slobozhanskyi herald of science and sport · slobozhanskyi herald of science and sport • 2013 •...

ISSN (English ed. Online) 2311-6374 ISSN (Ukrainian ed. Print) 1991-0177 ISSN (Ukrainian ed. Online) 1999-818X

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF UKRAINE

KHARKIV STATE ACADEMY OF PHYSICAL CULTURE

SLOBOZHANSKYI HERALD

OF SCIENCE AND SPORT

Scientific and theoretical journal

Published 5 times in a year English ed. Online published in October 2013

№ 4 (37)

Kharkiv Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture

2013

SLOBOZHANSKYI HERALD OF SCIENCE AND SPORT • 2013 • №4 (37)

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(LBC) 75.0

P 48 UDC 796.011(055)”540.3”

Slobozhanskyi herald of science and sport : [scientific and theoretical journal]. – Kharkiv : KSAPC, 2013. – № 4(37). – 160 p.

The journal includes articles which are reflecting the materials of modern scientific researches in the field of physical culture and sports. The journal is intended for teachers, coaches, athletes, postgraduates,

doctoral students research workers and other industry experts. Contents Themes: 1. Physical education of different population groups. 2. Improving the training of athletes of different qualification. 3. Biomedical Aspects of Physical Education and Sports. 4. Human health, physical rehabilitation and physical recreation. 5. Biomechanical and informational tools and technologies in physical education and sport. 6. Management, psychological-educational, sociological and philosophical aspects of physical education and sport. 7. Historical aspects of the development of physical culture and sports in Ukraine.

Publication of Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture Publication language – English.

The journal is included in the list of professional publications in Ukraine, which may publish

results of dissertations (Decree of Presidium of SCADT Ukraine: №3–05/11 from 10.11.1999. №1–05/34 from 14.10. 2009.

Certificate of State Registration – КВ №12221-1105Р from 17.01.2007).

The journal is reflected in the database: IndexCopernicus; Google Scholar; V.I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine;

Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory

Published by order of the Academic Council of KSAPC from 9.10.2013 record №3

ISSN (English ed. Online) 2311-6374 ISSN (Ukrainian ed. Print) 1991-0177 ISSN (Ukrainian ed. Online) 1999-818X Key title: Slobozans`kij naukovo-sportivnij visnik Abbreviated key title: Slobozans`kij nauk.-sport. visn.

© Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture, 2013


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SLOBOZHANSKYI HERALD OF SCIENCE AND SPORT

scientific and theoretical journal № 4(37), 2013 Editor in Chief Rovniy A.S., Doctor of Science (Physical Education and Sport), Professor (Kharkov, Ukraine) Members of the Board: Azhippo O.Yu., Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Professor (Kharkov, Ukraine) Al Raggad Raid, Doctor of Science (Philosophy), PhD (Pedagogical), (Amman, Jordan) Aftіmіchuk O.Ye., Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Professor, (Chisinau, Republic of Moldova) Ashanіn V.S., PhD (Mathematics and Physics), Professor, Academician ANPRE (Kharkov, Ukraine) Baykovskiy Yu.V., Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Professor, (Moscow, Russia) Vrublevskiy Ye.P., Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Professor (Minsk, Belarus) Druz V.A., Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor (Kharkov, Ukraine) Yezhi Rut, Doctor of Science (Physical Education and Sport), (Rzeszow, Poland) Yermakov S.S., Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Professor (Kharkov, Ukraine) Іljin V.M., Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor (Kyiv, Ukraine) Kamayev O.І., Doctor of Science (Physical Education and Sport), Professor (Kharkov, Ukraine) Lizogub V.S., Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor (Cherkasy, Ukraine) Mulik V.V., Doctor of Science (Physical Education and Sport), Professor (Kharkov, Ukraine) Peshkova O.V., PhD (Medicine), Professor (Kharkov, Ukraine) Podrіgalo L.V., Doctor of Science (Medicine), Professor (Kharkov, Ukraine) Pristupa Ye.N., Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Professor (Lviv, Ukraine) Savchenko V.G., Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Professor, Academician (Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine) Sergіyenko L.P., Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Professor (Mikolaiv, Ukraine) Sutula V.O., Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Professor (Kharkov, Ukraine)

CONTENT

Ashanin V., Baybak A., Baybak I., Shishkina M. IMPROVEMENT OF TRAINING STUDENTS CIVIL SERVICE OF UKRAINE OF EMERGENCIES FOR RESCUE OPERATIONS DURING FLOODS IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS............................................................................................5–8 Lutsenko L., Bodrenkova I. DETERMINING THE LEVEL OF COORDINATION ABILITIES ATHLETES СHEERLEADERS AT THE STAGE OF BASIC SPECIALIST TRAINING..................................................................9–13 Dzhym V., Dorofeeva T. THE FEEDING HABITS OF BODYBUILDERS IN THE PREPARATORY PERIOD OF TRAINING....................................14–20 Dolbysheva N., Kolesnik I., Gladenko M. SPORTING-TECHNICAL AND APPLIED TYPES OF SPORT, AS COMPONENT PART OF UNOLYMPIC TYPES OFSPORT IN IS UKRAINE.........................................................................................21–27 Yefremova A., Shesterova L. STUDY OF SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES OF ELECTRICIAN-ENGINEERS OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT.......28–34 Krasota V. SPECIAL CADETS PHYSICAL TRAINING OF THE HIGHER MILITARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.............................35–39 Lazorenko S. THE LEVEL OF MOTOR ACTIVITY OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS SUMY REGION.....................40–45 Levchenko V., Karabanovych P., Vasilyeva L. NEUROHORMONAL AND HEMODYNAMICS PROVISION OF EXERCISE AT GIRLS WITH MANIFESTATION NEUROCIRCULATORY DYSTONIAS.........................................46–50 Mylik V., NesterenkoA. ANALYSIS OF TRAINING LOADING DYNAMICS IN YEAR MACROCYCLES 2010–2011, 2011–2012, 2012–2013 OF THE MEMBERS OF UKRAINE PARALYMPIC SKI AND BIATHLON TEAM................................................................................................51–56 Pasko V., Podolyaka О., Martyrosyan A. MODEL FEATURES AS THE BASIS OF MANAGING TRAINING PROCESS RUGBY PLAYERS 16-18 YEARS...............................57–66


