smart office project report

RFID BASED SMART OFFICE

FYP-07-019

ARSHIAN AHMED K040057 ABDUS SAMAD QURAISHI K040044 ZEESHAN SATTAR K040066 ZAYEEM BIN ALAM K040102

INTERNAL ADVISOR DR. ZUBAIR A. SHAIKH

EXTERNAL ADVISOR

ENGR. ABU ZAFAR ABBASI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES - FAST

JUNE 2008

2


BY

ARSHIAN AHMED K040057 ABDUS SAMAD QURAISHI K040044 ZEESHAN SATTAR K040066 ZAYEEM BIN ALAM K040102

Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

of Bachelor of Science in Telecommunication Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOM AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES - FAST

JUNE 2008

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we are very grateful to Almighty Allah Who gave us opportunity, strength,

determination and wisdom to achieve our goal. Without His support this could not have

been possible.

We would like to acknowledge and extend our heartfelt gratitude to our internal advisor Dr.

Zubair A. Shaikh for his vital encouragement and support. We would also like to thank Mr.

Aqeel-ur-Rehman, who not only served as our supervisor but also encouraged and

challenged us throughout our project. He patiently guided us through the process, never

accepting less than our best efforts.

We are also greatly indebted to our external advisor Mr. Abu Zafar Abbasi for his valuable

suggestions and advices. He always was being there for us despite of his busy schedule.

His comments and suggestion provided the valuable information necessary to complete

the project.

Besides our advisors, we would like to thank our friend Mr. Syed Arsalan Pervaiz (from

computer science dept) for his valuable support in our project software. Last, but not the

least, we thank our parents for giving us life in the first place, for educating us with

aspects from both arts and sciences, for unconditional support and encouragement to

pursue our interests and for all the things they have done for us.

Arshian Ahmed K040057 Abdus Samad Quraishi K040044 Zeeshan Sattar K040066 Zayeem Bin Alam K040102 JUNE 2008

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

ABSTRACT ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Objective 1

1.3 RFID history 2

1.4 Background 3

1.4.1 RFID Tags 3

1.4.2 RFID Reader 3

1.5 Working of RFID 3

1.6 Frequencies of RFID 4

1.7 Future of RFID 4

1.8 Applications 5

1.9 Literature review 7

CHAPTER 2: SYSTEM DETAILS

2.1 Project design 10

2.2 Methodology 10

2.2.1 RFID reader 10

2.2.2 Transmission 11

2.2.3 Database server 11

2.2.4 Control circuitry 11

2.3 System flow diagrams 13

2.4 Network block diagram 16

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CHAPTER 3: SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES

3.1 Selection of technologies 18

3.1.1 Microcontrollers 18

3.1.2 Wireless standards 21

3.2 Selection of software tool 25

CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM HARDWARE: READER NODE

4.1 RFID Reader working 27

4.2 Microcontroller working 29

4.3 ZigBee working 31

4.4 Port switching circuit 32

4.5 Dummy node 33

CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM HARDWARE: CONTROL CIRCUITRY

5.1 Introduction 34

5.2 Components 34

5.3 Working 34

5.4 Why microcontroller? 37

5.5 Control circuit schematic 39

5.6 Control circuitry with NVRAM 40

5.6.1 Modification in user’s profile 40

5.7 Control circuit with NVRAM schematic 42

CHAPTER 6: SOFTWARE DESIGN

6.1 Software introduction 43

6.2 SAS Main features 43

6.2.1 Working of software 44

6.2.2 Standard mode 44

6.2.3 Administrator mode 45

6.3 System requirements for SAS 52

6.4 Serial port terminal 52

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REFERENCES

58

APPENDICES

A.1 Datasheets 61

A.2 Assembly code (Reader node) 78

A.3 Assembly code (Control circuitry with NVRAM) 84

CHAPTER 7: COST ANALYSIS 55

CHAPTER 8: FUTURE AND CONCLUSION 56

vi

LIST OF TABLES

Page

3.1 Pin configuration 24

5.1 Microcontroller and microprocessor comparison 37

5.2 Microcontroller and PLC comparison 38

7.1 Cost analysis 55

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

2.1 Project block diagram 10

2.2 Control circuit block diagram 12

2.3(a) Reader flow diagram 13

2.3(b) Reader flow diagram 14

2.4 Control circuit flow diagram 15

2.5 Network block diagram 16

3.1 AT89c51 19

3.2 ATMEGA8 20

3.3 ZigBee pin configuration 24

4.1 Reader node schematic 27

4.2 RFID backscatter 28

4.3 Tagging 30

4.4(a) 74LS244 connections 32

4.4(b) 74LS244 truth table 32

4.5 Dummy node schematic 33

5.1 Optocoupler 35

5.2 Relay schematic diagram 36

5.3(a) Control circuit schematic (Receiver part) 39

5.3(b) Control circuit schematic (Automation part) 40

5.4 Control circuit with NVRAM schematic 42

6.1 Snapshot of standard mode 44

6.2 Snapshot of file menu 45

6.3 Snapshot of administrator mode 45

6.4 Snapshot of add profile window 46

6.5(a) Snapshot of operations menu 46

6.5(b) Before adding a new profile 47

6.5(c) After adding a new profile 47

6.6 Snapshot of admin mode 48

6.7 Snapshot of modify window 49

6.8 Snapshot of modify window (after modification) 49

6.9 Snapshot of admin mode 50

6.10 Snapshot of delete window 50

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6.11(a) Before deleting user profile 51

6.11(b) After deleting user Profile 52

6.12 Snapshot of serial port terminal 53

6.13 Snapshot of text file records of serial port terminal 54

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ABSTRACT

‘RFID BASED SMART OFFICE’ is designed to collect and manage staff attendance

records from RFID devices installed in an enterprise environment. Based on the

verification of staff identification at the entrances, the system could generate sophisticated

staff attendance data for analysis purposes. It is also designed to automate their offices.

Office automation is based on personalized profiles. Profiles can be edited on the run time

without making any changes in the hardware. The database software is smart enough to

mark the attendance if and only if the card holder spent a minimum time required for

attendance in office.

The RFID (radio-frequency identification) system consists of an RFID tag, a reader, and a

user-interface computer. Passive RFID tags are used for animal tagging, asset tracking,

access control applications, etc. When the tag is energized by the RF field, it transmits

back the contents of its memory by modulating the incoming RF field. The reader detects

and demodulates the signal and identifies the tag.

For wireless data transmission and networking between sensor nodes, the project uses

ZigBee modules. Every node after transmitting waits for an acknowledgment from the

server to make data transfer reliable. The ZigBee and ZigBee-PRO OEM RF Modules are

engineered to meet IEEE 802.15.4 standards and support the unique needs of low-cost,

low-power wireless sensor networks. The modules require minimal power and provide

reliable delivery of data between devices. The modules operate within the ISM 2.4 GHz

frequency band.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The two major problems faced by organizations are time consuming manual attendance

and wastage of electrical power. Our project is going to solve these problems by using

RFID technology. For wireless data transmission and networking between sensor nodes,

the project uses ZigBee modules. The project is designed for 256 rooms and it can store

upto 512 card IDs but it is easily scalable upto 65000 card IDs but for that it requires

external memory.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on

storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. So

the RFID is a wireless identification. Normally the RFID system comprises of two main

parts: RFID Reader and RFID Tag.

