smith the watershed approach
DESCRIPTION
69th SWCS International Annual Conference July 27-30, 2014 Lombard, ILTRANSCRIPT
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Identifying Nutrient Sources, Flowpaths, and Priority Practices
Douglas R. Smith, USDA-ARS
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Lake Erie and Harmful Algal Blooms
2011 Central Lake Erie Basin Microcystis-containing bloom
DRP (kg P/ha)
TP (kg P/ha)
Maumee 0.273 1.12Sandusky 0.311 1.41Honey Cr. 0.369 1.29Rock Cr. 0.250 1.38
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Nutrient Budgets, Sources and Pathways
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2010 Field and Watershed Mass Balance
Field 4 – 8.6 ac
Soybean
16.7 lb P/acFertilizer
32.6 lb P/ac Harvest
Field 1 – 5.4 ac
Corn
20.8 lb P/ac Harvest
Field 3 – 9.9 ac
Soybean16.7 lb P/acFertilizer
32.6 lb P/ac Harvest
78.4 lb P/ac Poultry Litter
Field 2 – 6.7 acCorn
78.4 lb P/ac Poultry Litter
20.8 lb P/ac Harvest
Ditch Site 1736 ac
Ditch Site 24,780 ac
Ditch Site 310,600 ac
Stream Site 447,600 ac 0.52 lb P/ac
Lake Erie
Maumee River4,064,000 ac
30.2 in. rain
1 lb P205 = 0.44 lb P
100 lb DAP/ac = 46 lb P205/ac = 20.1 lb P/ac
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2011 Field and Watershed Mass Balance
Field 4 – 8.6 ac
Wheat
18.5 lb P/acFertilizer
17.6 lb P/ac Harvest
Field 1 – 5.4 ac
Soybean
16.8 lb P/ac Harvest
Field 3 – 9.9 ac
Wheat18.5 lb P/acFertilizer
17.6 lb P/ac Harvest
NoFertilizer
Field 2 – 6.7 acSoybean
NoFertilizer
17.1 lb P/ac Harvest
Ditch Site 1736 ac
Ditch Site 24,780 ac
Ditch Site 310,600 ac
Stream Site 447,600 ac 0.68 lb P/ac
Lake Erie
Maumee River4,064,000 ac
36.5 in. rain
1 lb P205 = 0.44 lb P
100 lb DAP/ac = 46 lb P205/ac = 20.1 lb P/ac
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Legacy Phosphorus in Fields Crop roots utilize only a small proportion of the soil volume leading to poor nutrient capture
A large proportion of applied P is immobilized in soils by inorganic and organic processes
Critical soil test P levels vary widely from site to site leading to insurance‐based applications
Soil sampling/analysis is crude, has high uncertainties leading to potential misinterpretation
Contributions from organic P and subsoil P are largely ignored
Courtesy: Paul Withers
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According to the Tri-state Fertility Guide, no P fertilizer application recommended beyond 50 ppm P
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J F M A M J J A S O N D
Volu
met
ric D
epth
(mm
)
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
1 0 0
1 2 0
1 4 0
1 6 0
1 8 0P re c ip > P E TP E T2 0 0 5 -2 0 1 0 P re c ip
• 25% of cropland in US and Canada could not be farmed without tile drainage (Skaggs et al., 1994):• soils with the greatest inherent production potential
• Tile Drainage (Fausey et al., 1987):• provides trafficable conditions for field operations• promotes root development by preventing exposure of plants to excess water
Drainage and Fertilizer Spreading Season
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Hydrologic Year 2008-2011 Maumee River Soluble Phosphorus Loading
Day of Hydrologic Year (Day 1 = October 1)
0 100 200 300
Tota
l Pho
spho
rus
Load
(kg)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
HY08 Soluble PHY09 Soluble PHY10 Soluble PHY11 Soluble P
84.6%
61.9%
44.3%
81.1%
Fertilizer Spreading “Season”
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St. Joseph River Watershed
!\
!\
!\ !\
!\
!\
!\
!\
!\
!\
!\
!\ !\
!\!\!\!\!\!\
Matson D
itch
Swartz Ditch
W Smith D
itch
Cedar Creek
Dibbling Ditc
h
Leins Ditch
Hof
feld
er D
itch
Cedar Creek
Matson Ditch
AD
AS2AS1
F34
CME
CLG
BME
BLG
AME
ALG
MI
IN
OH
MI
INOH
MI
Ontario
Tile Drainage
Direct Drainage
Pot-Hole
! LowPoint
¯
0 50 100 150 200 250
Miles0 5 10 15 20 25
Miles
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5Miles
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Nutrient losses were higher from watersheds with more:‒ Direct Drainage‒ Pothole Drainage
Influence of Drainage Class on Nutrient Losses
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2008.0 2009.0 2010.0 2011.0
Tota
l P in
Sur
face
Run
off (
kg P
/ha)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Field 1 Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 Maumee
Total P in Surface Runoff from Fields and Maumee River
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2008 2009 2010 2011
Tota
l P in
Tile
(kg/
ha)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Field 1 Tile Field 2 Tile Field 3 Tile Field 4 Tile Maumee
Total P in Tile Flow from Fields and Maumee River
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Soil Test Phosphorus 0-2" (mg/kg)0 100 200 300 400 500 600
DR
P co
ncen
trat
ion
(mg/
L)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
DRP concentration rangesite median
Relationship between soil test phosphorus and dissolved phosphorus concentration in tile discharge (UBWC and Upper Wabash watersheds)
What’s Wrong with the Current System?