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Perebeynos V. FEATURES ATHLETIC TRAINING JUDO VETERAN........................................................................67–72 Rebaz Sleman. CREATIVE INDICES OF QUALIFIED FOOTBALLERS OF IRAQ OF DIFFERENT ROLES...........73–78 Sak A. E. ANATOMICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL BASIS VERTICAL POSITION OF THE BODY AND SPORT........................................................................................................................................................79–83 Samoilov N. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE WORKING MUSCLES..................................................................................................................................................84–91 Semenova N., Mahliovanyi A. DYNAMICS OF PHYSICAL PREPAREDNESS INDICES AMONG 15–17 YEARS OLD FEMALE STUDENTS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF IMPLANTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY REGIMEN........92–99 Serhiyenko L. TESTS IN SPECIAL TRAINING OF BASKETBALL-PLAYERS......................................................100–113 Sirenko P. FEATURES OF THE INTERFERENCE EMG MUSCLES OF THE BACK OF THE THIGH FOR SKILLED PLAYERS IN THE EXERCISE «UNBENDING THIGH FROM STANDING POSITION».............................................................................................................................................114–124 Sutula V. SOME COMMENTS ON THE USE IN RESEARCH OF STANDARD STATISTICAL INDICATORS (FIRST POST) .......................................................................................................................................125–130 Sutula V. SOME COMMENTS ON THE USE IN RESEARCH OF STANDARD STATISTICAL INDICATORS (SECOND POST) ..................................................................................................................................131–134 Chukhlantseva N., Napalkova T., Barskay N., Sokol L. HEALTH DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN THE PEDAGOGICAL PROCESS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS.......................................................135–140 Shevchenko O. A. CHANGING THE PARAMETERS OF THE VISUAL ANALYZER IN CHILDREN 5–6 YEARS OF PLAYING TENNIS................................................................................................................................141–145 Shishkina E. INTERRELATION SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND PSYCHE BY PERSONS ENGAGED IN AEROBIC FITNESS............................................................................146–152 Shuteev V. FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AMONG STUDENTS............153–157


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UDC 796.015.132-057.875"465.15/.17"

Ashanin V. S., PhD (Mathematics and Physics), Associate Professor Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture Baybak A. Y. Baybak I. V. National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine Shishkina M. V. Kharkiv secondary school number 143

IMPROVEMENT OF TRAINING STUDENTS CIVIL SERVICE OF

UKRAINE OF EMERGENCIES FOR RESCUE OPERATIONS DURING FLOODS IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS

Abstract. The analysis of features of the rescue operations during flood in

highland is carried out. The necessity of using the system of simulation conditions of the rescue in training process of cadets of NUCD of Ukraine is grounded. The technique of training students to conduct rescue operations in highlands is elaborated and tested its effectiveness in simulations of emergency situations on a training base.

Keywords: emergency, rescue work, simulation modeling, flood. Introduction. Training students of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine

held in the National University of Civil Defense of Ukraine. During the learning process, students receive general and special physical training. One of the tools for the development of special skills is fire- applied sport [4].

Preparation of the future officers of SES of Ukraine requires modern technical equipment and changes in the approach to the training process itself. Service of officers of SES Ukraine may take place in different climatic conditions, terrain and can be followed by exposure to large amounts of additional environmental factors. This places high demands to special physical preparedness of future officers of SES Ukraine for action in emergency situations.

In Ukraine, one of the most frequent natural emergencies is hydrological events such as floods, flash floods, raising the groundwater level, etc. [5; 6]. Rise of water level during floods in mountainous areas usually occurs in a short period of time, which makes difficult to apply special equipment and start rescue work in time.

The effectiveness of rescue search by rescue teams in flood conditions is determined by the level of preparedness of officers of SES to perform work.

All the above proves the need for continued improvement of the training process of students of SES for rescue work during flood in highland as well as the actuality of developed theme.

Purpose, tasks of the work, material and methods. Objective: Improvement of the training process of students of SES for rescue work during flood in highland on the basis of simulation.

__________________________ ©Ashanin V. S., Baybak A. Y., Baybak I. V., Shishkina M. V., 2013


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Research objectives: 1. To analyze the characteristics and methods of carrying out rescue operations

during flood in highland (without the involvement of equipment). 2. To determine the methods and means of preparing students of SES for

rescue operations during flood in highland. 3. To develop and experimentally verify the effectiveness of methods of

preparing students to conduct rescue operations during emergencies simulations on a training base.

Results of the research. One of the peculiarities of hydrological regime in highlands is fast precipitation of runoff from the surface into rivers and, in comparison with a flat terrain, fast moving water along the channels. In the highlands because of rain the water level rise may reach several meters per hour.

Critical parameter values of break wave, which may lead to mass death of people and animals trapped in flood area, are flow depth over 1.5 m and a flow rate of 1.5 m∙s-1. Hazardous water flow parameters, which likely cause to deaths and severe injury to persons, are flow depth greater than 1.0 m and a flow rate equal to 0.7 m∙s-1 or more. For flood at a flow rate of less than 0.7 m∙s-1 critical parameter flow, which can lead to loss of life, is flow depth of 1.5 m [3].

The main parameters of safe stay in the water is water temperature, time of stay in the water and presence of special equipment. Features functioning of the human body in the water which depend on temperature characteristics, are shown in (tab.).

Human survival time in water [3]

Water temperature, °С Duration of survival, h in the lifejacket in usual clothes

+15 … 20 to 12 to 5–6 +10 … 15 6 2–3 +4 … 10 3 0,5–1 +2 … 4 1,5 10–15 min

below +2 less than 45 min 2–3 minutes Rescue work in conditions of flood and flash floods include finding victims;

rescuers access to the victims and their salvation, rendering first aid to victims; evacuation of victims from the danger zone [1; 2].

When to moor floating means directly to the location of the victims is impossible, it is anchored or moored as close as possible to location of the people. Carrying victims may include wading as well as carrying on a stretcher, on the shoulders, on the back or arms by one or two rescuers. Also, when carrying it is necessary to consider factors such as water temperature and water flow rate. Livelihoods of rescuers at low water temperature can be maintained by special outfit, but effective action at constant lateral or frontal pressure water flow can be slowed and can be overcome in condition of a certain level of fitness and certain skills.

From the provided information, we can conclude that on of the distinguishing factors of floods in mountainous areas are high-speed and temperature of the water flow. Due to the features of terrain it can be difficult for special equipment to reach


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the area. Fire-applied sports and physical training of cadets do not provide the acquisition of necessary skills for effective during flood in highland.