RFID Reader is an integrated or passive network which is used to interrogate information

from RFID tag (contains antennas to enable them to receive and respond to radio-

frequency queries from an RFID transceiver). The RFID Reader may consist of antenna,

filters, modulator, demodulator, coupler and a micro processor.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

The aim of the project is to design a system that have a small coverage area and can be

use for authentication or identification purposes. “RFID based Smart Office” is a system

that uses RFID technology to maintain the attendance at real-time that can be monitored

on Database server (PC). In addition the system also supports the room automation

(automatic control of doors and lights).

Chapter 1 Introduction

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1.3 RFID HISTORY

In 1946 Leon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the Soviet Union which

retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a

diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the

reflected radio frequency. Even though this device was a passive covert listening device,

not an identification tag, it has been attributed as a predecessor to RFID technology. The

technology used in RFID has been around since the early 1920s according to one source

(although the same source states that RFID systems have been around just since the late

1960s).

Mario Cardullo's in 1973 was the first true ancestor of modern RFID; a passive radio

transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating

signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential

users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The

basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission medium. The

original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation

(automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic

manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check

book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates,

surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history) [13].


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1.4 BACKGROUND

RFID has established itself in a wide range of markets including livestock identification

and automated vehicle identification (AVI) systems because of its ability to track moving

objects [1].

1.4.1 RFID TAGS

Tags also sometimes are called “transponders”. RFID tags can come in many forms and

sizes. Some can be as small as a grain of rice. Data is stored in the IC and transmitted

through the antenna to a reader. The two commonly used RFID Transponders [2] are

Active (that do contain an internal battery power source that powers the tags chip) and

Passive (that do not have an internal power source, but are externally powered typical

from the reader) RFID Transponders.

1.4.2 RFID READER

A reader (now more typically referred to as an RFID interrogator) is basically a radio

frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver, controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal

processor. The reader, using an attached antenna, captures data from tags, then passes

the data to a computer for processing. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag(s)

integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing.

1.5 WORKING OF RFID

Information is sent to and read from RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In passive

systems, which are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field that

“wakes up” the tag and provides the power for the tag to respond to the reader. Data

collected from tags is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to

host computer systems in the same manner that data scanned from bar code labels is

captured and passed to computer systems for interpretation, storage, and action.


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1.6 FREQUENCIES OF RFID

RFID deployments tend to use unlicensed frequencies for their obvious cost benefits.

There are four commonly used frequencies:

• Low frequency (LF) 125/134.2 KHz.

• High frequency (HF) 13.56 MHz.

• Ultra high frequency (UHF) (including 869 and 915 MHz).

• Microwave (at 2450 MHz, a band familiar to ISPs).

A tag's read range performance is usually considered the primary gauge of its suitability

for a particular application. It is important to remember that not all applications require

maximum range. Tags in the LF-HF band have a range of 1 to 18 inches, while passive

UHF tags can reach up to 20 feet, and microwave tags can reach 1 to 6 feet. The ranges

greatly depend upon the surface on which the tag is mounted.

1.7 FUTURE OF RFID

RFID is said by many in the industry to be the frontrunner technology for automatic

identification and data collection. The biggest, as of yet unproven, benefit would ultimately

be in the consumer goods supply chain where an RFID tag attached to a consumer

product could be tracked from manufacturing to the retail store right to the consumer's

home.


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1.8 APPLICATIONS

RFID itself isn’t new, but the technology is currently experiencing a revival because of

Wal-Mart’s announcement in June 2003 that it was requiring its top 100 vendors to be

RFID compliant. In World War II, for example, rudimentary RFID was used to distinguish

between friendly and enemy aircraft. Today, RFID technology is used in everything from

inventory control to product authentication; toll tags to speed passes at the gas pumps;

runners in marathons to assets in the supply chain [3]. Following are the potential uses of

RFID.

• REPLACING BARCODES

RFID tags are often a replacement for UPC (Universal Product Code) or EAN

(European Article Number) barcodes, having a number of important advantages over

the older barcode technology. They may not ever completely replace barcodes, due in

part to their higher cost and in other part to the advantage of more than one

independent data source on the same object. The new EPC (Electronic Product

Code), along with several other schemes, is widely available at reasonable cost.

The storage of data associated with tracking items will require many terabytes on all

levels. Filtering and categorizing RFID data is needed in order to create useful

information. It is likely that goods will be tracked preferably by the pallet using RFID

tags and at package level with Universal Product Code (UPC) or EAN from unique

barcodes.

The unique identity in any case is a mandatory requirement for RFID tags, despite

special choice of the numbering scheme. RFID tag data capacity is big enough that

any tag will have a unique code, while current bar codes are limited to a single type

code for all instances of a particular product. The uniqueness of RFID tags means that

a product may be individually tracked as it moves from location to location, finally

ending up in the consumer's hands. This may help companies to combat theft and


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other forms of product loss. Moreover, the tracing back of products is an important

feature that gets well supported with RFID tags containing not just a unique identity of

the tag but also the serial number of the object. This may help companies to cope with

quality deficiencies and resulting recall campaigns, but also contributes to concern

over post-sale tracking and profiling of consumers.

It has also been proposed to use RFID for POS (point for sale) store checkout to

replace the cashier with an automatic system which needs no barcode scanning.

However, this is not likely to be possible without a significant reduction in the cost of

current tags and changes in the operational process around POS. There is some

research taking place, however, this is some years from reaching fruition.

An FDA nominated task force came to the conclusion after studying the various

technologies currently commercially available, which could meet the pedigree

requirements. Amongst all technologies studied including bar coding, RFID seemed to

be the most promising and the committee felt that the pedigree requirement could be

met by easily leveraging something that is readily available [8].

• IDENTIFICATION OF PATIENTS AND HOSPITAL STAFF

In July 2004, the Food and Drug Administration issued a ruling that essentially begins

a final review process that will determine whether hospitals can use RFID systems to

identify patients and/or permit relevant hospital staff to access medical records. Since

then, a number of U.S. hospitals have begun implanting patients with RFID tags and

using RFID systems, more generally, for workflow and inventory management [14].

There is some evidence, as well, that nurses and other hospital staff may be subjected

to increased surveillance of their activities or to labor intensification as a result of the

implementation of RFID systems in hospitals [15].


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1.9 LITERATURE REVIEW

During the research, we have encountered various type of automatic attendance system

depending on different technologies like barcode and biometric. Details of such systems

are follows:

• ATTENDANCE RECORDING SYSTEM MANUFACTURED BY FORTUNA

IMPEX PVT. LTD.

