Smart Grid: A Building-Utility Partnership

Steven T. BushbyEngineering Laboratory

The Electric Grid

2

“The supreme engineering achievement of the 20th century”

- National Academy of Engineering

The Electric Grid 100 Years Ago

3

Edison Pearl Street Station, 1882

Wall Street, 1913

It’s not too different today!

Today’s Electric Grid

Markets and Operations

GenerationTransmission Distribution Customer Use

One-way flow of electricity

• Centralized, bulk generation, mainly coal and natural gas in U.S.• Responsible for 40% of human-caused CO2 production• Controllable generation and predictable loads• Limited automation and situational awareness• Lack of customer-side data to manage and reduce energy use

U.S. Electric Grid

• 3,100 electric utility companies

• 10,000 power plants• 157,000 miles of high-

voltage lines• 140 million meters• $800 billion in assets• $247 billion annual

revenues

Load and Generation in Today’s Grid

6

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24hour of day

norm

aliz

ed e

lect

ric s

yste

m lo

ad

Base load generation: Coal, nuclear, hydro, bulk renewables

Load-following generation:Coal, combustion turbine

Peak load generation:Combined cycle natural gas, bulk storage

Why Do We Need Smart Grids?Current Grid is Inherently Inefficient

20% of capacity is needed to serve5% of highest usage hours

PJM Real Time Load Duration

Source: PJM (a Regional Transmission Organization part of the Eastern Interconnection grid)

Demand Response: “Time shifting” peak load improves capacity utilization of the grid

2020 SUMMER LOAD IMPACT – NO UTILITY INVOLVEMENT*

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

22,000

24,000

26,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Ho u rs

MW

Initial Load Forecast Ports Rail T rucks Forklifts PEVs

Worst Case

*Based on predicted 1.6 million EVs on the SCE grid

2020 SUMMER LOAD IMPACT – WITH UTILITY INVOLVEMENT*

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

22,000

24,000

26,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Ho u rs

MW

Initial Load Forecast Ports Rail T rucks Forklifts PEVs

Copyright 2009 Southern California Edison

Electrification of transportation could:• Displace U.S. oil imports• Reduce CO2 emissions• Reduce urban air pollutants • Idle capacity of the power grid could supply 70% of charging needs• Batteries in EVs could provide power during peak electricity demand

California Forecasted EV Charging Load

Why Do We Need Smart Grids?

Integration of Electric Vehicles

Why Do We Need Smart Grids?

Integration of Renewables

Renewable sources have their own challenges

• Intermittency• Need for storage• Need for power

conditioning, quality, conversion systems

• Not all renewables are equally “green”

Smart Grid Goals

• Enable customers to reduce average and peak energy use

• Increase use of renewable sources

• Improve reliability and security

• Facilitate infrastructure for electric vehicles

Increasing Reliability• $80 billion/year cost to

U.S. economy• Smart grid sensors and

automated controls will improve reliability

Sources: 1. IEEE Benchmarking 2009 Results Distribution

Reliability Working Group2. Japan Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry

20103. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Reducing Cost

• Half of U.S. coal plants are > 40 years old• Upgrade or replacement will cost $560B by 2030• Smart grid helps utilities and consumers reduce both peak and

average use — thus reducing investment otherwise required – U.S. per capita annual electricity usage = 13,000 kWh– Japan per capita annual usage = 7,900 kWh

2007 Generation by Source

Sources:1. DOE EIA2. Brattle Group

What Will the Smart Grid Look Like?

• High use of renewables — some jurisdictions as high as 35% by 2020

• Distributed generation and microgrids• Bidirectional metering — selling local power into the grid• Distributed storage• Smart meters that provide near-real-time usage data• Time of use and dynamic pricing• Ubiquitous smart appliances communicating with grid• Energy management systems in homes as well as commercial

and industrial facilities linked to the grid• Growing use of plug-in electric vehicles: Million in U.S. by 2015• Networked sensors and automated controls throughout the

grid

Tomorrow’s “Smarter Grid”

2-way flow of electricity and information

There is no Smart Grid without Smart Buildings!

• 72% of electricity is consumed in buildings (40% commercial, 32% residential)

• As we approach national goals of net-zero energy buildings, renewable generation sources connected to buildings will become increasingly important

• As the nation migrates to electric vehicles, they will be plugged into buildingsBuildings will no longer be a dumb load at the end of the wire. They will become an integral part of the grid.