Courtesy: K. King
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Surface and Tile Discharge – St. Joe
Precip = 0.73 inchSurface Q = 0.03 inchTile Q = 0.16 inch
Precip = 1.56 inchSurface Q = 1.27 inchTile Q = 0.22 inch
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3/2 /12 6:00 3/2 /12 6:00 3/3 /12 6:00 3/3/12 6:00
flow
rate
(lps
)
0
10
20
30
40pr
ecip
itatio
n (m
m)
0
1
2
3
4
5
surface d ischargetile d ischargeprecip ita tion
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
prec
ipita
tion
(mm
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
surface runofftile dischargeprecipitation
5/8/12 5/9/12 5/10/12
Dis
char
ge (L
ps)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
160
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
3 /2 /1 2 6 :0 0 3 /2 /1 2 6 :0 0 3 /3 /1 2 6 :0 0 3 /3 /1 2 6 :0 0
flow
rate
(lps
)
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
prec
ipita
tion
(mm
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
s u r fa c e d is c h a rg et ile d is c h a rg ep re c ip ita t io n
Two different tile: same soil, different responses
0.5 inch rainfall 1.25 inches rainfall
EOF Results – (OH – UW; K. King)
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Watershed Results—2005‐2010 UBWC
Courtesy: K. King
40% of annual total phosphorus load at EOF from tile discharge (Enright and Madramootoo, 2004)
25% of TP and 50% of soluble P leaving watershed originated in tile drainage (Culleyand Bolton, 1983)
Soluble P Total P2005 0.317 0.2342006 0.346 0.3002007 0.313 0.2642008 0.756 0.7592009 0.591 0.4852010 0.669 0.630
AVG 0.499 0.445
Fraction of annual watershed loading
originating from tile
Watershed Loss (kg)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ti
le L
osse
s (k
g)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Total PSoluble P
y = 0.457x+0.219R2 = 0.86
y=0.342x+0.173R2=0.72
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LEGACY PHOSPHORUS
Sediment source tracking indicated about
50% of sediment was from field sources and 50% from stream bank.
Roughly ½ of sediment (and by proxy P) is from stream bank or stream
bed
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Conservation Practices
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Ohio P Task Force International Joint Commission
Goals to reduce P loading to Lake Erie by ~40%
Expectations for Water Quality Improvement
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Grassed waterwaysContour filter strips
Conservation cover
Practices for Managing Runoff & Water Quality
Sediment detention basins
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Alternative Surface Drainage
Tile Riser Blind Inlet
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Novel Practices: Re-Saturated Buffer
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In-Channel Phosphorus Retention
Mark Tomer, ARSJoe Magner, Univ. Minn.
Entrained wetlands
Constructed wetlands
Two-stage ditch
Stream restoration/reconnection
Pete Kleinman, ARS
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Decrease P loading to achieve WQ goalsNo single source of P No single pathway of PNo silver bulletWill require an “all of the above” approach to meet WQ goalsHow do we plan for landscape scale conservation???
Conclusions
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?Thank You!
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Total and Soluble Phosphorus Loading
Dave Baker and Pete Richards, Heidelberg University
“Peak” adoption of no‐till
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P Loading to Lake Erie
Municipal Direct15%
Municipal Indirect5%
Industry PS Direct0%
Industry PS Indirect0%
Trib Monitored52%
Trib not Monitored18%
Atmospheric Deposition
6%
Lake Huron4%
P Loading to Lake Erie (1994-2008)
Average Total Phosphorus Loading to Lake Erie is 10,875 ton/year
Dolan and Chapra, 2012
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SP Load by Management
No-Till Rotation Till Conv Till/8yr Rot
SP L
oad
(g h
a-1)
0
100
200
300
400
500
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TP Load by Management
No-Till Rotation Till Conv Till/8yr Rot
TP L
oad
(g h
a-1)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
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Informational Survey of Farmers and CCAs
Manage or advise > 35,000 ha
Asked about N, K and P deficiency
N and K deficiency common
P deficiency only when‒ Sidewall compaction‒Cool/wet post‐emerge‒Herbicide damage
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Hydrologic Year 2008-2011 Maumee River Total Phosphorus Loading
Day of Hydrologic Year (Day 1 = October 1)
0 100 200 300
Tota
l Pho
spho
rus
Load
(kg)
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
HY08 Total PHY09 Total PHY10 Total PHY11 Total P
86.7%
49.5%
87.4%
45.8%
Fertilizer Spreading “Season”