This system is using Bar Code technology for attendance recording. It combines a

proximity bar code reader, touch pad for inputting a PIN, and fingerprint reader, to give

businesses a fool proof method for preventing unauthorized personnel from entering

restricted areas. This system is using serial signals generated by bar code, PIN, and

fingerprint readings that are easily transmitted to one centrally located computer,

which can be used to control the entire system. The problem arises if a large number

of card readers are combined to form a more complex entry system. One option is to

design a system that uses several PCs, with one PC located near each device.

However, the cost of purchasing so many PCs can be prohibitive [4].


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• EMPLOYEE ATTENDANCE SYSTEM MANUFACTURED BY SELVAM

SYSTEMS PVT. LTD.

This system is using RFID for attendance monitoring. This System assigns a unique

card number for each employee. An employee places the RFID card within 5cm

distance from the RFID Reader. The RFID Reader writes down the time, date and

type of departure/arrival. The type of arrival/departure is indicated on the LCD display.

The display also indicates the current time. The Interface software which is available

with this system is responsible for attendance record processing and it produces

attendance reports in the customer preferred format. Attendance processing

(Interface) software can also be integrated with the payroll software for salary

calculation and employee tracking. Manual entry is also possible [5].


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• AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION

Automated fingerprint verification is a closely-related technique used in applications

such as attendance and access control systems. On a technical level, verification

systems verify a claimed identity (a user might claim to be Shameer by presenting his

PIN or ID card and verify his identity using his fingerprint), whereas identification

systems determine identity based solely on fingerprints.

The U.S. Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System holds all fingerprint

sets collected in the country, and is managed by the FBI. Many states also have their

own AFIS system. AFIS systems have capabilities such as latent searching, electronic

image storage, and electronic exchange of fingerprints and responses.

Many other entities, including Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom,

Israel, Pakistan, Turkey, Algeria, Italy, Chile, Venezuela, Australia, the International

Criminal Police Organization, and many states, provinces, and local administrative

regions have their own systems, which are used for a variety of purposes, including

criminal identification, applicant background checks, receipt of benefits, and receipt of

credentials (such as passports) [6], [7].

Chapter 2 System Details

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CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM DETAILS

2.1 PROJECT DESIGN

2.2 METHODOLOGY

The design cycle consists of following steps as shown in the figure 2.1.

2.2.1 RFID READER

• Reader consisting of RFID module and microcontroller will be designed

• Once the employee carrying the tag is in the vicinity of the reader, Tag will be

detected

• The microcontroller will verify valid tag number by comparing it with predefined tag

numbers already stored in the microcontroller ROM

Figure 2.1: Project Block Diagram


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• If the tag is valid it is stored on the microcontroller’s RAM for further processing (10

bytes tag mapped to 2 bytes)

• 2 bytes are then broadcasted

2.2.2 TRANSMISSION

• Transmission from RFID reader to the control circuitry and database server is

wireless (using ZigBee modules)

• For serial communication RS232 standard is used

2.2.3 DATABASE SERVER

• The mapped tag is received by the database server (PC)

• Application does some data analysis against that tag

• Data analysis includes marking of attendance and updating the record of that

particular tag holder

2.2.4 CONTROL CIRCUITRY

• At the same time mapped tag is also received by the control circuitry

• Control circuitry automates office equipments (light, fan etc.) against the valid tag

number based on the defined profile of tag holder

• Block diagram of control circuit is shown in Figure 2.2


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Figure 2.2: Control Circuit Block Diagram


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2.3 SYSTEM FLOW DIAGRAMS

Start

3-way handshaking b/w RFID module

and MCU

Reader activated, ready to detect tags

Tag shown

RFID module transfers 10 byte tag

to MCU (serially)

Is Received Tag

= One of the Tag stored in ROM?

A

A

N

Y

Map 10 bytes to 2 bytes for

transmission

Append Node ID with 2 bytes

D

C

Figure 2.3(a): Reader flow diagram


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C

Is

Acknowledgement received?

Indicate Ack

A

Y

N

Is

Retransmit Count > 3?

Y

N

D

Delay

B

Broadcast using ZigBee

Figure 2.3(b): Reader flow diagram


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Start

B ZigBee receives broadcast

Are

Received 3 bytes = One of the 3 bytes stored in

ROM?

Complement corresponding ports a/c to the matched profile

E

E

Y

N

Figure 2.4: Control Circuit Flow Diagram

E


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2.4 NETWORK BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 2.5: Network Block Diagram

SCENARIO

• Reader will detect the RFID card and forward that ID to microcontroller

• Microcontroller will authenticate the ID and generate a specific number (3 byte code)

against that ID

• This specific number is then forwarded to the ZigBee transceiver via serial link from

where it is broadcast to receiving nodes

• One of the receiving node is the database server where attendance record is

managed


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• At the same time control circuit node receives the broadcast and automates the

office equipments based on that specific profile. The profiles can be modified from

the server as they are stored in NVRAM

• In order to simulate the multi node environment, there is a dummy node that

simulates the working of the RFID reader

• A separate control circuitry (labeled as room 2) is attached with it. This is a hard

wired link

Chapter 3 Selection of Technologies

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CHAPTER 3

SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES

3.1 SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES

The two main choices regarding technologies that have been made were of

Microcontroller and Wireless Transmission Standards. Selection of these technologies

was based on the following factors:

• Application

• Cost

• Availability

• Compatibility

• Future enhancement

The details of different models of Microcontroller and available wireless standards

follows, it also provides the reasons for choosing the appropriate technology.

3.1.1 MICROCONTROLLERS

• AT89C51

• ATMEGA 8

AT89C51

89C51 is the member of 8051 family. AT89C51 is a low power, high performance CMOS

8-bit microcontroller with 4Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only

memory (PEROM). This device is compatible with the industry standard 8051 instruction

set and pin outs. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be quickly


19

reprogrammed using a nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining an industry

standard 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the 8951 is a powerful

microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many

embedded control applications. The 8951 provides the following features [9], [20]:

• 4 Kbytes of Flash

• 128 bytes of RAM

• 32 I/O lines

• Two16-bit timer/counters

• Five vector, two-level interrupt architecture

• Full duplex serial port ~ on chip oscillator and clock circuitry

Figure 3.1: AT89c51

ATMEGA 8

The ATmega8 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR RISC

architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega8

achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, allowing the system designer to


20

optimize power consumption versus processing speed. The ATMEGA 8 provides the

following features [10]:

• 8 Kbytes of Flash

• 1024 bytes of RAM

• 23 I/O lines

• Two 8-bit timer/counters and one 16 bit timer/counter

• Full duplex serial port ~ on chip oscillator and clock circuitry

Figure 3.2: ATMEGA8

WHY AT89C51?

