………………………………………………………………38 4.5 Working principal………………………………………………………………………….39 4.6 PCB Layout………………………………………………………………………………..40 4.7 Complete Part of SMS Based Automatic Vehicle Accident Information System……………………….41

Chapter5 RESULT&DISCUSSION

5.1 result………………………………………………………………………………………42

5.2 Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..42

5.3ADVANTAGES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….43

5.4DISADVANTAGES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….43

5.5 FUTURE WORKE ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..43

APPENDIX Usage programming Language………………………………………………………………44

References..............................................................................................................................55

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Name of the Figure Page No

2.1 The structure of a GSM Network………………………………………17

3.1 (a) Resistor (b) Resistor Symbol ………………………………………………………………..20

3.2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)……………………………………………………………………..21

3.3 Miniature low –voltage capacitor (next to a cm ruler)……………………..………22

3.4 Simple Circuit showing the labels of a BI-polar Transistor………………..…….23

3.5 Transistor…………………………………………………………………………………………….……24

3.6 Transformer ……………………………………………………………………………….……………25

3.7 Structural Schematic Diagram of transformer………………………………..………..26

3.8 Voltage regulator…………………………………..………………………………………………….27

3.9 GSM and GPS MODULE………………………….………………………………………………….28

3.10 Vibration Sensor…………………………………………………………………………………………29

3.11 Microcontroller…………………………….………………………………………………………….…30

3.12 Pin Configuration…………………………………………………………………………………………31

3.13 Internal Architecture of a PIC16F73 Microcontroller……………………………………32

4.1 Block diagram of the complete circuit..............................................................36

4.2 Flow Chart…..………………………………………………………………..37

4.3 Circuit diagram………………………………………………………………..38 4.4 Complete PCB Layout …………………………………………………………40

4.5 Complete Part of SMS Based Automatic Vehicle Accident Information System…..41

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

There is a drastic increase in the number of vehicles in these days which also cause a steep rise in the number of accidents with a lot of people losing their lives. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 1.2 million people lose their lives every year due to car accidents.

Many times proper medical facilities are not provided due to lack of communication and so lead to severe injuries. Our system help common people as a safety measure in harsh condition scope. This project is mainly used to provide help to the owner or victim of the accident of the Vehicle. In case of any accident, the system sends automated messages to the pre-programmed numbers.

We can send messages to maximum of three mobiles including the owner of the vehicle, Police to clear the traffic and Ambulance. GSM is used to send the SMS of the accident. We can also send the vehicle registration number through the SMS by which we can track the position of that vehicle using special number plates being issued by the Regional transport office.

As per the design schedule the SMS will be sent to the registered number by the user when the accident takes place. This design has many scopes in future because as the population is increasing the numbers of vehicles are also increasing as well the number of accident and death due to it.

In order to control the number of accident victims’ deaths the system is useful, as the accident occurs the proper medical aid can be provided in time.

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1.2. BRIEF HISTORY

Tracking systems were first developed for the shipping industry because they wanted to determine where each vehicle was at any given time. Passive systems were developed in the beginning to fulfil these requirements. For the applications which require real time location information of the vehicle, these systems can’t be employed because they save the location information in the internal storage and location information can only be accessed when vehicle is available.

To achieve Automatic Vehicle Location system that can transmit the location information in real time, Active systems are developed. Real time vehicular tracking system incorporates a hardware device installed in the vehicle (In-Vehicle Unit) and a remote Tracking server. The information is transmitted to Tracking server using GSM/GPRS modem on GSM network by using SMS or using direct TCP/IP connection with Tracking server through GPRS. Tracking server also has GSM/GPRS modem that receives vehicle location information via GSM network and stores this information in database.

This information is available to authorized users of the system via website over the internet. In 1976 GM introduced SDM module (Sensing and Diagnostic Module), which was improved to so called DERM (Diagnostic and Energy Reserve Module) in 1990. The main target of this module consists of recording and saving data from measuring sensors including error messages at the time when the airbag is activated. In 1990 GM installed the first sophisticated electronic accident data recorder in F1 cars.

