Name Matriculation ID

Brian Cakra A0133496Y

Muhamad Tomi Haetami A0133454L

Arulmani Natarajan A0132656E

Ahmadali Tahmasebimoradi A0103024E

Seyed Mohammad Hasheminejad A0094092A

STRUCTURAL HEALTH

MONITORINGGROUP PRESENTATION

MT5009 ANALYZING HI-TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES

2015

For presentations on other technologies see http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations

MT5009

1. SHM Introduction

1.1. Past Catastrophic Structural (w/o SHM) Failures

1.2. SHM Process

1.3. SHM Applications

1.4. Wireless SHM Architecture and Applications

2. SHM Development and Technologies

3. Old SHM Technology

3.1. MEMS

3.2. Piezoelectric Sensors

3.3. Ultrasonic Sensors

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4. New SHM Technology

4.2. Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS)

4.6. Wireless Sensors Network

4.7. Embedded RFID Systems

5. Emerging and Future SHM Technology

5.1. Self Healing SHM

5.2. Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Sensors

5.3. Energy Harvesting

6. SHM Feasibility

6.1. How Far Can It Goes

7. Conclusion

MT5009

SHM is the process of implementing a damage detection and characterization strategy for structures.

• Damage due to:

Mismanagement in construction,

Lack of quality control,

Temperature variation,

Initiation of cracks due to cyclic loadings.

• Damage changes:

Geometry properties,

Boundary conditions,

Characteristics of the system.

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Why SHM?

1. Safety.

2. Replace schedule-driven maintenance with condition-based maintenance.

3. Increase Structure’s Longevity.

4. Addressing Issues of Scale (e.g. monitoring millions of structure).

5. Detecting damage in early stage to enable proactive responses.

6. Total Cost Reduction.

Human Health Monitoring

SHM Analogy

Structural Health Monitoring

MT5009

Sampoong Department Store Collapse due to Overload in Seoul, South Korea (1995).

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Historical Archive of the City Collapse due to Ground Deformation in Cologne, Germany (2009)

Tacoma Bridge Collapse due to Wind in Tacoma, US (1940) Sung-Su Bridge Collapse

in Korea (1994)

I-35 Bridge Collapse in Minessota, US (2007)

Nicoll Highway Collapse due to Construction Failure and Overload,Singapore (2004)

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SHM steps:

1. Operational evaluation,

2. Data acquisition (Sensors such as piezoelectric, piezoresistive, MEMS, optical

fibers, resistance strain, dip angle, acoustic emission, stress measurement sensors, selecting the excitation methods, the sensor types, number and locations )

3. Analyzing the data (microprocessors, IC, microcontroller)

4. Developing a statistical model for feature discrimination

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Status inside materials building, Bridges, Wind turbine, Dams, mines, oil Rig and Pipe lines.

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OLD SHM NEW SHMEMERGING & FUTURE SHM

1970s 1990s 2000s

Wired Independent Sensor / Not

communicate with other sensors

Only Monitoring

Fiber Optic Less Calibration Wired and Wireless Sensor Array. Self-organization and near-

neighbor awareness Only Monitoring

Active SHM, Self Healing Structure

Smart Particle, self assembly Energy Harvesting Smart Sensors, cooperation

between sensor nodes

Problem:Messy Wires and

complex installation.

Need Calibration.

Problem: Power Management

issue, many sensors need power.

Sensor’s reliability issue (life time).

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OLD SHM

NEW SHM

EMERGING & FUTURE SHM

1970s

Problem:Messy Wires and complex installation.

Wired Independent Sensor / Not communicate with other sensors Passive, Only Monitoring

MT5009

• MEMS inertial sensors (Strong motion Class B)

• An acceleration sensor and angular velocity sensors (gyroscope)

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Performance. S/N Dynamic range dB.

Market Size by Application and Grade

Advantages: • Miniaturized size,• Lower power

consumption,• Improved linearity,• Extended FS range,

• Integrated wireless,• Low cost,• Mass production,• Three-dimensional

detection.