• COMPUTING NEEDS

o ATMEGA8 has many built in features in it like analog to digital converter,

Crystal etc. But in this project we don’t need those extra features

o We are using 64 bits capacity ID cards in this project. Therefore 4Kbytes

flash memory of AT89c51 can easily store 40-50 such IDs


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• COST

o AT89c51 is much cheaper than AVR microcontrollers (ATMEGA8)

• MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMER

o AT89c51 programmers are easily available in the local market where as AVR

(ATMEGA8) programmers are not available in the market

• RESOURCES AVAILABILITY

o AT89c51 resources are easily available in different books and on internet

also

3.1.2 WIRELESS STANDARDS

Wireless Transmission is required between the RFID reader and the database server

(PC), where attendance will be managed.

There are various wireless technologies available, each having its own advantages and

disadvantages. We surveyed various Wireless Communication standards. We also

probed in various alternatives present from the different vendors. Our requirement was

to choose a low power wireless standard with permissible range; following is the brief

summary of them.

WI-FI

Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) is a wireless networking protocol developed by the IEEE 802.11

working group. Wi-Fi technology uses a spectrum in the 2.4 GHz range, which is the

public radio frequency ISM band, to exchange the data at the broadband speed.

Main features of Wi-Fi include:


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• Wi-Fi users can connect to the network sensor and to the internet when in the

proximity of an Access Point (AP)

• Supports Mesh Networking

• Peer to Peer Connectivity

Wi-Fi devices consume relatively high power as compared to other wireless networks.

Besides power consumption they have limited range of up to 45 meters (indoors) to 90

meters (outdoors). Wi-Fi cannot do collision detection [16].

WIBREE

Wibree is the most recent interoperable wireless communication technology introduced

by Nokia that is a competitor of IEEE 802.14.4 in terms of low power consumption and

low cost. Like other wireless standards it utilizes 2.4 GHz Radio Spectrum and transmits

data over a very short range of 10 meter. Therefore, Wibree cannot go head to head

with the ZigBee in applications where more range is required [17].

Applications and main features are:

• Share files between PC and PDA

• Transmitting a signal from remote control to television

• It transmit data up to 1Mbps

BLUETOOTH

Bluetooth is an IEEE 802.15.1 standard that enables a short wireless connection to

communicate between two devices when they are in close proximity to each other and

don’t require high bandwidth.


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Characteristic And Main features are:

• A Bluetooth PAN is composed of up to 8 active devices in a master-slave relation

ship

• The Bluetooth protocol divides the bandwidth into 79 channels

• Each channel has a centre frequency of 1 MHz

• A Bluetooth enable wireless device is capable making phone calls, synchronizing

data with desktop computers, sending and receiving faxes, and printing documents

[11].

WHY ZIGBEE?

We selected ZigBee because of its low power consumption, low cost and moderate

range 30 m to 1.6 Km. This range is suitable for our application where we want to

wirelessly transmit data from RFID reader to the Database Server, where attendance is

being managed. Another most important reason for using ZigBee module is that these

modules come with serial interface therefore it will be easier for us to use these

modules.

These low-Rate WPAN standards have exceedingly secured wireless transmission over

a very distant range. In the 2.4 GHz band there are 16 ZigBee channels, with each

channel requiring 5 MHz of bandwidth [18], [19].

Pin description of ZigBee module is illustrated in table 3.1


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Table 3.1: ZigBee Pin description

Figure 3.3: ZigBee pin configuration


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3.2 SELECTION OF SOFTWARE TOOL

The Selection of software tool was made by comparing the different programming

languages and came up to a conclusion of using C# for the database server.

Currently Microsoft is offering four languages out of the box: C#, VB.Net, Managed C++

and Jscript for application development on .Net platform and many more to come from

various independent vendors. So the obvious question is which language is best suited

for .Net? Here is a brief discussion on the above topic.

JSCRIPT

Nobody in the current market is talking about Jscript (found in the quick start only) and

most programmer strongly believe JScript to end up with a very small user base. It’s not

advisable to go with Jscript, despite it being cool.

MANAGED C++

C++, even in its new managed form, definitely lags behind other languages such as

VB.NET and C# for their cleaner syntax and ease of use. There's no doubt, though, that

experienced C++ practitioners will continue to admire and use its power, templates,

multiple code inheritance and deterministic finalization.

C#

C# is the new language with the power of C++ and the slickness of Visual Basic. It

cleans up many of the syntactic peculiarities of C++ without diluting much of its flavor

(thereby enabling C++ developers to transition to it with little difficulty). And its

superiority over VB6 in facilitating powerful object oriented implementations is without

question. C# with clean object oriented syntax and large class library (in conjunction with


26

.NET and the base class libraries) could be the ‘most productive mainstream language’

and it is an ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association.) standard language

that offers the potential of being available across many platforms. For the serious

developer wanting Microsoft's most productive and mainstream .NET language, C# is

the clear choice.

VB.NET

VB Developers over the years have been asking for more power (inheritance and

polymorphism). Now VB.Net provides all that and it’s now a fully-fledged object oriented

language. To the question 'Whether to choose VB.Net or C#' - The answer has been

'Use the one with which you are comfortable with'.

It's said that VB.Net is there only to please those millions of VB6 Developers and nothing

else. But as I said before, VB.NET is an object oriented language and VB6 is not. So the

problem is that if you're not thinking object oriented, you're probably not going to enjoy

the VB.NET (from VB6) transitioning experience coz this is more than just a syntax shift.

There is one more problem, some expert claims that you have to write 33% more Lines

of Code in VB.Net than C# (Nothing Official).

If you're looking for the safest bet, hitch a ride with C#. Sure VB.NET is now just as

powerful and C++ remains even more so, but for the reasons we've described of

productivity, clarity and a broad community, you won't regret it therefore we choose C#

for our application [12].

Chapter 4 System Hardware: Reader Node

27

CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM HARDWARE: READER NODE

Reader node can be divided into four main components as shown in figure 4.1

• RFID module

• Microcontroller (AT89c51)

• ZigBee module

• Port switching circuit

4.1 RFID READER WORKING

• An RFID module typically contains a transmitter and receiver, a control unit and a

coupling element (antenna).

Figure 4.1: Reader node Schematic


28

• The reader has three main functions: energizing, demodulating and decoding.

Information is sent to and read from RFID tags by a reader using radio waves.

• Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical current

induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal (125 KHZ)

provides just enough power for the CMOS integrated circuit in the tag to power

up and transmit a response.

• Most passive tags signal by backscattering (Backscatter is the reflection of

waves, particles, or signals back to the direction they came from) the carrier

wave from the reader, as shown in figure 4.2

Figure 4.2: RFID backscatter

• Passive tags have practical read distances ranging from about 10 cm (4 in.)

• Data collected from tags (10 bytes) is then passed through communication

interfaces (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner that

data scanned from bar code labels is captured and passed to computer systems

for interpretation, storage, and action.