Firstly the mentioned units were designed as a diagnostic tool for a determination of the reasons for the airbag activation. Later, units were used for accident reconstructions. It was asked by insurance companies and police. In 2005, thanks to the co-operation of Great Britain, the Netherlands and Belgium the European project called SAMOVAR (Safety Assessment Monitoring on Vehicle with Automatic Recording) came into existence. This project is targeted on human life.

1.3 Objective

The main objective of this project is to find the accident spot at any place and intimating it to ambulance through the GPS and GSM networks.

1.4 Overview

MEMS Sensor used to detect abrupt vibration when an accident occurs. Detection and messaging system composed of a GPS receiver, microcontroller and GSM Modem.

Then GSM modem sends message to the predefined/owner mobile number. Then Owner send the ambulance accident spot as soon as possible

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CHAPTER 2

GPS AND GSM

2.1 Global Positioning System (GPS)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based radio navigation system developed and operated by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS permits land, sea, and airborne users to determine their position, velocity and the time 24 hours a day, in all weather, anywhere in the world. The GPS signals are available to an unlimited number of users simultaneously. The GPS satellites can be used free of charge by anyone.

2.1.1 History of Global Positioning System (GPS)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains it, and makes it freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.

The US began the GPS project in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors, including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) developed the system, which originally used 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1995. Bradford Parkinson, Roger L. Easton, and Ivan A. Getting are credited with inventing it.

Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS and implement the next generation of GPS Block IIIA satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX).Announcements from Vice President Al Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000, the U.S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, GPS III.

In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. There are also the planned European Union Galileo positioning system, India's Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System, China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, and the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System.

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2.1.2 Basic concept of GPSThe GPS concept is based on time. The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are synchronized to each other and to ground clocks. Any drift from true time maintained on the ground is corrected daily. Likewise, the satellite locations are monitored precisely. GPS receivers have clocks as well—however, they are not synchronized with true time, and are less stable. GPS satellites continuously transmit their current time and position. A GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites and solves equations to determine the exact position of the receiver and its deviation from true time. At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and clock deviation from satellite time).

2.1.3 How It Works?GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use trilateration to calculate the user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the user's position and display it on the unit's electronic map.

A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least 3 satellites to calculate a 2-D position (latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the user's 3-D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once the user's position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more.

2.1.4 How accurate is GPS?

Today's GPS receivers are extremely accurate, thanks to their parallel multi-channel design. Our 12 parallel channel receivers are quick to lock onto satellites when first turned on, and they maintain strong locks, even in dense foliage or urban settings with tall buildings. Certain atmospheric factors and other sources of error can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. Garmin GPS receivers are accurate to within 15 meters, on average.

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Newer Garmin GPS receivers with WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) capability can improve accuracy to less than 3 meters on average. No additional equipment or fees are required to take advantage of WAAS. Users can also get better accuracy with Differential GPS (DGPS), which corrects GPS signals to within an average of 3 to 5 meters. The U.S. Coast Guard operates the most common DGPS correction service. This system consists of a network of towers that receive GPS signals and transmit a corrected signal by beacon transmitters. In order to get the corrected signal, users must have a differential beacon receiver and beacon antenna in addition to their GPS.

A visual example of a 24 satellite GPS constellation in motion with the earth rotating. Notice how the number of satellites in view from a given point on the earth's surface, in this example at 45°N, changes with time.

2.1.5 The GPS satellite system

The 24 satellites that make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the earth about 12,000 miles above us. They are constantly moving, making two complete orbits in less than 24 hours. These satellites are travelling at speeds of roughly 7,000 miles an hour.

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GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. They have backup batteries onboard to keep them running in the event of a solar eclipse, when there's no solar power. Small rocket boosters on each satellite keep them flying in the correct path.

Here are some other interesting facts about the GPS satellites (also called NAVSTAR, the official U.S. Department of Defense name for GPS):

The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978. A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in 1994.

Each satellite is built to last about 10 years. Replacements are constantly being built and launched into orbit.

A GPS satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds and is about 17 feet across with the solar panels extended.

Transmitter power is only 50 Watts or less.

2.2 GSM (Global System for Mobile)

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM differs from first generation wireless systems in that it uses digital technology and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) transmission methods. GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200kHz channel into eight 25kHz time-slots. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands in the US

2.2.1 History of GSMIn 1982, work began to develop a European Conference of European Posts and Telegraph (CEPT) establishes a GSM group to widen the standards for a pan-European cellular mobile system.