Mar

ket

Size

. $ M

illio

n

MEMS-based devices Market: CAGR of 11.7% and a total volume of $9.2 billion (2015). Unit production growth of 14%.

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Mechanical energy Electrical energy (direct effect) and vice versa (converse effect).

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Application:

to investigate the deformation and deflection (damage detection) for the structures including loaded pipes, beams, and plates.

to identify, locate, and quantify the structural performance of the system by the vibration and frequency response from a network of piezoelectric sensors.

1. Piezoelectric Ceramics (PZT): • Inexpensive, • Small, • Light weight, • Easily fabricated,• Less sensitive to temperature variation,• Low power consumption,• (-) Inflexible.

2. Piezoelectric Polymers (PVDF): • Very flexible, • (-) High cost of fabrication

3. Piezoelectric Ceramic / Polymer Composites

MT5009

This technique relies on shear waves (frequencies above 18kHz to MHz) generated by a probe (e.g.piezoelectric transducer) at a given point of the structure and sensed by another at a different point. Thedamaged areas affect the propagated ultrasonic wave in the structure and result in mixed modes.

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OLD SHM

NEW SHM

EMERGING & FUTURE SHM

1990s

Fiber Optic Less Calibration Wired and Wireless Sensor Array. Self-organization and near-neighbor awareness Only Monitoring Faults in sensor nodes can be tolerated

by using other available nodes.

MT5009

In SHM, type of FOS commonly used is Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, with multiplexing capacity.

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Advantages: • Suitable for long-term permanent.• More accuracy and reliability• No calibration needed • One cable can have hundreds of the Sensors • Simple installation• Light weight • Cable can run kilometers, no length limit • FOS uses light signal: High Bandwidth, No Electrical

sparking, EMI immunity, etc.

Fiber Bragg Grating principle

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Every sensors in the old days tended to transform its physical layer to wireless connection.

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Example Wireless Sensors.

Advantages: • No messy cabling, increase mobility• Faster Installation speed• Reduce infrastructure cost of cabling• Enabled communication between sensors through• (-) Security Issues• (-) Radio Interference Issues

Wireless Sensor Network Market

Forecast

400 -

800 -

600 -

200 -

1000 -

Ma

rket

Siz

e (i

n M

illio

n U

SD)

$ 401 M

$ 945 M

$ 455 M

MT5009

Wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer data,

Automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects.

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Hand Held RFID Reader RFID Temperature Sensor RFID Strain SensorRFID Temperature and Moisture Sensors

Advantages: • Wireless data collection, Non-contact communication• Small Size• Stored data in built-in memory• Readable by both fixed RFID reader and hand held reader

General configuration of RFID tag with sensor and built-in memory

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RFID Type Active RFID Passive RFID Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP)

Tag Power Source Internal to tagEnergy transfer from the reader

via RF

Internal power source to power on, and energy transferred from the

reader via RF to backscatter

Tag Battery Yes No Yes

Availability of Tag Power Continuous Only within field of reader Only within field of reader

Required Signal Strength from Reader to Tag

Very Low Very high (must power the tag)Moderate (does not need to power

tag, but must power backscatter)

Available Signal Strength from Tag to Reader

High Very Low Moderate

Communication RangeLong Range (100m or

more)Short range (up to 10m) Moderate range (up to 100m)

Sensor CapabilityAbility to continuously

monitor and record sensor input

Ability to read and transfer sensor values only when tag is

powered by reader

Ability to read and transfer sensor values only when tag receives RF

signal from reader

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OLD SHM

NEW SHM

EMERGING & FUTURE SHM

2000s

Active SHM, Self Healing Structure Smart Particle, self assembly Energy Harvesting Smart Sensors, cooperation between sensor nodes

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Application:

Fill the crack / gap

Protective coating for concrete

Fiber Coating with Nano and Micro Capsules

contain Resin / Glue / Sodium Silicate / Calcium

Lactate as a healing agent.