29

4.2 MICROCONTROLLER WORKING

• HAND SHAKING

o On power-up reader sends an activation string to the microcontroller

o After receiving the activation string microcontroller sends an encoded

string to the reader which is provided by the vendor. The string is of 16

bytes

o The encoded string is” �re364 � � acknwlge”

o Reader responds with an acknowledgement string 24 bytes long,

indicating the microcontroller that it is ready to read

• ID EXTRACTION

o Whenever RFID card is in the vicinity (4 in.) of a reader it will extract the

ID (refer 4.1 for details) and serially transfer (10 byte) it to the

microcontroller

o Microcontroller will save it in its RAM and wait for 3 seconds. This waiting

time avert the microcontroller from reading the same ID twice

o Microcontroller than starts comparing (byte by byte) the received ID with

the IDs stored in its ROM

• TAGGING

o After ID authentication microcontroller will map 10 byte card ID on a 2

byte tag# so that it can efficiently utilize the transmission time

o Transmission time at 9600 baud rate of

10 bytes: T= (1/9600)*80=8.33 msec


30

2 bytes: T= (1/9600)*16=1.6 msec

So it means we are saving more than 80% of the transmission time by

using tagging technique

o In multi node environment transmission time is directly related with the

system performance. More the transmission time higher will be the

probability of data collision and vice versa

o Like RFID cards, tag numbers are also unique

o In microcontroller’s ROM these IDs are saved in a 12 byte fashion as

illustrated in fig 4.3

Figure 4.3: Tagging

o After ID verification microcontroller extract its tag# for transmission

• TRANSMISSION

o Before forwarding tag# to the ZigBee module microcontroller append one

byte of node ID before tag#

o This node ID is used to pinpoint the card location

o Microcontroller than serially transmits 3 byte of data (containing 1 byte of

node ID and 2 bytes of tag#) and wait for the acknowledgement from the

server

o The waiting time of every node is unique because waiting time is

dependent upon its node ID. This is done to avoid data collision between

nodes


31

o If microcontroller doesn’t receive acknowledgement from the server it will

retransmit the node ID and tag# and again wait for the acknowledgement.

The re-transmit limit of every node is 3

o Whenever we push a button on dummy node it transmit a fixed fake node

ID and tag#

4.3 ZIGBEE WORKING

• For wireless transmission microcontroller is serially connected with ZigBee module

• Microcontroller will forward node ID and tag# to the ZigBee transceiver via serial link

between microcontroller and transceiver module

• By default, ZigBee RF Modules operate in Transparent Mode. When operating in this

mode, the modules act as a serial line replacement - all UART data received through

the DI pin (pin 3) is queued up for RF transmission. When RF data is received, the

data is sent out the DO pin (pin 2)

• Data is buffered in the DI buffer

• If the module cannot immediately transmit (for instance, if it is receiving RF data), the

serial data is stored in the DI Buffer

• The data is packetized and sent at any Packetization timeout or when 100 bytes

(maximum packet size) are received

• ZigBee transceiver will broadcast that number to all the receivers (ZigBee

transceivers) operating within its region


32

4.4 PORT SWITCHING CIRCUIT

• The microcontroller AT89c51 has one serial port (i.e. one Tx and one Rx pin), but the

line driver (max232) used between microcontroller and DB9 connecter can support

two serial ports

• To avoid tapping (interfacing ZigBee and RFID module through same port), 3-state

buffer (74ls244) is used

• 74ls244 has two enable pins (pin 1 and 19), each pin can control the four input-

output pair associated with it, as shown in figure 4.4(a)

• When these pins are high, the output is in high impedance state. Pin 1 is reserved for

RFID module and pin 19 for ZigBee module.

• When the output is intended for particular device corresponding pin is set low

(enable pins are active low as shown in figure 4.4(b)) through the assembly program

burned in microcontroller

Figure 4.4(a): 74ls244 connections Figure 4.4(b): 74ls244 truth table


33

4.5 DUMMY NODE

• To simulate multinode environment we are using dummy node

• Dummy node is also operating in the same fashion as reader node

• Dummy node is not interfaced with the RFID reader, instead it has push buttons as

shown in figure 4.5

• Each push button generates a Tag # which simulates as if real Tag was shown

Figure 4.5: Dummy node schematic

Chapter 5 System Hardware: Control Circuitry

34

CHAPTER 5

SYSTEM HARDWARE: CONTROL CIRCUITRY

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Control circuitry is one of the vital part of the project. The control circuitry is basically

used for the room automation, the room automation can be personalized or kept as

default.

5.2 COMPONENTS

1) ZigBee

2) MAX 232

3) Microcontroller

4) Buffer

5) Optocoupler

6) NPN Transistor

7) Relay

5.3 WORKING

• ZigBee receives the 3byte data (Node + Card ID)

• ZigBee transceiver sends the data to the microcontroller via MAX 232 IC (line

driver)used for protocol translation from RS 232 to TTL and vice versa

• The translated data is read by the microcontroller via a serial link

• The microcontroller compares the card and node ID with the ID stored in its

memory


35

• Every ID stored in the microcontroller’s memory has a specific room to be

automated against it

• The room itself has it own profile

• The default profile is to switch every AC load controlled by the microcontroller

• In other case the profile can be personalized according to the user ID

• The microcontroller is connected to the relays via a switching circuitry

• Switching circuitry consists of 3 components Buffer, Optocoupler and Relay

• Buffer is used to amplify the output current of the microcontroller

• The optocoupler is used to isolate the vital components (ZigBee and

Microcontroller) from the reverse current

• Optocoupler is a device that uses a short optical transmission path to transfer a

signal between elements of a circuit, typically a transmitter and a receiver, while

keeping them electrically isolated, as illustrated in Figure 5.1

Figure 5.1: Optocoupler

• The output current is proportional to the amount of incident light supplied by the

emitter


36

• As the current across the phototransistor increases it goes to the NPN transistor

which is used as an amplifier to drive the relay

• A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another

electrical circuit

• When the current flows through the relay coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts

an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact, as illustrated in

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.2 Relay schematic diagram

• The moving armature makes a connection with a fixed contact resulting in the

switching of power line on to the AC load


37

5.4 WHY MICROCONTROLLER?

Table 5.1: Microcontroller and Microprocessor comparison

MICROCONTROLLER MICROPROCESSOR

• Microcontrollers incorporate

program memory, ram memory and

input/output resources internal to

the chip. Microchip's pic series and

Atmel's AVR series are examples

of microcontrollers

• Microcontrollers are usually

designed to perform a small set of

specific functions, for example as in

the case of a Digital Signal

Processor which performs a small

set of signal processing functions

• Microcontrollers are widely used in

modern cars where they will each

perform a dedicated task, i.e. a

microcontroller to regulate the

brakes on all four wheels, or a

microcontroller to regulate the car

air conditioning

• Microprocessors generally require

external components to implement

program memory, ram memory and

Input/output. Intel's 80186, 80188,

and 80386 are examples of

microprocessors

• Microprocessors tend to be

designed to perform a wider set of

general purpose functions

• Microprocessor in a PC which

performs a wide range of tasks

related to the general requirements

of a PC, i.e. performing the

necessary calculations for a very

wide set of software applications,

performing I/O for the main sub-

systems, peripheral control etc


38

Table 5.2: Microcontroller and PLC comparison

MICROCONTROLLER PLC

• Micro-controller

is smaller and well suited for

embedded situations

• Micro controller

has a very different programming

language, assembly, basic, etc.