In 1985 A list of recommendations to be generated by the group is accepted. 1986 Executed field tests to check the different radio techniques recommended for the air interface.

in 1987, 15 representatives from 13 European countries signed a memorandum of understanding in Copenhagen to develop and deploy a common cellular telephone system across Europe, and EU rules were passed to make GSM a mandatory standard. The decision to develop a continental standard eventually resulted in a unified, open, standard-based network which was larger than that in the United States.

In 1987 Europe produced the very first agreed GSM Technical Specification in February. In this short 37-week period the whole of Europe (countries and industries) had been brought behind GSM in a rare unity and speed guided by four public

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officials Armin Silberhorn (Germany), Stephen Temple (UK), Philippe Dupuis (France), and Renzo Failli (Italy) 1988 GSM system is validated.

In 1989, the Group Special Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).In parallel, France and Germany signed a joint development agreement in 1984 and were joined by Italy and the UK in 1986.

In 1986 the European Commission proposed reserving the 900 MHz spectrum band for GSM. The world's first GSM call was made by the former Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri to Kaarina Suonio (mayor in city of Tampere) on July 1, 1991, on a network built by Telenokia and Siemens and operated by Radiolinja.

The following year in 1992, the first short messaging service (SMS or "text message") message was sent and Vodafone UK and Telecom Finland signed the first international roaming agreement.

Work began in 1991 to expand the GSM standard to the 1800 MHz frequency band and the first 1800 MHz network became operational in the UK by 1993. Also that year, Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM network outside Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phone became available.

In 1995, fax, data and SMS messaging services were launched commercially, the first 1900 MHz GSM network became operational in the United States and GSM subscribers worldwide exceeded 10 million. Also this year, the GSM Association was formed. Pre-paid GSM SIM cards were launched in 1996 and worldwide GSM subscribers passed 100 million in 1998.

In 1999 Wireless Application Protocol WAP came into existence and became operational in 130 countries with 260 million subscribers. In 2000, the first commercial Radio services GPRS were launched and the first GPRS compatible handsets became available for sale.

In 2001 the first UMTS (W-CDMA) network was launched, a 3G technology that is not part of GSM. Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 500 million. In 2002 the first Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) were introduced and the first GSM network in the 800 MHz frequency band became operational. EDGE services first became operational in a network in 2003 and the number of worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 1 billion in 2004.

By 2005, GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the worldwide cellular network market, serving 1.5 billion subscribers. In 2005 the first HSDPA capable network also became operational. The first HSUPA network was launched in 2007. High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and its uplink and downlink versions are 3G technologies, not part of GSM. Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded three billion in 2008.

he GSM Association estimated in 2010 that technologies defined in the GSM standard serve 80% of the global mobile market, encompassing more than 5 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many standards for cellular networks. It is important to note that GSM is a second-generation (2G) standard employing Time-Division Multiple-Access (TDMA) spectrum-sharing, issued by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The GSM standard does not include the 3G UMTS CDMA-based technology nor the 4G LTE OFDMA-based technology standards issued by the 3GPP.Macau planned to phase out its 2G GSM networks as of June 4, 2015, making it the first region to

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decommission a GSM network .Singapore will also be phasing out 2G services by April 2017.

2.2.2Network structure

The network is structured into a number of discrete sections:

Base Station Subsystem – the base stations and their controllers explained Network and Switching Subsystem – the part of the network most similar to a fixed network, sometimes just

called the "core network"

GPRS Core Network – the optional part which allows packet-based Internet connections

Operations support system (OSS) – network maintenance

FIG 2.1:The structure of a GSM Network

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2.2.3 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking.

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CHAPTER 3

Description of Usage Component

3.1 List of Components

1. Resistor

2. Capacitor

3. LED

4. Transformer

5. Transistor

6. Voltage Regulator

7. Microcontroller

8. GPS

9. GSM

10. Vibration sensor

3.2 Resistor

Resistors are components that have a predetermined resistance. Resistance determines how much current will flow through a component. Resistors are used to voltages and currents. A very high resistance allows very little current to floe. Air has very high resistance. Current almost never flows through air. (Sparks and lightning are brief displays of resistance allows a large amount of current to flow. Metals have very low resistance. That is why wires are made of metal. They allow current to flow from one point to another point without any resistance.