Implementation of the training of cadets of SES directly in mountainous terrain is limited by certain institutional and economic factors. However, through simulation we can create a training base conditions that model elements of floods in mountainous areas (speed and direction of water flow, temperature, etc.) which are necessary for improvement of the training process of students of SES of Ukraine.

For research the pool which could modify and control such parameters as temperature, water level and water flow rate was used. This creates certain conditions of simulating various emergencies during rescue operations in floods in mountainous terrain.

For the experiment several groups in an amount of 10 people with different levels of knowledge and experience was set up. The first (Gr. 1) and second (Gr. 2) group consisted of students of the University, the third (Gr. 3) – of Officers of SES.

The first group had a standard physical training. The second group was trained in a specially designed pool (length of 26.5 m and a width of 8.5 m), in which the students practiced carrying victims by the above-mentioned methods. In training process frontal and cross-current in the pool was simulated. The crossing was carried out at a depth of water flow – 1 meter. Water flow rate varied from 0.7 to 1.0 m∙s-1. The third group was created just before the final (test) part of the experiment and consists of officers of SES with practical experience of rescue operations.

At the end of the training cycle between the three groups competition was carried in transporting victims by various methods. Competitions were held in a specially designed pool. Introductory tasks were the same for all groups. According to the results of the competition the students of Gr. 2 performed a test task in the minimum time. Runtime test task cadets of Gr. is 27% higher than the result of cadets Gr. 2. And officers (Gr. 3) completed the learning task for the time that was 10% higher than the corresponding figure of cadets Gr. 2.

We can assume that rescuers on the base of learned lessons and applying simulation conditions of rescue operations in the training process will be able to improve their special skills.

Conclusions: 1. The peculiarities of hydrological regime of highlands include fast

precipitation of runoff from the surface into rivers, and in comparison with the level terrain, fast moving water along the channels.

2. Rescue work in conditions of floods and flash floods in highlands, compared with flat terrain, are usually at an elevated rate of water flow and the inability for approach of special equipment.

3. Inclusion in the training process of students of SES model conditions conduct rescue operations during floods in mountainous areas significantly improved their special physical fitness, professional skills.

The prospect of further research related to the improvement of training of cadets and rescuers of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine using simulation


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conditions for the practice of their professional activities in various emergency situations.

References: 1. Kudryashov B. G. Entsiklopediya Vyzhivaniya. Odin na odin s prirodoy [Encyclopedia

of Survival. One on One with nature], Krasnodar, 1996, 321 p. (rus) 2. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the Law of 14.12.1999 № 1281-XIV (Revision as of

01.07.2013). – Mode of access : http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1281-14. (ukr) 3. Fedyanin V. I. Organizatsiya i vedeniye avariyno-spasatelnykh i drugikh neotlozhnykh

rabot pri likvidatsii chrezvychaynykh situatsiy prirodnogo kharaktera [The organization and conduct of rescue and other emergency operations during emergency situations of natural character], Voronezh, 2006, vol. 1, 469 p. – Mode of access : http://www.pandia.ru/text/77/135/254.php. (rus)

4. Pozharno-prikladnoy sport v Natsionalnom universitete grazhdanskoy zashchity Ukrainy. Korotkiy ekskurs [Fire-Applied Sport at the National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine. A short digression]. – Mode of access : Ofіtsіyniy sayt Natsіonalnogo universitetu tsivіlnogo zakhistu Ukraini : http://nuczu.edu.ua/ukr/news/?id=828. (rus)

5. Ukraine snova grozit bolshoy potop [Ukraine again faces a big flood], 2010. – Mode of access : http://jankoy.org.ua/page.php?id=4677. (rus)

6. V Zapadnoy Ukraine nachalis pavodki [In Western Ukraine, began flooding] : video. – Mode of access : http://korrespondent.net/video/ukraine/1540382-v-zapadnoj-ukraine-nachalis-pavodki. (rus)

7. Dunayevskiy Ye. A., Zhbanov A. V. Spasaniye na more [Rescue at Sea], Moscow, 1991, 144 p. (rus)

8. Kulakov S. V. Senchikhіn Yu. M. Organіzatsіya avarіyno-ryatuvalnikh robіt na vodі [The organization of rescue operations on water], Kharkіv, 2005, 63 p. (ukr)

_______________________________________________________________ Vladimir Ashanin, PhD (Mathematics and Physics), Associate Professor;

[email protected]; Kharkiv State Academy of PhysicalCulture: Klochkivskaya str. 99, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine.

Alexander Baybak, [email protected]; National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine: Chernishevskaya str., 94, Kharkov, 61023, Ukraine.

Irina Baybak, [email protected]; National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine: Chernishevskaya str., 94, Kharkov, 61023, Ukraine.

Margarita Shishkina, [email protected]; Kharkiv secondary school number 143: Timurovtsev, 21-A, Kharkov, 61170.

__________________ Received: 10.09.2013. Published: 31.10.2013.


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UDC 796.13.001.16/796.015.28

Lutsenko L., PhD (Physical Education and Sport), Associate Professor Bodrenkova I. The National University "Yaroslav the Wise Law Academy of Ukraine"

DETERMINING THE LEVEL OF COORDINATION ABILITIES

ATHLETES СHEERLEADERS AT THE STAGE OF BASIC SPECIALIST TRAINING

Abstract. Designed author's method of coordination abilities, which include:

control of the training process developed by regulatory requirements, the rational choice of means and methods of training effects in terms of their similarities and differences with the target competitive activity in relation to the training of athletes which to build a cheerleader. The study involved 28 athletes aged 16–18 years. Found that the lessons of the author's method resulted in a significant improvement of performance: coordination and musicality, the ability to navigate the space, the ability to maintain balance and the ability to control the temporal and spatial scales.

Keywords: coordination abilities, athletes, cheerleaders, method of coordination abilities.

Introduction. Improving the training of athletes is impossible without new

approaches and methodological decisions in the organization of the training process, and the use of the latest achievements of sports science in the practical work of trainers [11; 12].