• MCU) are complete computer

systems on a chip. They combine

an arithmetic logic unit (ALU),

memory, timer/counters, serial port,

input/output (I/O) ports and a clock

oscillator.

• PLC is used in an industrial

environment

• PLC is programmed

in "Ladder Logic" which

appears very similar to

industrial schematics.

• PLC is the control hubs for

automated systems NAD

processes. They contain

multiple inputs and outputs that

use transistors and other

circuitry to simulate switches

and relays to control equipment.

They're also programmable via

standard computer interfaces

and proprietary languages and

network options.

The main reasons for using microcontroller over programmed logic controllers and

microprocessor are as follows:

• Cheapest among the three components


39

• Used for embedded situations

• References and resources are easily available

5.5 CONTROL CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC

Figure 5.3(a): Control circuit schematic (Receiver part)


40

Figure 5.3(b): Control circuit schematic (Automation part)

5.6 CONTROL CIRCUITRY WITH NVRAM

• To give this project flexibility we are using NVRAM with the control circuitry. Due

to time constraint we are unable to implement this idea with our reader node

• NVRAM give us the opportunity to modify user’s profile on the run time without

making any changes in the hardware

• NVRAM is a combination of RAM and ROM. Non-volatile random access

memory (NVRAM) is the general name used to describe any type of random

access memory which does not lose its information when power is turned off

5.6.1 MODIFICATION IN USER’S PROFILE

• Administrator can modify user’s profile by a separate program on the server. He

can select any profile for modification. To modify the selected profile our program


41

will send a unique string of six bytes. Each node will receive this string and

perform modification according to the string code.

• First byte will inform the nodes that administrator wants to modify the profile

• Second byte will contain the node ID. If administrator wants to modify the profile

on all nodes than it will contain code number 99H

• Fourth and fifth byte is of card ID and sixth byte contains the profile number as

illustrated in figure

• To keep other nodes synchronized with the server the modification program

transmit these 6 bytes into two 3 byte chunks

Node ID 99H 00H Card ID (2 Bytes) Profile #


42

5.7 CONTROL CIRCUIT WITH NVRAM SCHEMATIC

Figure 5.4: Control circuit with NVRAM schematic

Chapter 6 Software Design

43

CHAPTER 6

SOFTWARE DESIGN

6.1 SOFTWARE INTRODUCTION

The “Smart Attendance System” is an application for this project’s database server. This

application maintains the attendance record against unique IDs assigned to RFID card

holders and also provides facility to add/edit the user profile specified in control circuit

RAM.

6.2 SAS MAIN FEATURES

• SAS (Smart Attendance System) will continuously read data which is provided by

the RFID reader.

• It maintains the attendance in database made on Microsoft Access.

• It maintains profiles against unique Ids.

The profile has various fields

o Name

o Email Address

o Phone Number

o Room Number

• It maintains the daily record of attendance

• It provides option of search profiles by name, ID and email

• It also provides the option to see the attendance record according to calendar

• It also makes a graph of each card holder’s check in and checkout timings

• This application has also many checks and balances which makes it more

secure. For example

o It prevents a card holder to check in at two places simultaneously.


44

o It marks attendance if and only if a card holder spent a minimum time

required for attendance. Like if minimum requirement for a attendance to

be marked is 3 hours it means a card holder must spent 3 hours in office

otherwise his/her attendance will not be marked by the system.

6.2.1 WORKING OF SOFTWARE

The SAS has two modes of operation

• Standard Mode

• Admin Mode

6.2.2 STANDARD MODE

In standard mode daily record of attendance appears. Each log has the information

about node ID, card ID, entrance time, exit time, time spent and date of that log.

Figure 6.1: Snapshot of standard mode


45

After running this application the first thing is to open comport from its file menu.

Figure 6.2: Snapshot of file menu

It can also provide us option to save the daily attendance in a separate text file through

its “save log” option in a file menu as we can see in the figure 6.2.

6.2.3 ADMINISTRATOR MODE

Administrator mode is a password protected mode it provides us option to add new

profiles. It also provides us options to delete and modify saved profiles.

Figure 6.3: Snapshot of Administrator Mode


46

(a) HOW TO ADD A PROFILE?

The SAS provides us very simple and easy way to add new profiles.

There are two ways to add new profile

• By click on “ADD” button in quick operations pane as shown in figure 6.4

• By the help of operations menu as shown in figure 6.5(a),(b) and (c)

Figure 6.4: Snapshot of Add profile window

Figure 6.5(a): Snapshot of operations menu


47

Figure 6.5(b): Before Adding a new profile

Figure 6.5(c): After Adding a new profile


48

(b) HOW TO MODIFY A PROFILE?

The SAS provides us very simple and easy way to modify previously stored profiles.

There are two ways to modify previously stored profile

• By click on “MODIFY” button in quick operations pane

• By the help of operations menu

At first, select the profile by clicking on it and then press modify button as shown in figure

6.6.

Figure 6.6: Snapshot of Admin mode


49

Figure 6.7: Snapshot of modify window

As we can see in the figure 6.7, here we have options to modify any detail of selected

profile.

For example If we change the name “Arshian” to “Arshian Ahmed”, we just need to

change the name field in modify window as shown in figure 6.8.

Figure 6.8: Snapshot of modify window (after modification)

After pressing the button named “Modify” we can observe the change in profile name in

admin window as shown in figure 6.9.


50

Figure 6.9: Snapshot of Admin mode

(c) HOW TO DELETE A PROFILE?

The SAS provides us very simple and easy way to delete previously stored profiles.

There are two ways to delete a profile

• By click on “Delete” button in quick operations pane

• By the help of operations menu

Figure 6.10: Snapshot of Delete window


51

If we press the button named “DELETE” in the delete record window as shown in figure

6.10, we observe the removal of that record which we have deleted.

Figure 6.11a: Before deleting user profile


52

Figure 6.11b: After deleting user Profile

6.3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR SAS

To run “Smart Attendance System” following are the basic requirements

• Windows XP/VISTA (XP with service pack 2)

• .Net Frame work 3.5

• 128 Mb of RAM (minimum)

• 1 GHZ Processor (minimum)

6.4 SERIAL PORT TERMINAL

To frequently test RFID reader and project’s hardware we have made another program

with a name of “Serial Port Terminal” as shown in figure 6.12. This program is solely

made for testing purpose.


53

Figure 6.12: Snapshot of Serial Port Terminal

• It can read data automatically we don’t have to press any button for reading data

from serial buffer

• It has a facility to set particular com port, baud rate, parity, data bits and also stop

bits

• We can send and receive and data in text as well as Hex format

• Before start our communication we have to open serial port by pressing “open port”

button

• It dump node Id and card Id separately in a text file along with the system time as

shown in figure 6.13.