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(a) (b)

Figure3.1: (a) Resistor (b) Resistor Symbol

3.3 LED (Liquid Crystal Display)

A Liquid Crystal Display is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector.

Liquid Crystal Display." LCDs are super-thin displays that are used in laptop computer screens and flat panel monitors. Smaller LCDs are used in handheld TVs, PDAs, and portable video game devices. The image on an LCD screen is created by sandwiching an electrically reactive substance between two electrodes. This color of this substance can be changed by increasing or reducing the electrical current. Since LCD screens are based on the principle of blocking light (rather than emitting it), they use up much less power than standard CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube) monitors. In our project, the LCD used to display the status and position of the vehicle .

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Figure3.2: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

3.4 Capacitor

A capacitor is a component used to electrical charges temporarily, which consist of two conducting surfaces separated by a non-conductor dielectric. Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling.

T he diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smooth DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value for its capacitance.

Capacitance is expressed as the ratio of the electric (Q) on each conductor to the potential difference (V) between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1 C/V).

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Figure3.3: Miniature low –voltage capacitor (next to a cm ruler)

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3.5 Transistors

The transistor is one of the fundamental building blocks of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 19550s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics and paved way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators and computers amongst other things.

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor’s terminals, changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals.

Since the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

Figure3.4: Simple Circuit showing the labels of a Bi-polar Transistor

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Figure3.5: Transistor

3.5.1 Physical Description of Transistor

The two type of transistors have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bi-polar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (i.e. flowing from the base to the emitter) can control or switch a much large current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field effect transistor (FET),The terminals are labeled gate, source and drain, a voltage at the gate can control current between source and drain.

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3.6 Transformer

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.

A varying current in the transformer’s primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary induces a varying electromotive force ( emf ) or voltage in the secondary winding. Making use of Faraday’s Law in conjunction with high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can thus be designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power networks.

Figure3.6: Transformer

Transformers range in size from RF transformers a small cm3 fraction in volume to units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons. A wide range of transformer designs are used in electronic and electric power applications. Since the invention in 1885 of the first constant potential transformer, transformers have become essential for the AC transmission, distribution and utilization of electrical energy.

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3.6.1 The basic working principle of transformer

Transformer refers to the static electromagnetic setting which can transfer power from one circuit to another one. In AC circuits, AC voltage, current and waveform can be transformed with the help of Transformers.

Each transformation is usually to transfer from one circuit to another one by the way of electromagnetism, but it has no direct relation with this circuit. It also can be transformed through electromagnetism (electrical manner). This electromagnetism is known as auto-transformer.

Transformer plays an important role in electronic equipment. AC and DC voltage in power supply equipment are almost achieved by transformer’s transformation and commutation. At the same time the electrical parameters transformed by transformer are not one but a few ones.

Most of the isolation, matching and impedance in the circuit carry out by transformer. Simple schematic diagram of the transformer is shown in (1). It is connected by closed magnet (iron cores), two winding and AC power supply. The winding is called primary winding; another winding is connected with load, and it is called secondary winding.

Figure3.7: Structural Schematic Diagram of transformer

The frequency of AC used depends on the object size, material type, coupling (between the work coil

and the object to be heated) and the penetration depth. Induction heating is the process of heating an electrically conducting object (usually a metal) by electromagnetic induction, where eddy currents (also

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called Foucault currents) are generated within the metal and resistance leads to Joule heating of the metal.

3.7 Voltage Regulator

A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple “feed-forward” design or may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical, mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is drawn from the line.

Figure3.8: Voltage regulator

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3.8 GSM and GPS MODULE

Global Positioning System (GPS) is used to trace the position.GPS module always receives the information from satellites regarding the position of the place where the accident occurs. Global system for mobile (GSM ) is a digital cellular communication system.

It is used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.GSM modem is used to send information collected from GPS module along with details to a specific mobile number.

SIM908 module is a complete Quad-Band GSM/GPRS module which combines GPS technology for satellite navigation. The compact design which integrated GPRS and GPS in a SMT package will significantly save both time and costs for customers to develop GPS enabled applications. Featuring an industry-standard interface and GPS function, it allows variable assets to be tracked seamlessly at any location and anytime with signal coverage.