Currently in Ukraine created a lot of cheerleaders teams and some of them show quite good results. However researches, methodological recommendations relating to the training of athlete-cheerleaders, there are a limited amount. The absence of the necessary methodological and specialized literature on cheerleading limits the proper organization of the work-out sessions, rational construction of training sessions and determination of its optimal content and focus [1; 5; 7]. For more effective carrying out of the training process modern sources and methods of teaching specific techniques and exercises for upgrading certain physical quality inherent exactly this kind of sport should be used [1; 4; 14].

In cheerleading coordination abilities of athletes are very important [1; 7; 15], because it is impossible to perform easily and musically, rhythmically and simultaneously fast and complex movements with hands, legs, body and head without good coordination, high accuracy movements and the ability to maintain balance.

Connection with scientific agenda, plans and themes. Research was carried out in accordance with the theme of Consolidated Plan of research work in the area of physical culture and sports MES of Ukraine for 2006–2011 under the theme 2.2.4 «Improving the control mechanisms of athletic skills of athletes (state registration number 0106U011986).

__________________________ ©Lutsenko L., Bodrenkova I., 2013


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Goal of research: develop and substantiate methods of coordination abilities of athlete-cheerleaders.

Research tasks: 1. Apprise the coordination abilities level of athlete-cheerleaders. 2. Make a comparative analysis the results obtained. Materials and methods of research. Researches were carried on the basis of

The National University "Yaroslav the Wise Law Academy of Ukraine". In the experimental part were involved 28 athletes (16–18 years old) – the candidates and members of the cheerleading team of NU "YWLAU".

For resolution of task we used a set of scientific research methods: pedagogical research methods (analysis and compilation of scientifical-methodical literature, pedagogical supervising, pedagogical testing); methods of mathematical statistics.

Results of research. In the training process of cheerleaders was gustationed author's technique [6]. We used a systematic approach to the use of training facilities, apprised level of development of coordination abilities and a comparative analysis of the obtained results of athletes of basic and control groups. In aggregatory training process has been sustained continiously increasing dynamics of training loads, used generaly-preparative facilities, which amounted 21.6% of all training facilities, special physical training – 35.5% (special exercises structurally close to the basic athletic skills necessary in the performance of competitive compositions; complexes of lead exercises for the technical elements of cheerleading; has been pointed substantive training; were used facilities of acrobatics and choreography).

At the beginning and end of the experiment basic and control groups were tested. We apprised the coordination abilities level of athlete-cheerleaders.

Choosing tests to appraise the coordination abilities of athletes we have realized on the basis of the analysis of the dominant moving mode and the competitive exercise and specific of cheerleading, age peculiarities of tested athletes postulating of the competition rules, database of earlier studies in complex coordinated sports (artistic and rhythmic gymnastics, acrobatics, sport aerobics, etc.) taking into account the generally accepted tests [6; 13]. Next test items were suggested:

1. Shuttle run 4х9 m (s); 2. Shuttle run with the change of traction 4х9 m (s); 3. Turning leap (points); 4. Throwing pompoms, turn to 360о and catching pompoms (points); 5. «Flamingo» (s); 6. Maintaining a balance after turnings (s); 7. The combination of movements with hands, body, legs (points); 8. Two forward rolls, turning leap on 360о (points); 9. Chееrdance rhythmic movement (points). The results of testing the coordination abilities of athlete-cheerleaders are

shown in tab. 1.


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Table 1 Indicators of the level of coordination abilities development

of athlete-cheerleaders (n=14), ( X ±σ) № Name of test

CG BG OD FD OD FD

The ability to manage spatial and temporal characteristics 1 Shuttle run 4х9 m (s) 11,3±0,5 11,1±0,3 10,9±0,2 10,7±0,1 2 Shuttle run with the change of

traction 4х9 m (s) 11,7±0,9 11,6±0,7 11,5±0,5 11,3±0,2 The ability to orient the space

3 Turning leap (points) 4,9±0,6 5,1±0,5 3,9±0,3 4,3±0,2

4 Throwing pompoms, turn to 360о and catching pompoms (points)

4,1±0,7 4,4±0,4 4,0±0,2 4,5±0,1

The ability to maintain balance 5 «Flamingo» (s) 24,3±1,2 27,6±0,8 29,5±0,5 32,7±0,3 6 Maintaining a balance after

turnings (s) 4,3±1,6 4,7±1,1 4,0±0,7 4,7±0,5

Coordination of movement and musicality

7 The combination of movements with hands, body, legs (points)

5,4±2,3 6,3±2,1 6,9±1,9 7,7±1,5

8 Two forward rolls, turning leap on 360о (points) 3,5±1,9 4,1±1,6 3,4±0,9 4,5±0,6

9 Chееrdance rhythmic movements (points) 4,9±0,9 5,6±0,8 6,7±0,6 7,9±0,4

Note. CG – control group, BG – basic group, OD – original data FD – final data. The results indicate that in both groups, seen an increase of coordination

abilities indicators. However, the most significant changes have occurred in the basic group.

Analysis of the data allows to assert that implementation of the author's experimental technique in practice work-out process shows that athletes cheerleaders involved in the author's method, reached a higher level of coordination abilities that effectively influence on learning and improving technical elements of cheerleading. Fig. 1 shows the changes of coordination abilities of the groups.

The comparative analysis of coordination abilities indicators of cheerleaders of basic and control groups shows the variability of indicators that clearly indicates a complex athletic skills of cheerleading and the importance of coordination abilities. The actual proof of this is to increase the level of indicators in both groups. However, the most significant increase of indicators was observed in the basic group. The largest increase in the control and experimental groups was observed in indicators of test items №8 and №9 characterizing co-ordination and musicality cheerleader (17% and 15.1%, in accordance). This dynamics is explained by the fact that the sense of rhythm and coordination as the ability to accurately reproduce and purposefully change speed and power and space-time parameters of movements largely appraise the level of athletic achievement in cheerleading.


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Fig. 1. Changing the of indicators of coordination abilities of athletes,

cheerleaders on the stage of the specialized basic training Revealed significant speed of accession in the basic group of athletes in

indicators № 3 and № 4 (the ability to orient in space) of 9.3% and 16.6%, in accordance. This may be due to the specifics of cheerleading – because these abilities are manifested when the technical elements of the sport.

To appraise the ability to maintain balance used test items № 5 and № 6. Significant changes have occurred in the indicator № 6 (maintaining a balance after turnings) – 8.5%. This is due to the fact that the ability to maintain balance cheerleading manifested in various positions of a body in static and dynamic conditions in occurrence of support and without support.