54

Figure 6.13: Snapshot of text file records of SerialPort terminal

Chapter 7 Cost Analysis

55

CHAPTER 7

COST ANALYSIS

Table 7.1: Cost analysis

SYSTEM PARTS

COST (Rs.)

READER NODE

• RFID reader module

• Microcontroller

• ZigBee module

• Miscellaneous

9500

70

Provided by University

800

DUMMY NODE

• Microcontroller

• ZigBee module

• Miscellaneous

70


600

CONTROL CIRCUITRY

• Microcontroller

• Relays

• Zigbee module

• Miscellaneous

• NVRAM

70

200


600

350

SERIAL CABLES

• Few serial cables

200

MICROCONTROLLER BURNER

• Burner for microcontroller

900

TOTAL Rs.13360/-

* Miscellaneous includes resistors, capacitor, switches, max232 etc, plus the project casing for presentation purpose.

Chapter 8 Conclusion and Future Work

56

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

8.1 CONCLUSION

The objective of this project that is “RFID based Smart Office” was to design a system

based on RFID technology that will not only change the hectic manual attendance

procedure but also automate user’s office.

The final design of the project accomplished the idea of multinode environment which is

responsible for automatic attendance and office automation according to the

personalized profile of the RFID card holder. The design also deals with the issues

(reliable data transfer) of multinode environment. To make sure reliable data transfer

between server and reader node the project adopts CSMA/CD algorithm.

This project facilitates the users in numerous ways like time saving in attendance

procedure, security, employees’ attendance management and many more.

8.2 FUTURE WORKS

With the coming availability of low cost, short range radios along with advances in

wireless networking, it is expected that wireless ad hoc sensor networks will become

commonly deployed. This project can be improvised by using external memory because

the project design has a capability of handling 65000 card IDs which is large enough for

any organization but the limitation lies in the microcontroller storage capacity. This

limitation can be overcome by the use of NVRAM with the reader node which will not

only make the design scalable but also flexible. NVRAM not only provide us extra

memory but also enable us to add cards IDs on the run time.

Chapter 8 Conclusion and Future Work

57

Furthermore, this project can be extended by making nodes IP enabled so that it can be

accessed virtually from any where. There is also some space to improve the project

code.

58

REFERENCES

INTERNET [1] KORTEX PSI Point Of Sale & Industry

http://www.korteks.com/Applications/Applications_TOC.htm (Accessed on

2nd September, 2007)

[2] VIRADIX: The smart choice for E-commerce consulting

http://www.viradix.com/terminology.html (Accessed on 2nd September, 2007)

[3] Texas A&M Engineering

http://engineer.tamu.edu/research/magazine/2006/robots/ (Accessed on 2nd

September, 2007)

[4] Moxa Success Story – Attendance Recording System

http://www.moxa.com/solutions/success_stories_Attendance_Recording_System.htm

(Accessed on 5th September, 2007)

[5] Selvam Systems Pvt Ltd-Computer, Computer software Project

http://www.alibaba.com/member/203023.html (Accessed on 5th September,

2007)

[6] Federal Bureau of Investigation

http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/iafis.htm (Accessed on 16th April, 2007)

[7] Information Security: Covering Today’s Security Topics

http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci812929,00.html

(Accessed on 16th April, 2007)

[8] RFID-FDA-Regulations

http://www.bin95.com/RFID-FDA-Regulations.htm (Accessed on 16th April, 2007)

[9] Atmel Corporation, www.atmel.com/products/8051/ (Accessed on 4th October,

2007)

59

[10] AVR freaks

http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?module=Freaks%20Devices&func=

displayDev&objectid=52 (Accessed on 4th October, 2007)

[11] The Official Bluetooth Technology Info Site, http://www.bluetooth.com (Accessed

on 8th October, 2007)

[12] Overview - Why C# ?, http://www.csharphelp.com/archives/archive73.html

(Accessed on 2nd October, 2007)

PAPERS [13] Dr. Jeremy Landt “Shrouds of Time: The history of RFID”, White Paper, AIM Inc,

October 2001, pp. 3-7. http://www.transcore.com/pdf/AIM%20shrouds_of_time.pdf

(Accessed on 16th April, 2007)

[14] Fisher, Jill A. “Indoor Positioning and Digital Management: Emerging

Surveillance Regimes in Hospitals”. In T. Monahan (Ed), Surveillance and

Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life, 2006, pp. 77–88.

http://www.jillfisher.net/papers/rfid.pdf (Accessed on 16th April, 2007)

[15] Fisher, Jill A. and Monahan, Torin. “Tracking the Social Dimensions of RFID

Systems in Hospitals”.International Journal of Medical Informatics, April 2007,

pp.176-183.

http://torinmonahan.com/papers/Fisher_Monahan_RFID_IJMI.pdf (Accessed on

16th April, 2007)

[16] Paul S. Henry, “Is Wi-Fi in Your Future? ”, AT&T Labs – Research, 2002, pp.1-19

http://www.comsoc.org/confs/ieee-infocom/2002/non-image_files/

Infocom2002%20Keynote-short.pdf (Accessed on 8th October, 2007)

[17] Nick Hunn, “An introduction to Wibree”, White Paper, Ezurio Ltd, 2002,

pp. 2-7. http://www.ezurio.com/files/00616.pdf (Accessed on 8th October, 2007)

[18] Sinem Coleri Ergen, “ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Summary”, Research Paper,

University of Berkeley, September 2004, pp.1-3

http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~suman/courses/838/papers/zigbee.pdf

(Accessed on 6th October, 2007)

60

[19] J. Munk-Stander, M. Skovgaara, T. Neilsen, “Implementing a ZigBee Protocol

Stack and Light Sensor in TinyOS”, Bachelor's Thesis, Department of Computer

Science, University of Copenhagen, June 2005, pp. 5-24

http://www.diku.dk/~bonnet/ba.zigbee.pdf (Accessed on 8th October, 2007)

BOOKS [20] Mohammad Ali Mazidi, “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using

Assembly and C”, Second Edition, p 28

61

APPENDICES

A.1 DATA SHEETS

78

A.2 ASSEMBLY CODE: READER NODE ;************************************************************************************************** ;************************************** SETTING TIMER *************************************** ORG 0H MOV TMOD,#20H ;SETTING BAUD RATE 9600BPS MOV TH1,#-3 MOV SCON,#50H SETB TR1 MOV P2,#0H MOV P1,#0H ;************************************************************************************************* CLR P2.3 ;TO ACTIVATE READER PORT SETB P2.4 ;TO DISABLE ZIGBEE PORT ;***************************************** HANSHAKING ************************************* MAIN: MOV R1,#08 REC: JNB RI,REC ;MCU RECIEVES THE MODULE MOV A,SBUF ;POWERED ON STRING CLR RI DJNZ R1,REC SETB P2.0 MOV R5,#36 ;5 SEC DELAY A1: MOV R4,#255 A2: MOV R3,#255 A3: DJNZ R3,A3 DJNZ R4,A2 DJNZ R5,A1 MOV DPTR,#CODED_STRING MOV R6,#16 MCU_SEND: ;MCU SEND THE ENCODED STRING CLR A ;STRING TO MODULE MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOV SBUF,A JNB TI,$ CLR TI INC DPTR DJNZ R6,MCU_SEND SETB P2.1

