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TRANSCRIPT
Smallholder farmers’ contribution to planted teak
4th International Congress on Planted Forests, 27-28 October 2018, Beijing, China
James M. Roshetko, Leader Trees, Agroforestry Management and Markets Unit, and
Aulia Perdana, Marketing SpecialistWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Southeast Asia Research Program, Bogor, Indonesia
Outline
• Background
• Socioeconomics and Culture
• Teak Systems and Management
• Finance, Economics, and Markets
• Recommendations for Management & Markets
Teak – Tectona grandis• Best-known, most valuable, widely produced tropical timber
• Native: India, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand • 23 million ha (half in Myanmar)
Timber demand has always been great
Plantation production: Indonesia – 13th century?? Sri Lanka – 1680 India – 1840sMyanmar – 1856
• Currently grown in minimum 70 countries
• Global teak plantation 7 to 4 million ha
• 83% in Asia – India, Indonesia, Myanmar
Smallholder Teak
When and how did smallholder farmers start to be involved with teak?
• rural people worked as laborers for plantation establishment and management
Taungya system: intercropping with annual crops to improve teak seedling establishment and growth (off-set establishment costs) and increase involvement and benefit to farmers!• started in Myanmar 1850s • approach, and modifications, still promoted
Smallholder teak plantings (plantations) • well established in Java (Indonesia) in 1960s • Other countries: Laos, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, the Philippines, the Solomon Island, Nigeria, Togo, Benin, … Costa Rica, Panama
Smallholder TeakSmallholder teak plantings Important part of global teak estate• 19% of are in Asia and Africa • 31% in Central America • 34% in South America
Kollert and Cherubini, 2012
Smallholder area approximately ….- 920,000 ha
- roughly 21% of total
Smallholder teak systems• Integrated or segregated • Start as monoculture become mixed• prefer mixed with other crops & trees• Varies from 0.5 – 2.0 ha• Subsistent systems …… for commercial
production!
Smallholder Teak areas - Indonesia
*
Farmers – main source of industrial teak
Teak cubic m3 2006 2007 2009
Perhutani (State Forest Com.) 184,521 186,613 171,329
Smallholders 248,111 201,453 200,793
• ~1.5 million farm families grow teak on Java (Dep For 2005)• ~444,000 ha of mixed teak on fallowed ag land (Java, degraded)• ~3.1 million ha farmland teak in Indonesia (Kollert et al 2012)• 80% teak used by SMEs from farms (dbh <30) (Achidiawan et al 2011)• SMEs are 90% of Jepara furniture industry (Yovi et al 2013)
Teak log production Central Java (one of the two main teak producing provinces)
Smallholder have become an dominant source of teak
supply of smallholder teak will as plantation continue to
• Why do farmers plant teak?- 54% as family savings (teak is a living bank account)- harvest for $ needed - tebang butuh- 23% as cultural heritage - only 15% to max econ opportunity
• Prefer Mixed Systems :↓ risk; ↑ diverse crops, product & income for home; improve environ.; sustain traditional
• Farmers want to improve management: ….but not sure what to do!
Socioeconomics & Culture
Indonesia
Teak system % of systems Size (ha) Trees/ha Tree species
Tegalan
(intercropping)50.6% 0.47 1072 8
Pekarangan
(homegarden)21.9% 0.24 1177 13
Kitren
(woodlot) 21.9% 0.31 1532 5
Line plantings
(agric. land) 4.8% 0.31 138 7
75%
15%10%
Species UseTimber
Fodder / Greenmanure
Others
55.9%
11.3%
7.4%
5.8%
4.0%
2.4%
1.4%1.2%
1.1%
0.9%
0.8%0.7%
0.5%
0.1%
6.5%
SpeciesTeak
Mahogany
Leucaena
Acacia
Bauhinia
Gliriidia
Gnetum
Sesbania
Cassia
Coconut
Manggo
Cashew
Dalbergia
Jatropha
Others
Ave. family holding 1 ha (0.5-3 ha)30-50% under teak …. - 10% kitren - remainder mixed systems
Thailand & Laos • Also mixed tree-crop preferred• ..enable off-farm opportunities• include temporary migration
Dry areas (Benin, Togo, Nigeria)• Teak competes with crops
(land and labor) • …diversify, restoration preferred
Central & South America• Smallholder monocultures
All locations farmers need support – land, tech. & market knowledge and assistance
Farmer Silviculture• Regeneration: 72% wildlings,
30% local seedling, 20% coppice, 12% improved germ.
• Pruning: 65% farms, 55% trees – for fuelwood, 10-15 cm stub
• Thinning: 57% thinning (but really harvesting)
• Coppice: no thinning • Not management for
improving production /growth
Poor silviculture practices! → Farmers teak systems … overstock, slow growing, low quality, low productivity
Remember – harvest for needs!
Economics & Finance• farmer limited capital and household labor• deploy those resource with emphasis on short-term production• teak not prioritized for investment• self-source germplasm …intercropping → fert, weeding, etc
3.0%
11.6%
24.9%
60.5%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Timber, otherthan teak
Teak Food crops andlivestock
Off-farm work,remittance, retail
• This approach reasonable ...• Cash invest is marginally
profitable (if solely on teak)• Teak contribute
– 12% household income• …but teak system contribute
– 40% of hh income →→
• …good return on minimal investment!!
Market/Marketing
Age
(years)
DBH
(cm)
Price for farmer
(US$/standing tree)
Log volume after
processing (m3)
Log price to
traders (US$)
10 12 – 18 3 – 6 0.045 - 0.189 3 – 25
15 13 – 31 5 – 30 0.060 - 0.515 6 – 123
20 21 – 45 10 – 265 0.307 - 1.061 57 – 284
25 29 – 49 20 – 296 0.320 - 1.321 54 – 329
• role of farmer limited to producer• standing tree standard unit of sale for farm-grown teak• no clear quality or volume standards exist • 51% farmers discuss price with neighbors, 31% compare price with multiple traders, 18% are price takers • regardless of approach – farmers receive price ↓ market rate• traders ↑ transaction cost; so offer price ↓ • farmers sell small dbh logs (only 14% harvest by dbh class)
ManagementRecommendations
• Harvest for need approach is ok, but…
• Farmer should ↑ management, how?- better germplasm - wider initial spacing - coppice management - thinning best option for ↑ production
• Government and support agencies facilitate adoption of silvicultural - access to germplasm, extension and
training, information (manuals, bulletins), and demonstration trials
Similar recommendations: Thailand, Laos, Panama, Costa Rica, & general
• Produce larger diameter, better quality logs (know the market)
• Improve market position by accessing information
• Develop links between teak farmers and teak industries
• Engage in group marketing to ↓ transaction costs for all parties
• Provide farmers log grading and pricing system that is used by the timber industry
• Government provide more suitable timber trade regulations, specifically for smallholder timber
• Simplify timber trade regulations to - min. transaction costs) & make farm teak markets more efficient
Market Recommendations
Thank you!
Terima kasih!