CYBERNETIC BUILDING SYSTEMS

ENERGYOPTIMIZE

FMS

FDD

FIRE

TRANSPORTSECURITY

AGGREGATOR

ENERGY PROVIDER

UTILITY

SECURITY COMPANY

FIRE/LIFE SAFETY

ENERGY OPTIMIZE

FMS

FDD

FIRE

TRANSPORTSECURITY

ENERGY OPTIMIZE

FMS

FDD

FIRE

TRANSPORTSECURITY

ENERGYOPTIMIZE

FMS

FDD

FIRE

TRANSPORTSECURITY

Other Building Research and Technology Impacts Smart Gird

FDD

CommissioningBuilding Information Models

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

# of Vendor IDs

BACnet Vendor IDs

U.S. Government Roles in Smart GridFederal

State

FederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission

Smart Grid Task Force/ National Science &Technology Council

Smart GridSubcommittee

Other FederalAgencies

Office of Science & Technology Policy, National Economic Council,& Council on Environmental Quality

FERC – NARUCSmart Response Collaborative

Public Utility Commissions

20

• Under Title XIII, Section 1305 of EISA, NIST has

“primary responsibility to coordinate development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for information management to achieve interoperability of smart grid devices and systems …”

• Congress directed that the framework be “flexible, uniform, and technology neutral”

• Use of these standards is a criteria for DOE Smart Grid Investment Grants

• Input to FERC and state PUC rulemaking

NIST Role

The Need for Standards is Urgent

21

Whirlpool Corporation to produce 1 million smart grid-compatible clothes

dryers by the end of 2011 …

40 million smart meters to be deployed in the next

several years in U.S.

Standards for data communication,

price information, schedules, demand response signals

NIST role

PHASE 1Identify an initial set of

existing consensus standards and develop a roadmap to fill gaps

January2009 2010

PHASE 2Establish Smart Grid

Interoperability Panel (SGIP) —public-private forum with

governance for ongoing efforts

NIST InteroperabilityFramework 1.0 DraftReleased Sept. 2009

Smart Grid Interoperability Panel established Nov. 2009

PHASE 3Conformity Framework (includes Testing and

Certification)

NIST InteroperabilityFramework 1.0 Released Jan. 2010

Summer 2009 workshops

NIST’s Three Phase Plan

Standards are Critical:Smart Grid Interoperability Panel

• Public-private partnership created in November 2009• 620 member organizations• Open, public process with international participation• Coordinates standards developed by Standards Development

Organizations (SDOs) – Identifies requirements– Prioritizes standards-development programs– Works with more than 20 SDOs including IEC, ISO, ITU, CEA, IEEE …

• Web-based participation

23

SGIP Twiki: http://collaborate.nist.gov/twiki-sggrid/bin/view/SmartGrid/SGIP

Standards Come From Many Sources

International

Regional andNational

GlobalConsortia

PURPOSE: The purpose of this standard is to define an abstract, object-oriented information model to enable appliances and control systems in homes, buildings, and industrial facilities to manage electrical loads and generation sources in response to communication with a “smart” electrical grid and to communicate information about those electrical loads to utility and other electrical service providers.

This standard will be used by standards development organizations to develop or enhance protocol-specific implementations of the model, e.g., BACnet.

Goal: Published Standard in 2011

PHEVsChillers

Servers

Fans

ICT Systems

Lighting

Customer Energy Management System (CEMS)

A Physical Example of SPC201 Energy Objects

Ice Storage

Solar PV

AHUs

StatsMeter

Cameras

Smart Grid

Battery Storage

SubMeter

GL

EM

M

12Customer Energy

Management System (CEMS)

Sub-Meter

1 Ice Storage

13Battery StorageGL

5 ThermostatEM

Fans2

3 AHUs

L

L

14

Chillers11 L

PHEVs10 GL

M Meter6

Servers

Lighting

7

8

Cameras

L

L

L15

Virtual LoadA L

9 Solar PVG

EM

Sm

art G

rid

ESI

ESI

EM

The model will support a wide range of energy management applications and electrical service provider interactions, including:

(a) on-site generation(b) demand response(c) electrical storage(d) peak demand management(e) forward power usage estimation(f) load-shedding capability estimation(g) end-load monitoring (sub-metering)(h) power quality of service monitoring(i) utilization of historical energy consumption data(j) direct load control

Goal: Published Standard in 2011

Further Information

• NIST Web portal: http://www.nist.gov/smartgrid• ASHRAE SPC 201P: http://spc201.ashraepcs.org/