Figure3.9: GSM and GPS MODULE

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3.9MEMS Vibration sensor

Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) is a technique of combining electrical and mechanical component together on a chip .The device typically converts measured mechanical signals into electrical signals. MEMS Sensor used to detect abrupt vibration when an accident occurs. When any accident occurs MEMS chip detects & send electrical signal to the ADC channel of the PIC microcontroller.

Vibration Sensor is suitable for measurements of flexibility, vibration, impact and touch. The module is based on PZT film sensor LDT0-028. When the sensor moves back and forth, a certain voltage will be created by the voltage comparator inside of it. A wide dynamic range (0.001Hz~1000 MHz) guarantees an excellent measuring performance. And, you can adjust its sensitivity by adjusting the on-board potentiometer with a screw.

Figure3.10: Vibration Sensor

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3.10 PIC16F73 Microcontroller

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller".It is available in different configurations 8bit,16 bit,32 bit with instructions.

The PIC16F73 is one of the latest products from Microchip. It features all the components which modern microcontrollers normally have. For its low price, wide range of application, high quality and easy availability, it is an ideal solution in applications such as the control of different processes in industry, machine control devices, measurement of different values etc.

The term PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller. It is the brain child of Microchip Technology, USA. Originally this was developed as a supporting device for PDP computers to control its peripheral devices, and therefore names as PIC, Peripheral Interface Controller .They have coined this name to identify their single chip micro controllers .These 8-bit micro controllers have become very important now-a-days in industrial automation and embedded applications etc.

One of the earlier versions of PIC Microcontrollers is PIC16x. The 7x family has an enhancement of Analog to Digital converter capability. These µcs are available with arrange of capabilities packaged in both dual in-line (DIP) packages and surface-mount packages. These are available in 28 pin DIP, 40 pin DIP, 44 pin surface mount package etc. Some of PIC controllers contain the letter A in their number.

PIC16F73 devices are available only in 28-pin packages .The PIC 16F73 have one-half of the total on-chip memory of the PIC16F74 and PIC16F77. The 28-pin devices have 3 I/O ports .This devices have 11 interrupts and 5 A/D input channels.

Figure3.11: Microcontroller

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3.10.1 PIN DIAGRAM

Figure3.12: Pin Configuration

31

3.10.2 Internal Architecture of a PIC16F73 Microcontroller

Figure3.13: Internal Architecture of a PIC16F73 Microcontroller

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3.10.3 Pin Description

Name Number (DIP 40)

Function Description

MCLR/Vpp 1 MCLR Rest pin, Low logic level on this pin resets microcontroller

Vpp Programming voltage

RA0/AN0 2 RA0 General purpose I/O port A

AN0 A/D Channel 0 input

RA1/AN1 3 RA1 General purpose I/O port A

AN1 A/D Channel 1

RA2/AN2 4 RA2 General purpose I/O port A

AN2 A/D Channel 2

RA3/AN3/Vref+ 5 RA3 General purpose I/O port A

AN3 A/D Channel 3

Vref+ A/D Positive Voltage Reference Input

RA4/T0CKI 6 RA4 General purpose I/O port A

T0CKI Timer T0 Clock Input

RA5/AN4/SS 7 RA5 General purpose I/O port A

AN4 A/D Channel 4

SS SPI module Input (Slave Select)

Vss 8 ˗ Ground (GND)

OSC1/CLKIN 9 OSC1 Crystal Oscillator Input

CLKIN External Clock Input

33

OSC2/CLKOUT 10 OSC2 Crystal Oscillator Output

CLKOUT Fosc /4 Output

RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI 11 RC0 General purpose I/O port C

T1OSO Timer T1 Oscillator Output

T1CKI Timer T1 Clock Input

RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 12 RC1 General purpose I/O port C