The ability to manage spatial and temporal characteristics (tests № 1 and № 2) changed by 1.9% and 6%, in accordance.

During research there was a decrease of time to overcome the distance of 4x9 m (shuttle run with the change of traction) from a 11.5 to 11.3 s, which was 6% of accession.

The results suggest the rational use of training facilities and methods organically and correctly inscribed in a general training process of cheerleader. It is proved that the author developed a technique contributes to effective development of coordination abilities of athlete-cheerleaders.

Conclusions. Appraised the level of coordination abilities development. It is established that coordination abilities are necessary in the development of speed, density, and the number of performed techniques that place ever increasing demands on the physical fit of a cheerleaders.

In basic and control group of cheerleaders observed improvement of indicators in the coordination and musicality, the ability to orient the space, the ability to maintain balance and the ability to control the spatial and temporal characteristics.

Comparative analysis of the coordination abilities of the athletes in both groups showed that in terms of all the enquired parameters of athletes of basic group revealed an advantage circumstantial to the control group.

CG BG

1

3

5

7

9

0,00%2,00%4,00% 6,00%8,00%

10,00%12,00%14,00%16,00%18,00%

Accession,%

indicators of coordination

abilities

123456789

Shuttle run 4х9 m (s) Shuttle run with the change of traction 4х9 m (s)

Turning leapThrowing pompoms, turn to 360о and catching pompoms

«Flamingo»

Maintaining a balance after turningsThe combination of movements with hands, body, legs

Two forward rolls, turning leap on 360о

Chееrdance rhythmic movement


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Developed author's method of coordination abilities include: control of the training process on elaborated regulatory requirements, the rational choice of facilities and methods of training leverage in aspect of their similarities and differences with the target competitive activity in accordance to it the training of athlete-cheerleaders is built.

Prospects for further research would be done in the direction of studying the peculiarities of coordination abilities of skilled cheerleaders at the stage of sports perfection.

References: 1. Bolyak A. A., Krikun Yu. Yu., Aukshtіkalnіs Ye. I. Cherlіdeng. Pravila

zmagan [Cheerleading. Rules of Competitions], Kyiv, 2005, 82 p. (ukr) 2. Verkhoshanskiy Yu. V. Nauka v olimpiyskom sporte [Science in Olympic sports], 1998,

vol. 3, pp. 8–12. (rus) 3. Denisova L. V., Khmelnitskaya I. V., Kharchenko L. A. Izmereniya i metody

matematicheskoy statistiki v fizicheskom vospitanii i sporte [Measurement and statistical methods in physical education and sport], Kyiv, 2008, 127 p. (rus)

4. Zatsiorskiy V. M. Fizicheskiye kachestva sportsmena [The physical quality of sportsman], Moscow, 2009, 200 p. (rus)

5. I. A. Zinchenko, L. S. Lutsenko, A. A. Bolyak. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2010, vol. 2, pp. 52–55. (rus)

6. Zinchenko I. A. Pedagogіka, psikhologіya ta mediko-biolіchnі problemi fіzichnogo vikhovannya і sportu [Pedagogy, Psychology and health problems biolichni Physical Education and Sport], Kharkіv, 2009, vol. 3, pp. 52–55. (rus)

7. Krikun Yu. Yu. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2009, vol. 2, pp. 72–75. (ukr)

8. Kuzmin V. A., Kuzmina L. I. Fizicheskaya kultura v shkole [Physical education in schools], 1990, vol. 9, pp. 29. (rus)

9. Lyakh V. I. Fizicheskaya kultura v shkole [Physical education in schools], 2010, vol. 2, pp. 7–14. (rus)

10. Nazarenko L. D. Teoriya i praktika Fiz. Kultury [Theory and practice of physical culture], Moscow, 2003, 259 p. (rus)

11. Ozolin N. G. Nauka pobezhdat [Science of Winning], Moscow, 2006, 863 s. (rus) 12. Platonov V. N. Sistema podgotovki sportsmenov v olimpiyskom sporte [The system of

training sportsmen in Olympic sports], Kyiv, 2004, 808 p. (rus) 13. Sergienko L. P. Kompleksne testuvannya rukhovikh zdіbnostey lyudini [Comprehensive

testing of motor human abilities], Mykolaiv, 2001, 360 p. (ukr) 14. Coaching Youth Cheerleading (Coaching Youth Sports Series) by ASEP. – Human

Kinetics, 2009. – 152 p. 15. Pom Headridge. Developing A Successful Cheerleading Program (Developing a

Successful Program) / Pom Headridge, Nancy Garr. – Coaches Choice Books, 2004. – 124 p.

_______________________________________________________________ Larisa Lutsenko, PhD, Associate Professor; [email protected]; The National

University «Yaroslav the Wise Law Academy of Ukraine»: Pushkinskaya 77, Kharkov, 61024, Ukraine.

Inna Bodrenkova, [email protected]; The National University «Yaroslav the Wise Law Academy of Ukraine»: Pushkinskaya 77, Kharkov, 61024, Ukraine.



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UDC 796.894:796.015.31.001.4

Dzhym V. Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture Dorofeeva T. I., PhD (Physical Education and Sport), Assosiate Professor Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University

THE FEEDING HABITS OF BODYBUILDERS IN THE

PREPARATORY PERIOD OF TRAINING Abstract. The purpose – is examining structure food athletes bodybuilders in

the preparatory period and its impact on performance. Characteristic features bodybuilders diet for maximum muscle relief and to improve the quality, separation and definition of muscles. The comparative characteristics of the most commonly used in diets bodybuilding. The observed and proved the optimal diet for athletes bodybuilders, depending on the initial shape bodybuilder in the early base period training. We give weight dependence of the athlete on the amount of carbohydrates used, as well as advice on maintaining weight lifter by using the proposed diet. Based on the study the author proposed an optimal diet plan based on microcycle training in the preparatory period and is recommended for this low-fat, high-protein diet.

Keywords: bodybuilding, high-protein diet, metabolism, proteins, relief, separation, definition, competition.

