Klaus R. Kunzmann, Potsdam, Professor emeritus. TU Dortmund/Germany

Smart City Fever The sunny and darker sides of a technology-driven urban hype

Outline 1.  Smart city: a new urban paradigm? 2.  The drivers of the smart city? 3.  The dimensions of smart technologies 4.  The sunny side of smart cities 5.  The darker side of smart cities 6.  Implications for city development? 7.  A final comment

Source: Startupbootcamp Berlin

Faculty of Architecture 7 October 2015

Smart Cities

Smart cities Many city governments around the world are driving the introduction of smart urban technologies, using the smart technology passion of citizens

and media to promote their cities as smart cities Vienna and Berlin, Barcelona or Ghuangzhou

Smart Cities

Smart cities Man city governments around the world Vienna and Berlin, Barcelona or Ghuangzhou are driving the introduction of smart urban technologies, using the smart technology interest of citizens and media to promote their cities as smart cities

Smart Cities

Metropolitan RankingFast Company Journal (US) 2012

Six dimensions make a city smart

•  Smart Economy•  Smart Mobility•  Smart Government•  Smart Living•  Smart People•  Smart Environment

The smartest cities in Europe in 2012

1.   Copenhagen2.   Stockholm3.   Amsterdam 4.   Vienna5.   Paris6.   Berlin7.   London8.   Barcelona9.   Munich10.  Frankfurt

Source: Fast Company 2012

Smart Cities

What is a smart city? •  Hundred years after the development of large urban water, sewage, energy and

telephone infrastructure in cities, the smart city concept is developing a new generation of urban infrastructure, with, so far, unknown implications for city building and urban life.

•  The smart city concept is rather a product marketing campaign of large, globally active ICT corporations, institutions, consultants and think tanks tp promote and sell products, services and policies.

•  Smart city promoters aim to integrate new digital technologies to urban life: > Smart phone > Big data > Internet of things > Open innovation

Smart” is generally a positive term,

though has a slight touch > of “cleverness”

Smart Cities

Why smart city development? •  The availability of new technologies > I-phone, and the pressure upon

engineers to advance technological innovation •  The challenges of cities and regions to provide public services •  The necessity to built-up new digital urban infrastructure in a market driven

environment •  The hope and believe that ICT technologies can make cities more sustainable

and efficient >The sustainable imperative: to save energy and water

•  Survival strategies of citizens in megacities > and declining peripheral rural areas

•  The pressure of time in the new economy and the quest for instant access to information anytime and everywhere

•  The fun of using new ICT technologies

Smart Cities

Smart technologies Offer many positive services to citizens, institutions and local firms. At the costs

of privacy they can

•  Improve individual mobility and orientation in cities and regions •  Create access to any kind of information •  Make consumers independent from opening times and locations (e-shopping) •  Raise personal security at home and safety on the road •  Save energy by numerous systems of controlling energy consumption •  Improve access to public services and facilitate public management •  Make it easier for tourists and visitors to enjoy cities and city life •  Assist elderly and physically handicapped to get personal medical support •  Facilitate education and training ( e-learning) •  Help singles to find a partner … and many more !

Smart Cities

The dimensions of smart technologies The application of smart technologies is promoted in eight areas

•  Smart communication and participation•  Smart mobility and logistics•  Smart energy and water management•  Smart safety and security

•  e-shopping•  e-government•  e-care and e-medicine•  e-learning

. . . though there are many other ways of categorizing

the application of smart technologies in urban development

Smart Cities

Smart Cities

The sunny side of smart cities Everybody benefits from the new ICT technology: •  Most citizens and a broad range of user groups

> senior citizens, handicapped persons, tourists, car drivers students…. •  A whole range of ICT related businesses and software developers •  Industries producing and applying the ICT based tools and equipment •  The large distribution and logistics businesses •  Remote areas > if linked to high-speed ICT networks •  The environment

Frost & Sullivan

Smart Cities

The darker side of smart cities •  Favouring technical solutions over social problems

•  Dependency on ITC development giants and monopolies > US and China

•  Bargaining power of large corporations “convincing cities to focus on smart technologies

•  Loss of individual privacy, caused by big data collection

•  Reorganisation of local governments tp meet the challenges of smart infrastructure development