T1OSI Timer T1 Oscillator Input

CCP2 CCP1 and PWM1 module I/O

RC2/CCP1 13 RC2 General purpose I/O port C

CCP1 CCP1 and PWM1 module I/O

RC3/SCK/SCL 14 RC3 General purpose I/O port C

SCK MSSP module Clock I/O in SPI mode

SCL MSSP module Clock I/O in I²C mode

RC4/SDI/SDA 15 RC4 General purpose I/O port C

SDI MSSP module Data Input in SPI mode

SDA MSSP module Data I/O in I²C mode

RC5/SDO

16

RC5 General purpose I/O port C

SDO MSSP module Data Output in SPI mode

RC6/TX/CK

17

RC6 General purpose I/O port C

TX USART Asynchronous Output

CK USART Synchronous Clock

RC7/RX/DT 18 RC7 General purpose I/O port C

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RX USART Asynchronous input

DT USART Synchronous Data

Vss 19 - Ground (GND)

VDD 20 + Positive supply

RBO/INT 21 RBO General purpose I/O port B

INT External Interrupt

RB1 22 RB1 General purpose I/O port B

RB2 23 RB2 General purpose I/O port B

RB3/PGM 24 RB3 General purpose I/O port B

PGM Programming enable pin

RB4 25 RB4 General purpose I/O port B

RB5 26 RB5 General purpose I/O port B

RB6/PGC 27 RB6 General purpose I/O port B

PGC

RB7/PGD 28 RB7 General purpose I/O port B

PGD

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Chapter 4

Our proposal of SMS Based Automatic Vehicle Accident Information System

4.1 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

In the proposed system, if an accident occurs the vibration sensor in the vehicle senses and sends the information to the microcontroller that the accident has occurred and the GPS modem continuously receives the co-ordinates (latitude and longitude) and gives the data to microcontroller and if the signal comes from the sensor then the microcontroller sends the information obtained from the GPS modem through the GSM modem to the operating center and the operating center analyze the spot and gives information to the nearby ambulance and so the ambulance can reach the accident spot in few minutes and can save the human life.4.2 Block diagram of the complete circuit

Figure4.1: Block diagram of the complete circuit

36

Microcontroller

PIC16F73

Alarm

Power

Reset switch

Vibration Sensor

GSM/GPS Module

LCD

4.3 Flow Chart

Yes No

Fig: 4.2 Flow Chart

37

GPS & GSM Sensor

Start

LCD

Microcontroller

Buzzer

Delay UnitOver reset time

Trace location

Reset

Sending SMS to Centre

Comparator

END

4.4 Circuit diagram

Figure4.3: Circuit diagram

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4.5 Working Principal

The project consists of vibration sensor, GSM modem, GPS modem, PIC Microcontroller. Vibration sensor is connected with microcontroller. When the accident occurs, vibration sensor will sense.

If the sensor senses then send electrical signal to the ADC channel of the PIC microcontroller. This time some delay and the alarm is on, if drive do not push the reset button after some time the alarm will turn off.

Then using GPS Modem , we will get the latitude & longitude location where accident occurs .The GPS positioning is done in the form of latitude and longitude along with the exact location of the place by making Google maps .

Then it sends the latitude and longitude to the operating center through the GSM modem and the operating center consist of GIS in which if type the latitude and longitude it will give the correct location. Then call to the nearer ambulance and they can reach the accident spot firstly and so can save the human life.

39

4.6 PCB Layout

Figure4.4: Complete PCB Layout

40

4.7 Complete Part of SMS Based Automatic Vehicle Accident Information System

Figure4.5: Complete Part of SMS Based Automatic Vehicle Accident Information System

41

Chapter 5

Result and Discussion

5.1 Result

5.2 Discussion

Thus the proposed system provides a solution for the vehicle accident information, if a vehicle gets accident, then the global positioning system (GPS) modem gathers the latitude, longitude of the accident zone.

42

And sends to the operating center through global system for mobile communication(GSM) modem. So the operating center will receive the SMS within few seconds after the accident occurs and the operating center consists of geographical information system (GIS) which gives current position of the accident and then the operating center will call to the nearby ambulance and gives the intimation and so the

human life can be saved.

Thus from the above theory we can conclude that using the method of SMS Based Automatic Vehicle Accident Information System we can saved many human life.

5.3 Advantage

1. The vehicle which has undergone to an accident can be identified by using tracking technology without any delay

2. The immediate medication will be provided to the accident victims in the remote areas

3. Mobile number can be changed at any time

5.4Disadvantage

In some places where there is no provision of GSM networks it is difficult for communication.

