Smart GridSmart GridUtility Challenges in the 21Utility Challenges in the 21stst Century Century

Andrew Tang

Smart Energy Web

Pacific Gas and Electric Company

September 18, 2009

2

Balancing Competing Priorities

Reliable Service Reasonable

Cost

Smart Grid

Environmental Sustainability

3

Challenges for the 21st Century Utility

Time-shifting Electricity

Time-shifting Electricity

Peak Load is 2x greater than off-peak…Peak Load is 2x greater than off-peak…

Resource PatternsWind and solar are non-coincident with Wind and solar are non-coincident with peak demand…peak demand…

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awat

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Each Day is a different color. Day 29

Day 5 Day 26

Day 9

Wind Profile: April 2007… … and they are unpredictableand they are unpredictable

……leading to significant unutilized capacityleading to significant unutilized capacity

Key Utility Challenges:

- Keep electricity flowing reliably

- Integrate increasing amounts of distributed and intermittent resources

- Maintain a balanced system

4

Smart Grid functionality restores the balance

Hydro power plants

Nuclear Power Plants

Natural Gas Generators

Transmission Lines

Distribution Substations

Customers

Traditional End-to-end Utility Network Balances Supply and Demand

5

Smart Grid functionality restores the balance

Hydro power plants

Nuclear Power Plants

Natural Gas Generators

Transmission Lines

Distribution Substations

Customers

Solar Farms

Wind Farms

Distributed storage

Plug-in

Electric Vehicles

Rooftop Solar

Large-scale Renewables and Distributed Resources Impact Supply and Demand Unpredictably…

… Driving the Need for a Smarter Grid

6

A Smart Grid

Overlay with an “Intelligent” Infrastructure

• Pervasive sensing and measurement devices

• Pervasive control devices

• Advanced data communications

• Computing and information management

Smart

PowerPlants

TransmissionNetworks

Substations DistributionNetworks

Consumers

7

Utility-scale Storage Resources

Pumped Hydro Compressed Air Sodium-Sulfur (NAS) Battery

FlywheelZinc Bromine Flow Batteries

8

CCGT Power Plant

Ren

ewab

le R

eso

urc

e G

ener

atio

n

Renewable Resource Integration

Today:Today:

• Clean, flexible, natural gas-fueled resources are currently necessary to back up intermittent resources

• Significantly improved air emissions profile than retiring plants, but still fossil-fueled

Local Storage

Rooftop PVCentralized Storage

Tomorrow:Tomorrow:

• Utility-scale distributed storage backs up intermittent resources and time-shifts resource availability to coincide with demand

• Distributed generation and distributed storage create a similar capability at the customer premise

9

Smart Grid Foundation:Largest US Smart Meter Deployment

Ubiquitous automated meter reading 10 million meter upgrades by 2012 3.5 million deployed to date

Frequent meter reads daily for gas hourly or 15 minute intervals for electric

Embedded in-premise network gateway

device unlocks new opportunities Customer energy management Demand-side management SmartCharging for PEVs

10

In-premise Network

AMI / Smart Grid

Paradigm Shift: Customer Energy Management

GW

h

Time-shifting Electricity

Time of Day

11

Secure customer access through PGE.com

Displays energy use by billing cycle, month, or week

Displays daily hourly electric use

Customer service reps able to view same graphs online

Online Energy Use Information

12

Basic Enhanced Advanced

Simple high-low indicator

More comprehensive in-home displays (usage, cost, time)

Programmable Communicating Thermostat (PCT)

Fully automated intelligent energy management system

Other automated/ programmable appliances

Electric vehicle charging

Distributed generation

Electric storage

In-premise Network:Increasing Levels of Sophistication

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CPP MA Baseline

Targeting Dependable Reductionsin Electric Demand

Results from PG&E Auto-Demand Response Event, Summer 2008

14

PEV Impact on Utility Operationswill be Significant

Larger number of BEVs coming to market BEVs have extended range

They represent substantial impact on the gridBEVs require higher charging capability

22

PHEV15

BEV

# of models announced# of models announced PHEV

40 miles

BEV

100 miles

Electric mileageElectric mileage

PHEV

8 kWh

BEV

24 kWh

Battery size (usable)Battery size (usable)

Rate of chargeRate of charge

6.6kW

4 hours

3.3kW

9 hours

1.4kW

20 hours

Most BEVs will come with the ability to charge at 6.6

kW

Most BEVs will come with the ability to charge at 6.6

kW Rocklin

Fresno

6.3

Vacaville 5.3

6.2

Berkeley 3.4

San Ramon 6.5

SF 2.0

BEV=(full) battery electric vehicle; PHEV=plug-in hybrid electric vehicleBEV=(full) battery electric vehicle; PHEV=plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

Avg. residential peak (summer, kW)Avg. residential peak (summer, kW)

Expected charging

profile

Expected charging

profile

15

PEVs Charge On-peak

System Loads

80001000012000140001600018000200002200024000

Hour of Day

Me

ga

wa

tts

1/1/2006 3/1/2006 6/1/2006 9/1/2006 11/1/2006 7/25/2006

Off Peak

Note: Off peak period as defined in E9 (electric vehicle) rateNote: Off peak period as defined in E9 (electric vehicle) rate

When People Get Home

Ample generation in overnight periods Most people return home during peak TOU pricing may not be enough to incent behavior

– We estimate only 3% of all electric vehicles in California are on TOU rate

ª Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels and the DOE/GSA Federal Automotive Statistical Tool (FAST).ª Source: Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric, and Alternate Fuels and the DOE/GSA Federal Automotive Statistical Tool (FAST).

16

HEV Density “2004-08”– A Tale of Two Cities

Berkeley CA: New registrations: 14K HEV registrations: 2.5K 18% of light duty purchases HEVs HEV zip code median: 212

Fresno CA: New Registrations: 83K HEV Registrations: 2K 2.4% of light duty purchases

HEVs HEV zip code median: 11

= 25 HEVs

17

SmartPort Network Architecture

AMI Smart Grid HAN Smart Garage

ZigBeePLC – Homeplug

ZigBeePLC – Homeplug

PLC – Homeplug

Cord

Intelligent Sub-meter• Charging profile• Demand response• CO2 credit calculation• Highway usage tax

Intelligent Sub-meter• Charging profile• Demand response• CO2 credit calculation• Highway usage tax

xEV

SAE J2836

SAE J1776

18

At PG&E, We Are Committed To Sustainability