Introduction. Bodybuilding – is one of the sports where eating habits

determine the level of preparation and success of an athlete [1; 2]. The most important during preparation for bodybuilding competitions is nutrition of athletes because at this stage it is necessary to achieve maximum muscle relief [3; 4]. A number of famous national experts in the field of physical culture and sport such as: V. G. Oleshko, V. F. Pylypko, V. V. Ovseyenko, A. I. Stecenko, G. P. Vinogradov, V. D. Zverev dealt with this problem [5–9]. But research methods bodybuilder nutrition during preparation for a competition held mostly by foreign trainer-researchers. So, Joe Weider recommended to reduce dietary calories for 20%. In this approach, the athlete loses 1–2 pounds every week. Ben Weider – the leading Trainer of Professional Division, recommended during preparing to determine the intensity of athlete metabolism. If an athlete has fast metabolism then his weight in pounds should be multiplied by 20, if the average – by 15, if slow – by 12. Thus defined energy value of the diet in the early stages of preparation. Based on the total calories, the proportion of fixed macronutrients is 50% carbohydrate, 30% protein and 20% fat. During the preparation required calories transformation is performed, according to the tasks of training [10; 11].

However till now in the national sport there are no scientifically grounded methods of nutrition during preparation for competition. So coaches and athletes have

__________________________ © Dzhym V., Dorofeeva T. I., 2013


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to gain experience by trial and error method. The increased demands of bodybuilders in scientifically grounded method of nutrition during the preparations requires an examination of the problem and develop effective principles of diet. One of the most promising areas in the solution of these problems is the use of specialized sports nutrition. Using of sport nutrition in sports allows you to create diet of an athlete reasonable proportion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. This allows you to achieve optimal relief of muscle, with minimal losses of its volume. In preparation for competition athletes, being in terms of relatively low-calorie diet and highly intense workouts need supplementation of vitamins and minerals. [12–14].

In bodybuilding training period continues 2–3 months, depending on the initial form of a particular athlete. Usually, this period is divided into 8–12 microcycles lasting 7–10 days. At the end of each microcycle form of athlete is evaluated by trainer and alterations to the process of training and nutrition plan are made. The coach evaluates features of somatotype of athlete (proportion, amount of subcutaneous fat, muscle volume, etc.). As the main criterion of preparation serves weight of athlete. During this period, you can see the weak points of athlete, which in base period were invisible due to subcutaneous fat. When the percentage of fat in athlete’s body reaches 10–12%, imbalances in muscle development become more visible and need additional attention and changes in training programs [15].

Connection of work with academic programs, plans, themes. Scientific research done on the topic of the Consolidated Plan of scientific research in the field of Physical Education and Sports MES of Ukraine for 2011–2015 on the topic 3.7 "Methodological and organizational- methodological basis for determining the individual standards of physical condition of human" (state registration number 0111U000192).

Goal of research: substantiation of a diet during the preparation of athletes for competition of bodybuilders considering the dynamics of the proportion of subcutaneous fat to achieve maximum relief.

Matter and methods of research. Members of the national team of Poltava region took part in this research. The experiment involved 6 bodybuilders aged 20–32 years two of them – master of sports, three – CMS and one – athlete of 1st degree. The participants were divided into two groups according to athletic skills in such a way. The first group consisted of 1 Master of Sports, 1 CMS and 1 athlete of 1st degree, the second – 1 master of sport, 2 CMS.

Methods of research: main nutrition research method was keeping a nutrition diary, in which participants fixed what foods and how much was eaten. Further determination of basic nutrients (protein, fat and carbohydrate) and energy value of nutrition carried with calculation method using the official reference tables of food chemical composition. For measurements of percentage of water, muscle and fat used gear (body mass analyzer) «Tanita BF-350» China production. Measurements were carried out before the research and daily on an empty stomach in the morning, after using the toilet, according to a unified method of anthropometric studies. Research results processed using parametric and nonparametric methods of analysis in electronic applications Excel.


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Results of research. Before the start of experiment was conducted testing with initial body fat ratio to its weight. Based on the total resistances mass analyzer calculated the percentage of water, muscle and fat (weight in base period) (tab. 1).

Table 1

Weight, percentage of fat, thickness of subcutaneous fold in the base and competitive period athletes of EG1 and EG2

Experiment participants Category

The percentage of fat in the

base period, %

The percentage of fat in the competitive period, %

The weight in the base period, kg

The weight in the competitive period, kg

ЕG1 1 МS 19 14 107 95 2 1st degree 20 18 113 96 3 CМS 16,5 17 100 87

ЕG2 4 МS 18 6 97 90 5 CМS 21 7 100 85 6 CМS 17,5 7 90 79 Experiment participants trained 6 times a week. Athletes of the 1st experimental

group (EG1) reduced caloric ration by carbohydrates, and athletes of the 2nd experimental group (EG2) – reduced by fat. Amount of protein in ration of both groups was similar and gradually increased from 1.5 g/kg to 2.3 g/kg during the training period. Due to the decrease in caloric nutrition for the prevention of loss of muscle volume of athletes Dietary supplements were added to the ration – Whey Protein (Whey Isolate of Pharma First company, the country of origin – USA, certified by the State sanitary and epidemiological expertise №05.03.02-03/112046 from 15/11/2012).

With decreasing caloric of ration, while increased amount of protein, thereby decreasing muscle catabolism and carried prevention loss of muscle volumes. As a dietary admixture used whey protein (Whey Isolate of Pharma First company, the country of origin – USA, certified by the State sanitary and epidemiological expertise №05.03.02-03/112046 from 15/11/2012). Adding 40–60 g of admixture allowed in a lack of carbohydrates using it as an energy source rather than plastic material for muscles.

Dynamics of proteins and carbohydrates in the ration of athletes during the preparatory period EG1 are shown in Fig.1. From 1 to 8 microcycle (week) of carbohydrates gradually reduced, then formed the so-called "plateau" (8–10 microcycle), and after 10 – carbohydrates gradually increased. However, the amount of protein in the ration maintained at a stable level: 1–5 weeks – 150–200 g, 5–12 – in the range of 200–300 g.