•  Immense expansion of logistics serving e-shopping industries > more traffic

•  Further polarisation of global and local economies

Smart Cities

The drivers of smart city development? •  Globalization, technological innovations and mobility freaks •  Large global corporations developing, producing and selling

these technologies > Samsung, Huawei, Sony, Siemens, Cisco

•  Powerful global corporations relying on the application of new technologies > Amazon, Apple, Alibaba or the automobile industries > Audi, Toyota,

BMW, Mercedes •  Millions of start-ups developing applications of these technologies •  Global and national think tanks advising governments in introducing such

technologies> IBM, McKinsey, Fraunhofer

•  Businesses all over the world who expect to benefit from e-shopping •  Governments seeking to maintain the competitiveness of their economies •  Mayors aiming to profile their cities •  Life style media promoting the new technologies •  Consultants and researchers seeking large grants and contracts for urban

research

Smart Cities

The drivers of smart technologies •  Large international corporations, who have identified the huge market

potential of cities in competition •  The automobile industry, being afraid of losing market shares aims to

promote unlimited automobile mobility in cities •  Influential research institutes, such as Fraunhofer in Germany •  International organisations, European Commission, City networks aiming to

demonstrate their future orientation •  City governments aiming to attract the “creative class” •  The community of techno-freaks •  The media, responding to the interest of a young generation •  Smart architects, urbanists and developers

Smart Cities

Frost & Sullivan (26 November 2014):

a growth partnership company focused on helping our clients achieve transformational growth as they work through an economic environment dominated by accelerating change, increasing risk and the powerful disruptive impact of the conversion of new business models, disruptive technologies and mega trends on their industry.

Global Smart Cities market to reach US$1.56 trillion by 2020

Over 26 Global Cities are expected to be Smart Cities in 2025, with more than 50%

of these smart cities from Europe and North America. By 2025 it is expected that around 58% of the world’s population or 4.6 billion people will live in urban areas. In developed regions and cities, the urban population in cities could account for up to 81% of total population. This will pose serious challenges for city planners, who will have to re-think how they provide basic city services to residents in a sustainable manner.

Smart cities are cities built on ‘smart’ and ‘Intelligent’ solutions and technology that will lead to the adoption of at least 5 of the 8 following smart parameters—smart energy, smart building, smart mobility, smart healthcare, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart governance and smart education, smart citizen.

Smart is the New Green1 There are significant opportunities to raise efficiencies in managing cities to make them smart cities

Smart Cities

Smart Corporations

Smar tCities

„ The way we see it......

the job of the Smart City is to help its inhabitants use scarce resources as efficiently and sustainably as possible. It should also enable its citizens to lead a good, safe life while giving them thefreedom for creativity and innovation“.

Smart Cities

Smart Cities

Smart Corporations

Smart Cities

Smart Corporations

Cloud computing is one IBM’s top growth areas. IBM has invested $6 billion in more than a dozen cloud acquisitions since 2007, including, most recently, SoftLayer to extend IBM’s public cloud capabilities and help clients with an easy on-ramp to the enterprise cloud.

In 2012, IBM reported 80 percent increase in revenue from cloud computing. IBM expects to generate $7 billion in annual revenue from cloud computing by 2015.

Smart Cities

Creative City Ranking Luxenbourg, Aarhus and Turku ….

Smart Cities

Smart City Berlin

“ Berlin is smart. The city is a laboratory for efficient infrastructure with an information network, eco-friendly mobility, creativity and the combination of high productivity with a high quality of life. In the European Green City Index, Berlin is no. 1 in the Buildings category and no. 3 in the Water Management category. The capital is at the top of the Federal State Mobility Index when it comes to environmental protection and land use, and holds second place in the overall ranking. These results are excellent, but we see room for improvement. This one of the city’s clear policy objectives and thanks to the excellent scientific landscape and numerous innovative companies in Berlin – particularly in the focal areas of energy, environment, transport and mobility, healthcare and above all information and communication technologies – the city has the potential to realize it“ Source: Berlin Partner 2014

Smart Cities

Smart City Berlin Network Smart City Berlin: A working group more than 20 local

enterprises and businesses to promote smart city development, based On principles laid down in Smart City Berlin Charter.

www.berlin-partner.de/standort-berlin/smart-city-berlin/netzwerk-smart-city-berlin/ Metropolitan solutions: An international platform for decision-makers

in politics and the public sector communication solutions on mobility, energy consumption, water provision and quality, housing technologies and urban security.