If use the low quality of GPS, then it is difficult to trace the accident spot

5.5Future work

1. A Front Camera can be used for Lane Tracking purpose.

2. Long range IR sensors can be used in front to avoid vehicle collision

3 A Camera can be used inside the car for vigilance purpose.

4 Instead of a Microcontroller we can use a CPLD chip since the CPLD incorporates many more features than a Microcontroller. VLSI/VHDL can be used for CPLD programming.

5. Automotive Security System

43

6. This can also be developed by interconnecting a camera to the controller module that takes the photograph of the accident spot that makes tracking easier.

Appendix

Usage programming Language

Device program/*******************************************************************************

* Program for 'Car Accident Alarm with GPS using SIM908' *

* MCU: PIC16F73; X-Tal:8MHz(External) *

* Date : 19-Oct,2015

*******************************************************************************//*

$GPGGA,025526.000,0653.409140,N,07954.150015,E,1,7 ,1.08,22.013,M,-96.608,M,,*4D

$GPGLL,0653.409140,N,07954.150015,E,025526.000,A,A *58

$GPGSA,A,3,21,29,18,24,22,25,15,,,,,,1.98,1.08,1.6 7*0F

$GPGSV,4,1,14,21,58,020,36,14,56,246,25,29,38,173, 36,18,32,354,36*7E

$GPGSV,4,2,14,24,30,071,49,22,25,317,34,06,19,304, 20,25,11,157,33*7E

$GPGSV,4,3,14,15,06,035,32,03,04,310,,31,03,205,,3 0,00,240,*78

$GPGSV,4,4,14,42,,,39,50,,,39*7F

$GPRMC,025526.000,A,0653.409140,N,07954.150015,E,0 .000,115.0,260313,,,A*6F

$GPVTG,115.0,T,,M,0.000,N,0.000,K,A*08

$GPZDA,025526.000,26,03,2013,,*57

*/

// LCD module connections

sbit LCD_RS at RB7_bit;

44

sbit LCD_EN at RB6_bit;

sbit LCD_D4 at RB5_bit;

sbit LCD_D5 at RB4_bit;

sbit LCD_D6 at RB3_bit;

sbit LCD_D7 at RB2_bit;

sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISB7_bit;

sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISB6_bit;

sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB5_bit;

sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISB4_bit;

sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISB3_bit;

sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB2_bit;

// End LCD module connections

unsigned char text[64];

unsigned char SMS[6];

unsigned char GPS[20];

int i = 0,j=0,mode=0,k,l,cnt_dly=0;

short ready = 0,read_ok=0;

char *string;

bit flag;

#define Buzzer RC5_bit

45

#define Reset_sw RC3_bit

void Delay2s()

{

int d;

for(d=0;d<200;d++)

{

Delay_ms(10);

}

}

void GPS_Int(void);

void Read_GPS(void);

void Send_SMS_Int(void);

void Read_SMS(void);

void GPS_OFF(void);

void interrupt()

{

if (RCIF_bit)

{ // If interrupt is generated by RCIF

text[i] = UART1_Read(); // Read data and store it to txrt string

i++; // Increment string index

46

if (i >= 64)

{ // If index = 768,

i = 0; // set it to zero

ready = 1; // Ready for parsing GPS data

}

RCIF_bit = 0; // Set RCIF to 0

}

if(INTF_bit)

{

flag = 1;

INTF_bit = 0;

}

}

void main()

{

TRISC5_bit = 0;//set as output

TRISC3_bit = 1;//set as input

TRISB0_bit = 1;//set as input

ADCON0 = 0x00;

ADCON1 = 0x07;//all digital

Buzzer = 0;

UART1_Init(9600);//initialize UART at br 9600 bps

47

Delay_ms(1000);// leave some time for UART

OPTION_REG = 0x00;//enable weak-pull-ups

GIE_bit = 1; // Enable Global interrupt

PEIE_bit = 1; // Enable Peripheral interrupt

RCIE_bit = 1; // Enable USART Receiver interrupt

RCIF_bit = 0;//clear flag

INTE_bit = 1;//enable hardware interrupt

INTEDG_bit = 0;//falling edge interrupt

INTF_bit = 0;//clear flag

flag = 0;

Lcd_Init();//initialize LCD

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);//clear display

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);