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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Amount of carbohydrates, g

Amount of proteins, g

Mass, g

microcycles

Fig. 1. Dynamics of proteins and carbohydrates of athletes in EG1 for microcycles (weeks of training)

During the first microcycle athletes of EG1 used 5–6 g of carbohydrates per

pound of body weight. In the second and third microcycles carbohydrates decreased to 100 g and the beginning of the fourth microcycle was 3.5 g/kg. From the fourth to sixth microcycle carbohydrates reduced to 2 g/kg body weight of athlete. From the eighth to the eleventh microcycle athletes consumed about 100 grams of carbohydrates per day. Last twelfth microcycle characterized by a sharp increase in carbohydrates to 600–700 grams per day, and moderate consumption of protein. Thus bodybuilder restores glycogen in the liver and muscles, the muscles increase their volume by water, which interlinks to carbohydrates, and 1 gram of carbohydrates in the body retains approximately 4 grams of water. If in the last microcycle immediately start taking the usual amount of carbohydrates, there is a water overload: there are oedema, headache, increased arterial pressure, etc. The people of the overwrought nervous system can appear a general excitement, sometimes turns into aggression, insomnia. So in the last microcycle should be very careful. In the early days carbohydrates are taken in small portions in the next days, their amount gradually increased. And so on until it reaches normal values. This method helps athletes achieve the peak of form on the day of the competition look bulky muscles, at the expense of the athlete becomes more visually relief.

The disproportion of the ration of athletes associated with high consumption of protein and carbohydrates, increases the probability motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. For its prevention in the ration foods high in fiber and dietary fiber should be included. The most favorable dishes are salads of raw vegetables (cabbage, beets, tomatoes, bell peppers).

The daily ration should contain enough (at least 50–60 grams) of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats and triglycerides of medium chain length, increase in the proportion which is possible due to the use of dietary supplements MCT firm of Pharma First country producer the USA certified by the State Sanitary-Epidemiological Expertise № 05.03.02-03/112046 from 15.11.2012. It helps the body


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to change faster mode of energy supply by ketone bodies. Also, low level of fat, low facilitates the synthesis of androgenic hormones, which in turn reduces the amount of muscles and strength. Reducing the proportion polysaturated fatty acids in the ration have a negative impact on the membrane, improves the likelihood of intensification of free radical oxidation.

Approximate list of products that were used during the day and its calorie content in this group. The average results are taken:

chicken – 1 kg/day or Saltwater fish up to 1 kg/day or low-fat beef 1 kg/day;

chicken proteins – 25–30 pcs/day; whole eggs – 2 pcs/day; steamed rice 150 g/day; cabbage salad 200 g/day; Protein and amino acids up to 50 g/day; BCAA amino acids and 20 g/day (of Pharma First firm country producer

the USA certified by the State Epidemiological Inspection № 05.03.02-03/112046 from 15.11.2012). Estimated Energy value of the ration is 1500–1700 kcal.

The disadvantages of this diet include gradually decrease in efficiency and increased concentration of ketone bodies in the blood of athletes that shifts the acid-base balance towards acidification and increases the probability of disorders of homeostasis. Therefore, it becomes urgent to ensure the necessary rehabilitation measures after participating in competitions of athletes who used this ration.

In EG2 ration was constructed to decrease the proportion of fat from the gradual increase in the use of proteins. Dynamics of the content of proteins and fats in the ration of athletes are shown in Fig. 2. From 1 microcycle (week) protein content gradually increased from 150 g to 220 g at the end of the research. However, the level of fat progressively decreased from 150 g in the first microcycle to 20 g at the end of the research.

Fig. 2. Dynamics of protein and fat in the ration of athletes EG2 for microcycles

(week of training)

0

50

100

150

200

250

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Amount of fat,g

Mass, g

microcycle

Amount of proteins, g


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In the 2nd experimental group reduced caloric ration by fat, so that the proportion of major nutrients was 10% fat, 20–25% protein and 50–55% carbohydrate. By increasing the proportion of carbohydrates is achieved by reducing the sensation of hunger of athletes achieved by eating complex carbohydrates and foods that contain them, such as cereals, potatoes, beans, and many fruits and vegetables. Energy value is 1500 kcal of the ration, thus achieving a steady weight loss of about 1–1.5 pounds per week. The benefits of this diet are that bodybuilders practically do not lose power and intensity of training is not reduced.

The average set of foods that used by athletes EG2, included: cereal porridges (rice, buckwheat, oatmeal, etc.) about 500 g; meat with low fat content 500 g; fruits and vegetables 200 g; fat dairy products 200–400 g; amount of simple carbohydrates, including sugar, was approximately

150 g/day. As a result of training athletes of EG1 faced with significant losses in muscle

mass (see tab. 1.), The muscles of the athletes looked flat and no relief. Weight Loss due to fat was approximately (5.7 kg), due to muscle mass – about (7–9 kg), a small part of the expense of bone minerals (0.5–0.8 kg).

In the group EG2 there was a decrease percentage of body fat by 6–7%, which is close to the minimum possible for humans. Bodybuilders of this group look more "dry" reached a maximum relief of muscles with little or no loss of muscle mass. Large muscle groups, such as the thigh muscles, back, and shoulder girdle were deep and clear separation between the fascicles. Separate muscular fascicles were characterized by distinct separation and volume. As you can see (see tab. 1.), An average for 12 weeks athletes EG2 reduced the weight by 7–15 kg, most of which are from fat (about 11 kg), part due to muscle and water (1.5–2,5 kg), a small part of the expense of bone minerals (0.3-0.5 kg).

Conclusions: 1. In preparation for the competition bodybuilders primary attention should be

paid to improving the quality of separation and definition of muscles. To enhance the effectiveness of training is recommended to use low-fat, high-protein diet. Subject to this diet is recommended to gradually reduce the amount of fat in the nutrition, if the weight isn’t changing, about 20 g/day.

2. If you decrease in body weight is necessary to stabilize the used amount of fat to stop the loss of mass. In the case of reducing weight more than 2 kg/week recommended increasing the use of fat in the diet within 50 grams per day.

3. The research found that low-carbohydrate diet for bodybuilding is not justified due to significant losses in muscle mass. Also, athletes who have used this diet do not reach such level of relief muscles as athletes that used low-fat diet.

Further research should include the justification and development of ration designed to recover to after competitive time, elimination of metabolic disorders that result from the use of specialized nutrition focus to build muscle.