79

HERE: MOV R2,#24 ;MCU RECIEVES THE ACK STRING REC2: JNB RI,REC2 ;FROM READER MOV A,SBUF CLR RI DJNZ R2,REC2 SETB P2.2 FIRST_TIME: ;FUNCTION TO READ FIRST TAG JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 43H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 44H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 45H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 46H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 47H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 48H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 49H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 40H,A CLR RI

80

JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 41H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 42H,A CLR RI SETB P1.0 MOV R7,#22H ;CHECK FOR FIRST TAG TO BE READ ;************************************************************************************************* ;*********************************** READ FUNCTION *************************************** TAG_RECIEVE_CMP_MAP_TRANS: ;MAIN FUNCTION CJNE R7,#23H,DELAY CLR P2.3 ;TO ACTIVATE READER PORT SETB P2.4 ;TO DISABLE ZIGBEE PORT MOV R0,#40H

CLR RI ;SAVING THE TAG INTO RAM STARTING TAG: MOV R2,#10 ;AT LOCATION 40H--49H TREC: JNB RI,TREC MOV A,SBUF MOV @R0,A INC R0 CLR RI DJNZ R2,TREC CPL P1.0 DELAY: MOV R7,#23H MOV R5,#22 ;3 SEC DELAY A4: MOV R4,#255 A5: MOV R3,#255 A6: DJNZ R3,A6 DJNZ R4,A5 DJNZ R5,A4 CLR RI MOV DPTR,#TAG1

81

;******************************** COMPARE AND MAP ************************************ COMPARE: MOV R2,#10 MOV R0,#40H MOV R1,#0CH CMP1: CLR A ;COMPARING THE READ TAG WITH MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOV B,@R0 ;THE ONE STORED IN ROM CJNE A,B,MOV_DPTR ;GENERAL AND SCABLE FUNC INC DPTR ;ALSO DOES MAPPING TO 2 BYTES INC R0 DEC R1 DJNZ R2,CMP1 CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOV R6,A INC DPTR CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOV R7,A INC DPTR MOV A,#16 ;TO GENERATE RANDOM MOV B,#10 ;RETRANSMIT TIME FOR MUL AB ;EACH NODE LABEL0: MOV R2,#0 SETB P2.3 ;TO DISABLE READER PORT CLR P2.4 ;TO ACTIVATE ZIGBEE PORT LABEL1: CJNE R2,#3,NODE_SEND ;RETRANSMIT CHECK MOV R7,#23H LJMP TAG_RECIEVE_CMP_MAP_TRANS

82

;*************************************** NODE SEND ***************************************** NODE_SEND: ;SENDING THE MAPPED TAG NO MOV SBUF,#10H JNB TI,$ CLR TI MOV SBUF,R6 JNB TI,$ CLR TI MOV SBUF,R7 JNB TI,$ CLR TI INC R2 MOV R5,#180 C1: MOV R4,A C2: DJNZ R4,C2 DJNZ R5,C1 JNB RI,LABEL1 MOV A,SBUF CJNE A,#10H,LABEL1 SETB P1.1 DELAY_1SEC: MOV R5,#8 ;1 SEC DELAY D4: MOV R4,#255 D5: MOV R3,#255 D6: DJNZ R3,D6 DJNZ R4,D5 DJNZ R5,D4 CLR P1.1 MOV R7,#23H LJMP TAG_RECIEVE_CMP_MAP_TRANS MOV_DPTR: ;INCCREMENT IF NOT COMPARE INC DPTR DJNZ R1,MOV_DPTR CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR CJNE A,#0FFH,CONT MOV R7,#23H LJMP TAG_RECIEVE_CMP_MAP_TRANS CONT: LJMP COMPARE

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;********************************** STORED TAGS IN ROM********************************** ORG 300H ;STORING TAG NO. IN ROM TAG1: DB "06000707AD" ;ORIGNAL TAG MYTAG1: DB 00H,01H ;MAPPED TAG NO. TAG2: DB "0600072E1B" MYTAG2: DB 00H,02H TAG3: DB "060007195B" MYTAG3: DB 00H,03H END_SEQ: DB 0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH ORG 400H CODED_STRING: DB 72H,65H,33H,36H,34H,02H,07H,02H,61H,63H,6BH,6EH,77H,6CH,67H,65H END

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A.3 ASSEMBLY CODE:CONTROL CIRCUIT WITH NVRAM ****************************************************************************************** CONTROL CCT CODE WITH NVRAM ******************* ************************* SETTING THE BAUD RATE ********************* ORG 0H MOV TMOD,#20H MOV TH1,#-3 MOV SCON,#50H SETB TR1 MOV P2,#0H MOV P1,#0H ***************************** MAIN *********************************** MAIN:

CLR P3.4 MOV R0, #40H MOV R2, #3 L1: JNB RI, L1 MOV A,SBUF MOV @R0,A INC R0 DJNZ R2,L1 MOV R0, #40H MOV A,@R0 CJNE A,#10H,L2 SJMP TO_AUTOMATE L2: CJNE A,#0AAH, MAIN SJMP MODIFY_PROFILE ; IF AA WAS SEND THEN MOVE TO ; TO MODIFY FUNC ************************ MODIFY FUNCTION **************************** MODIFY_PROFILE: MOV R0,#40H MOV R2,#3 STAY1:

JNB RI,STAY1 MOV A,SBUF MOV @R0,A

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INC R0 DJNZ R2,STAY1 MOV R0,#40H MOV A,@R0 MOV R6,A INC R0 MOV A,@R0 MOV R7,A INC R0 MOV A,@R0 MOV R3,A MOV DPTR,#0000H LABEL:

MOVX A,@DPTR MOV B,R6 CJNE A,B,C1 INC DPTR MOVX A,@DPTR MOV B,R7 CJNE A,B,C2 INC DPTR MOV A,R3 MOVX @DPTR,A ;OVERWRITE THE MEM LOCATION MOV DPTR,#0000H ;WITH THE NEW BYTE MOV R2,#10 S2: MOVX A,@DPTR MOV SBUF,A JNB TI,$ CLR TI INC DPTR DJNZ R2,S2 LJMP MAIN C1: INC DPTR ;SKIP TO NEXT PROFILE LOCATION INC DPTR INC DPTR MOVX A,@DPTR CJNE A,#0FFH,H2 LJMP MAIN H2: SJMP LABEL C2: INC DPTR

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INC DPTR MOVX A,@DPTR CJNE A,#0FFH,H2 LJMP MAIN END

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