Lcd_COut(1,1,"Car Accd. GPS");

Delay_ms(2000);

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);//clear display

while(1)

{

Lcd_COut(1,1,"Monitoring");

Lcd_COut(2,1,"System...");

RCIE_bit = 0;//disable RCIF

RCIF_bit = 0;//clear flag

UART_Write_CText("AT\r");

Delay2s();

48

OERR_bit = 0;// clear Overrun Error bit

FERR_bit = 0;//clear Farming Error bit

//check for fault

if(flag==1)

{

Lcd_COut(1,1,"Acc. occured");

Lcd_COut(2,1,"Counting .... ");

for(i=0;i<500;i++)

{

cnt_dly++;

if(Reset_sw==0)

{

flag = 0;

}

if(cnt_dly>50)

{

Buzzer = ~Buzzer;

cnt_dly = 0;

}

Delay_ms(20);

}

Buzzer = 0;

if(flag==1)//still problem in not reset

{

49

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

Lcd_COut(1,1,"Scanning_");

Lcd_COut(2,1,"GPS location");

Read_GPS(void);

flag = 0;

}

else

{

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

Lcd_COut(1,1,"Fault is Reset ");

Delay_ms(2000);

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);//clear display

Buzzer = 0;

}

Buzzer = 0;

}

Buzzer = 0;

}//while(1)

}//void main

void GPS_Int(void)

{

UART_Write_CText("AT+CGPSPWR=1\r\n");//send AT+CGPSPWR=1 and Enter

50

Delay2s();

UART_Write_CText("AT+CGPSRST=1\r\n");//select GPS mode, 1 = Autonomous, 0 = Cold

Delay2s();

UART_Write_CText("AT+CGPSIPR=9600\r\n");// set data rate

Delay2s();

}

void Send_SMS_Int(void)

{

UART_Write_CText("AT+cmgf=1\r\n");

Delay2s();

UART_Write_CText("AT+cmgs=");

UART1_Write((char)'"');

UART_Write_CText("01722448270");

UART1_Write((char)'"');

UART1_Write((char)13);

UART1_Write((char)10);

Delay2s();

}

void Read_GPS(void)

{

GPS_Top:

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

Delay_ms(100);

51

Lcd_COut(1,1,"Scanning_");

Lcd_COut(2,1,"GPS location");

GPS_Int(void);

Delay2s();

for(i=0;i<64;i++)

{

text[i]=' ';//send Ctrl+Z

}

i = 0;

ready = 0;

RCIE_bit = 1;//enable interrupt

RCIF_bit = 0;//clear flag

UART_Write_CText("AT+CGPSINF=32\r");// ask for GPS

Delay_ms(3000);

if(ready == 1)

{ // If the data in txt array is ready do:

ready = 0;

RCIE_bit = 0;//disable interrupt

RCIF_bit = 0;//clear flag

k = 0;

for(i=0;i<64;i++)

{

if(text[i]=='V')

52

{

i = i+2;

for(k=0;k<22;k++)

{

GPS[k] = text[i];

i++;

}

}

}

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

Lcd_COut(1,1,"Sending_");

Lcd_COut(2,1,"SMS to owner...");

Send_SMS_Int(void);

UART_Write_CText("Please take necessery steps as soon as possible. Car is in trouble at GPS Position: \r");

for(k=0;k<22;k++)

{

UART1_Write(GPS[k]);

if(k==21)UART_Write_CText("E");

}

Delay_ms(100);

UART1_Write((char)26);//send Ctrl+Z

Delay_ms(2000);

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);

53

}

else

{

goto GPS_Top;

}

}

//end………

************************************************************************************* END of the program * * *

************************************************************************************

54

References:

1. http://www.datasheetscatalog.com

2. http://www.google.com

3. http://www.pdf-search-engine.com/

4. www.intechopen.com/download/pdf/pdfs_id/68.pdf .

5. www.wekipedia.org.com

BOOK

1.Theodore S. Rappaport “Wireless Communication”

2. Vijay Kumar Garg, Joseph E. Wilkes “Principles and Applications of GSM “

3. M. S. Amin, J. Jalil, and M. B. I. Reaz, "Accident detection and reporting system using GPS, GPRS and GSM technology," in International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV),

55