smart street lighting project

8/10/2019 Smart Street Lighting Project

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Chapter 3

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

In this chapter, we will be discussing in detail all the tools used in our work. This

includes hardware, software and simulation tools which aided in this project.

3.1 Hardware used with technical speciicati!ns

In this project the list of hardware components used are given below:

18F!" #I$ %icrocontroller.

&'% %odule.

'olar #anel.

(ight )ependent *esistor.

I* 'ensor

*ain 'ensor

(ight +mitting )iodes

"-$haracter ($) %odule.

/atter0.

(%8! 2oltage *egulator.

#$81 3pto$oupler.

3.1.1 "icr!c!ntr!ller

This section provides an introduction to most common word in the embedded

s0stem 4microcontroller5. It is written to familiari6e 0ou with microcontroller

terminolog0 and basic microcontroller architecture.

7 microcontrolleris a single chip, selfcontained computer which incorporates

all the basic components of a personal computer on a much smaller scale.

%icrocontrollers are often referred to as single chip devices or single chip computers.

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The main conseuence of the microcontroller9s small si6e is that its resources are far

more limited than those of a desktop personal computer. In functional terms, a

microcontroller is a programmable single chip which controls a process or s0stem.

%icrocontrollers are t0picall0 used as embedded controllers where the0 control part

of a ver0 larger s0stem such as an appliance, automobile, scientific instrument or

a computer peripheral.

%icrocontrollers are designed to be low cost solutions therefore using them

can drasticall0 reduce part and design costs for a project. #h0sicall0, a microcontroller

is an integrated circuit with pins along each side. The pins presented b0 a

microcontroller are used for power, ground, oscillator, I;3 ports, interrupt reuest

signals, reset and control. In contrast, the pins e-posed b0 a microprocessor are most

often memor0 bus signals


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)ata *7% 'i6e: 1!AB /

)ata *3% 'i6e: "!B /

)ata *3% T0pe: ++#*3%

Cumber of I;3s: A I;3

Timers 1 - 8bit, A - 1Bbit

3perating 'uppl0 2oltage: " 2 to !.! 2

Temperature *ange


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%eatures

?igh ualit0 #roduct


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3peration temperature: $ to D8! $

3.1.3 S!lar #anel

%ost simple series connected solar panels are rated into different categories.

L 1! to 1B volts A to A" solar cells per panel.

L 1B.! to 1 volts AA to A solar cells per panel.

L 1 to " volts A! t AB solar cells per panel.

>e usuall0 use the panels with AB cells for basic 1" volt lead acid batter0

charging. 3ne of the great advantages of building a solar panel is that the0 can be

built to e-actl0 the voltage and current needed for the project b0 adjusting the t0pe

and number of cells.

In the solar panel we are simpl0 concerned about what we call 4watt5. The

wattage is simpl0 the open circuited voltage multiplied b0 the short circuited current.

#anel designers use this figure to rate the components used in the panel and peripheral

components.

For instance, if a panel delivers about " volts open circuit and A.! amps short

circuit current, the wattage can be watts. Therefore, the s0stem components must

be able to handle the ! watts at A.!7 and "2.

3.1.& LCD "!dule

In the recent 0ears the ($) is finding widespread use replacing (+)', seven

segment displa0. This is due to the declining prices of ($)' the abilit0 to displa0

numbers, characters, and graphics. This is in contrast to (+)', which are limited to

numbers and a few characters. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into ($)

thereb0 relieves the $#@ of the task of refreshing the ($). In contrast the (+) must

be refreshed b0 the $#@ to keep displa0ing the data. There is ease of programming

for characters and graphics.

(+,& Character LCD "!dule -)reen/0HD (+&A

>e are using M?)" ($) module in this project. This is a basic " character

b0 line displa0. +ach character is displa0ed using !N8 dot matri-. It utili6es the

e-tremel0 common ?)8 parallel interface chipset.

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)ispla0 $onstruction " charactersK(ines

3perating voltage 2)) .A2 to D 2

3perating Temperature T7 o$ to DBo$

Cumber of )ata lines 8 bit #arallel

/acklight (+) !.2)$

3.1.' Liht Dependent 2esist!r

()*s or (ight )ependent *esistors are ver0 useful especiall0 in light;dark

sensor circuits. Cormall0 the resistance of an ()* is ver0 high, sometimes as high as

1 ohms, but when the0 are illuminated with light resistance drops dramaticall0.

+lectronic opto sensors are the devices that alter their electrical characteristics, in the

presences of visible or invisible light. The bestknown devices of this t0pe are the

light dependent resistor


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to provide free access to e-ternal light. #ractical ()*s are available in variet0 of si6es

and packages st0les, the most popular si6e having a face diameter of roughl0 1mm.

#ractical ()* and its s0mbol is shown in below figure.

%i.1.": #ractical ()*.

2ec!er4 rate5

>hen an ()* is brought from a certain illuminating level into total darkness,

the resistance does not increase immediatel0 to the dark value. >hen light is incident

on a photocell it usuall0 takes about 8 to 1"ms for the change in resistance to take

place, while it takes seconds for the resistance to rise back again to its initial value

after removal of light. This phenomenon is called as resistance recover0 rate.