Advantages: • Inexpensive, • Environmentally friendly,• Catalyst free• Increase concrete structures’ life by 20%

Bacteria

H2O, CO2,

O2

+

+

+

FURTHER: Self lubricating Self cleaning Metal Healing

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CNT spatial sensing skins: Using CNT (e.g. hybrid glass-fiber composite) attached to small-scale

concrete beams formed a continuous conductive skin (layer in structure).

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Advantages: • A direct means for measuring the distributed strain fields. • High Sensitivity and Accuracy to identify the existence,

location and severity of structural cracks or corrosion.• Higher degree of miniaturization.• (-) Expensive and currently limited production

Carbon nanotube-based sensing composites for structural health monitoring

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• Energy sources for wireless sensors.• e.g. solar, thermal, wind, and kinetic.

Advantages: • Independent self-powered Sensors, • Less power cable infrastructure,• Reduce energy consumption, Eco-friendly.

$ 45 M

$ 227 M

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Example: Innowattech Piezoelectric

Piezoelectric installed beneath the surface of the Road. Electricity generated from the Vibration.

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The Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System (WASHMS) at Tsing Ma Bridge has four different levels of operation: sensory systems, data acquisition systems, local centralised computer systems and global central computer system.

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FACTS:

Origin: Hongkong

Year: 1997

Structure Cost: 929 Million

SHM Cost: USD 8 Million

350 Sensors

Cost per Sensor: USD 22,875

Technology: FOS, WirelessTsing Ma Bridge with positions of sensors

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The Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge across the Mississippi River, Missouri, USA.

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FACTS:

Origin: Missouri, USA

Year: 2003

Structure Cost: USD 100 Million

SHM Cost: USD 1.3 Million

86 Sensors

Cost per Sensor: USD 15,116

Technology: Wireless

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The I-35 bridge which replaced the Minneapolis bridge that collapsed. This SHM is potentially saving 15 to 25 percent of long-term maintenance costs.FACTS:

Origin: Minneapolis, USA.

Year: 2008

Structure Cost: USD 234 Million

SHM Cost: USD 1 Million

500 Sensors

Cost per Sensor: USD 2,000

Technology: Wireless

MT5009

Item Tsing Ma BridgeBill Emerson

Memorial Bridge I-35 bridge

Total Structure Cost USD 929 mil. USD 100 mil. USD 234 mil.

Year 1997 2003 2008

SHM cost USD 8 mil. USD 1.3 mil. USD 1 mil.

SHM cost (%) 0.9% 1.3% 0.4%

Total sensors 350 sensors 86 sensors 500 sensors

Cost per sensor USD 22,875 USD 15,116 USD 2,000

Sensor technology FOS, Wireless Wireless wireless

-15%

SHM Cost decrease 15% each year.

MT5009

1. Almost any structure that we want to maintain for any purpose.

2. By further improvements in the process of MEMS and better miniaturization of them, SHM can be applied to even small device like artificial heart, skin and limbs.

3. Using on daily life’s:

Self healing / self patching (hole in) tire.

Self inflating tire.

Self healing from scratch in any surface.

Monitoring stress, load, fatigue in furniture.

SHM in home appliances.

• Crack in gas regulator / gas tank.

• Exposed cable.

Etc.

4. New protocols to reduce energy usage.

Bluetooth 4, Zigbee, Thread, MiWi, Allseen, etc.

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Part of Smart City. Internet of Things.

MT5009

1. Increasing in Market Size (CAGR) mass production + technology growth cheaper unit cost ↓

MEMS sensor/actuator = 12 %

Wireless Sensor Network = 13 %

Energy Harvesting = 50 %

These parts’ price will continuously reduce, at least until 2020 .

2. Other factors affect the decrement of SHM Cost:

Less labor and engineering cost due to wireless network and better monitoring system.

Smaller sensors, better performance, cheaper unit cost, lower energy consumption.

Internet of things

3. SHM Technologies applications depend on geographical location.

E.g. Energy harvesters (solar panel) need sunny environment.

4. SHM Technology will become more effective with “self-….” tech., energy harvesting, and new material.

5. s 31

CHEAPER SHM. Cost decrease 15%

each year.