www.metropolitan solutions.de TU Berlin Urban Lab: Smart City platform. A cooperative and inter-

disciplinary project of the TU Berlin to promote research on smart cities and develop strategies for the appropriate use in cities.

www.smartcity.tu-berlin.de

Smart Cities

Vienna

Sustainable city development by promoting smart city development technologies

Wien Vision 2050 Roadmap for 2020 and beyond and an Action Plan for 2012-15

Supporting a research forum at the Technical University to do interdisciplinary research on smart city development

Smart Cities

Vienna Integrated stakeholder process

•  Facilitates the development of a joint vision, roadmap and action plan of a city •  involvement of relevant experts of addressed fields, as energy, mobility, urban planning, ICT, industry, finance etc. and citizens •  Development of ‚feasible‘ technology scenarios

•  Quantitative and qualitative assessment of scenarios •  Detailed planning of individual actions

•  Defined actions and measures must be accompanied by financ emodels,

clear timelines and responsibilities

•  Monitoring, evaluation and assessment of measures •  Development and implementation of a comprehensive evaluation method

to monitor success

Smart Cities

Masdar City Designed by the British architect Foster the city in Abu Dhabi is designed

to become a smart city, based on solar energy and other renewable energy sources is designed to be a hub for cleantech companies.

Smart Cities

Songdo/ Korea

Smart Technologies and the Ruhr

Smart cities in China

Smart Cities

Nansha China

Smart Cities

China The vision of Sino-Singapore Guangzhou Knowledge City (GKC) is to be a unique,

vibrant and sustainable city that is highly attractive to both talents and knowledge-based industries. Positioned as a model and catalyst for the economic transformation and environmental enhancement of Guangdong.

Smart Cities

Smart India

Smart Cities

Smart cities in India With the urban population rising rapidly and significantly, the Indian

government has decided to create 100 smart and sustainable cities before 2022.

Smart Cities

Better smart villages in India

Smart Cities

Implications for urban development? The smart city fever will •  Require new competent technical staff in urban administrations •  Downgrade traditional urban planning, turning planners into city decorators,

urban lawyers, GIS freaks, data garbage managers or just moderators •  Need new or re-qualify established public and civic bodies controlling market

penetration and misuse of smart technologies > Electronic Frontier Foundation

•  Necessitate monitoring and new research on spatial and governance implications of new digital technologies

Smart Cities

Smart technologies: A Trojan Horse?

Romqn Sukow

Smart Cities

06.10.2015 EUROPE DELIVERS BLOW TO TECH COMPANIES, BY RULING AGAINST DATA

TRANSFERUSER PRIVACY JUST GOT A BIG BOOST, DUE TO A EUROPEAN RULING THAT COULD HAMPER THE OPERATIONS OF TECH GIANTS LIKE GOOGLE AND FACEBOOK.

Tuesday, Europe’s highest court struck down an agreement that allowed users’ personal information to be transmitted from the European Union to the United States. The agreement, generally called "Safe Harbor," applied to surveillance agencies like the NSA, as well as companies like Google, which provided search results to online advertisers looking for information on consumers.The European Union essentially said that European states can set their own standards for transmission of personal information online. Many European countries are far more privacy-centric than the United States, which could spell trouble for Silicon Valley firms and pave the way for homegrown European rivals to outmaneuver the likes of Google, Facebook, and Amazon.

Source: NEAL UNGERLEIDEROn Fast Company

Smart Cities 06.10.2015 Europe Is Finally Taking On Silicon Valley The Washington Post noted that the decision is transforming the

surveillance debate and will make it much harder for global agencies—ranging from the NSA to their equivalents in the U.K. and beyond—to spy on Europeans, The Electronic Frontier Foundation, a U.S. digital rights group, says the European Union ruling is a step in the right direction. Source: Washington Post

Smart Cities

A Final Comment In times of globalization, global competition and

rapid technology change, the smart city label is a good opportunity to improve the quality of life of all citizens, to maintain the competitiveness of cities. to speed-up economic and urban innovations, to create jobs for a new generation of university graduates, to protect the environment and to make a better use of energy, water and other resources.

The impacts on social and economic

development of cities, however, have to be carefully monitored to avoid negative economic, social, cultural and spatial consequences and dependency on a few global players.

There is a time and life after the smart city!