The recover0 rate is specified in k ohm;second and for current ()* t0pes it is

more than "k ohm;second. 7 ()* ma0 be connected either wa0 round and no

special precautions are reuired when soldering.

)arkness: %a-imum resistance, about 1%ohm.

2er0 bright light: %inimum resistance, about 1 ohm.

Applicati!n5

()*9s have low cost and simple structure. The0 are often used as light sensors. The0

are used when there is a need to detect absences or presences of light like in a camera


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light meter. @sed in smoke detection, automatic lighting control, burglar alarm

s0stems and camera hen rain

drops falls on this circuit, the track ma0 become short circuit. It gives the

corresponding signal to related circuit in order to find the rain fall.

3.1.$ 8atter4

>e are using 1"v 7? maintenance free lead acid batter0 in this project which

is charged b0 solar energ0.

Speciicati!ns

Cominal 2oltage: 1"v

Cominal $apacit0 J "hr rate


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)imensions: 1!.1 - B.! - E.cm

depending upon depth of discharge.

2ued C!nstructi!n

The highimpact resistant batter0 case is made of non conductive plastic with

superior resistance to shock, vibration, chemicals, and heat.

Capacit4

The capacit0 of a batter0, e-pressed in amperehours


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reuired b0 the microprocessor. T0picall0, voltage regulators are surrounded b0 heat

sinks because the0 generate significant heat.

L"7$+'

8! is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 8-- series of

fi-ed linear voltage regulator I$s. The voltage source in a circuit ma0 have

fluctuations and would not give the fi-ed voltage output. The voltage regulator I$

maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The -- in 8-- indicates the fi-ed

output voltage it is designed to provide. 8! provides D!2 regulated power suppl0.

$apacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending

upon the respective voltage levels.

#in Descripti!n5

#in

N!

%uncti!n Na9e

1 Input voltage

" &round


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In electronics, an optoisolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or

optical isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated

circuits b0 using light. 3ptoisolators prevent high voltages from affecting the s0stem

receiving the signal.

#C$17 Opt!c!upler

It is a low voltage, high densit0 optocoupler. It is good to use with low voltage

microcontroller s0stem for isolating inputs and outputs voltages.

Speciicati!ns5

$T* %in: !Q

Input 3utput isolation: ! 2rms

Co of channel: 1

Input Forward current: !m7

3utput collector emitter voltage: A!2

3utput collector current: !m7

3perating Temperature: A to 1 )egree centigrade

$ase st0le: #)I#

Cumber of #ins:

3utput t0pe: #hototransistor

(ead 'pacing: ".!mm

3utput #ower )issipation: "m>

Forward 2oltage: 1."2 J "m7

3.( S!tware-s; si9ulati!n t!!l-s used

'oftware9s used are:

+as0 #$

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#I$ $ $ompiler

3.(.1 Eas4 #C

+as0#$ is packed with timesaving features to make the task of #$/ design

and la0out so much uicker and more pleasurable. It is simple to learn and

understand. +as0#$ is one of the most developed products. It is highl0 recommended

for its ease of use. @nlike some #$/ design products, all the electrical connection

points in +as0#$ are trul0 connected. This might not sound that impressive but this

ensures that electrical design integrit0 is maintained throughout the design process,

from 'chematic to #$/ design editors. )esign is alwa0s ins0nc. Forward and

backward annotation ensures there are no human errors introduced at an0 stage. It

creates error free designs. 7n important feature of +as0#$ is the 4)esign *ule

$heck5 which designers are advised to use when the09ve completed the la0out, as

the0 have complete control over spacing9s such as pad to pad and track to pad etc. The

design rule check is intelligent enough to discover an0 breaks and so will highlight

an0 rules that have been broken. +as0#$ is provided with a standard librar0 set and

graphical tools to create them.


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$ustomi6able toolbars, menus and shortcut ke0s

$omponent 2alues editor

#C8 La4!ut %eatures

Integrated component 7utoplace

'hapebased copper pour

Full, split and partial power planes

A) visuali6ation of board

7utomatic track smoothing mode

'tar;)elta points

7ppl0 (a0out #attern

7utomatic component rename

'upports '%T, #T? and mi-ed technolog0, and components on both sides of

board

@nlimited la0ers and userdefined la0er t0pes

Fast switch of la0er visibilit0

)imensioning

Full >indows printer support

3utput to #)F without the need for a separate driver

3.(.( C!9piler

7 #I$ compiler


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$$' developed the first $ $ompiler for %icrochip microcontrollers over "

0ears ago. $$' $ $ompilers are designed specificall0 for the #I$ %$@ architecture,

unlike competitive compilers based on a &C@ or common engine with a generic code

generator. +ver0 aspect of the $$' $ $ompiler is speciall0 optimi6ed for the #I$

%$@. #I$ compilers include 'tandard $ $onstructs, numerous #re#rocessor

Functions, and the largest librar0 of /uiltIn Functions. This provides developers with

uniue access to device hardware features at the embedded $ language level. $ s0nta-

and special functions have a uniform s0nta- across all chip families, allowing for

migration to a new chip trivial. The $$' $ compiler includes a librar0 of e-ample

programs for man0 common applications. +ach e-ample program contains a header

with instructions on how to run the e-ample, and if necessar0, the wiring instructions

for interfacing e-ternal devices.


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