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Reference: 1. Borisova O. O. Pitaniye sportsmenov: zarubezhnyy opyt i prakticheskiye rekomendatsii

[Nutrition of athletes: international experience and practical recommendations], Moscow, 2007, 132p. (rus)

2. Van Sinna, Dzhim V. Yu. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2010, vol. 3, pp. 86–88. (rus)

3. Golberg N. D., Dondukovskaya R. R. Pitaniye yunykh sportsmenov [Nutrition of young athletes], Moscow, 2007, 240 p. (rus)

4. Kleyner C. Sportivnoye pitaniye pobediteley : per. s angl. T. Platonovoy [Sports nutrition of winners : translation from English], Moscow, 2010, 384 p (Library Men’s Health). (rus)

5. Oleshko V. G. Silovyye vidy sporta [Endurance Sports], Kyiv, 1999, 287 p. (rus) 6. Pilat T. L., Ivanov A. A. Biologicheski aktivnyye dobavki k pishche [Biologically active

food supplements], Moscow, 2002, 710 p. (rus) 7. Pshendin A. I. Ratsionalnoye pitaniye [Balanced diet of athletes],Saint Petersburg, 2002,

160 p. (rus) 8. Rozemblyum K. A. Pitaniye sportsmenov [Nutrition of athletes], Kyiv, 2006, 536 p.

(rus) 9. Gishchak T. V., Gorchakova N. A., Gunina L. M., Oleynik S. A., Guninoy L. M.

Sportivnaya farmakologiya i diyetologiya [Sports pharmacology and Diet], Moscow, 2008, 256 p. (rus)

10. Kleiner S. M. Nutrional status of nationally ranked elite bodybuilders / S. M. Kleiner, T. L. Bazzarre, B. E. Ainsworth // International Journal of Sport Nutrition. – 1994. – № 4. – P. 54–69.

11. Steen S. N. Precontest strategies of a mail bodybuilder / S. N. Steen // International Journal of Sport Nutrition. – 1991. – № 1. – P. 69–78.

_______________________________________________________________ Viktor Dzhym, [email protected]; Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture:

Klochkovskaya 99, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine. Tatyana Dorofeeva, aghyppo@yandex .ua, PhD (Physical Education and Sport), Assosiate

Professor; G. S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University: Artema Str. 29, Kharkov, 61168, Ukraine.



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UDC 796.034-05:796.7+797.5

Dolbysheva N., PhD (Physical Education and Sport), Assosiate Professor Kolesnik I., PhD (Physical Education and Sport) Gladenko M. Dnepropetrovsk State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport

SPORTING-TECHNICAL AND APPLIED TYPES OF SPORT AS

COMPONENT PART OF NONOLYMPIC TYPES OF SPORT IN UKRAINE

Abstract. Historical aspects of the origin, formation and development of sport technical and applied sports. The significance of non-Olympic sports in the international sports movement to form a harmoniously developed personality. The features of a sport that is cultivated on the territory of Ukraine. The data on the occurrence of sports federations on sports applied kinds of sports in our state. A brief features of the most common sports- technical sports that develop in Ukraine is presented.

Keywords: nonolympic sport, professional-applied sport, federation, aviation sport, multi-event, history.

Introduction. At present, one of the trends of the development of sports is to

increase the number of its kinds and individual sports disciplines, which contributed to the emergence and formation of a new trend – non-Olympic sports. This is due to the requirements in the new spectacular, attractive kinds of sports or improve existing sports complex. Formation of some of them was made possible by upgrading the previously formed kinds, mutual influence and mutual enrichment of different sports disciplines, scientific and technical progress. By mass entertainment and the majority of non-Olympic sports are not inferior to the Olympic ones and can be quite popular, and the athletes who, through their daily work to glorify the country deserve the same recognition and support as Olympians. In addition, the views of the non-Olympic amateur sport are engaged in hundreds of thousands of people, so their promotion and development will invariably contribute to the formation and adoption of healthy lifestyles among different age groups but especially young people [2; 8].

One of the components of non-Olympic sports in Ukraine are a sports technical and applied sports. Throughout the world, they are one of the most prestigious and most spectacular, and our country is no exception [2; 5; 10]. According to the authors [2; 3; 8] sports technical and applied sports – is a general name of sports that combine general physical and technical training of athletes and are of particular practical importance.

At the same time, one can not but note the extremely poor the state’s attention to sports, technology and applied sports. The lack of the state provision leads to the gradual disappearance of expensive for the maintenance and development of sports such as air sports, skydiving, auto and motorsport.

__________________________ ©Dolbysheva N., Kolesnik I., Gladenko M., 2013


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A serious problem is the almost complete absence of sound scientific guidelines relating to the preparation of athletes, lack of highly skilled professionals, lack of equipment, lack of funding and sponsorship. This is linked to the insufficient number of publications devoted to sports, technology and applied sports, therefore, in our opinion the chosen topic is quite timely and urgent.

Article is made up in accordance with the»Consolidated Plan for 2011–2015 research.»Threads within 2.6»Theoretical and methodological basis of process improvement training and competitive activities within the long-term training of athletes."

Objective: To identify the main aspects of the formation of sports, technical and applied sports in the non-Olympic movement in Ukraine and in the world.

To achieve the objective of the following methods : analysis of scientific literature; analysis of documentary materials and media, the method of historical analysis.

Results of the research. Intensive development of sport as a social sphere began in the mid-nineteenth century. Thus, the analysis of historical data shows that the development of technology in the mid-nineteenth century, improving logistics and sports equipment predestined emergence of new sports. Federations were established in technical sports, competitions at the international level. [2] One of the first federations in technical sports was the International Federation of Automobile Sports, founded in 1904, and in 1912 was established and recognized by the International Federation of Motorcycling [3; 8; 10].

In accordance with the Law of Ukraine»On the physical culture and sport»Order of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Sports»On the recognition of sports in Ukraine» 22 February 2001 was prodused a list of sports and technical and applied sports that are cultivated in the Ukraine, namely sport model aircraft, motor sport, multi-discipline sport for bodyguards, helicopter sports, military combined sport, water- motor sport, pigeon sport, hang gliding sports, racing, aircraft sport, marina sport, motorcycling, motoball, parachuting, paragliding sports, gliding, aeronautic sports, fire-applied sport, missile model sports, radio sport, sport with dogs, sport ultralight aircraft, sport ship modeling [5; 6].

In our country, aircraft sport model has a long tradition. The first models were built before 1917, but as a sport, it began to develop in the next decade. In 1926, the Ukrainian athletes for the first time took part in the All-Union competition of model aircraft in Moscow. In the 50-es. International Aeronautical Federation (FAІ) has established technical requirements for aircraft models, as well as clear rules for the organization and holding the competitions. Since 1953, Sport model aircraft joins the Unified Sports Classification of the USSR and became a full member of sports activities [2].

In Europe, the auto model sport appeared in the 40s. Of the twentieth century, and it was originated in the Soviet Union in 1956, when the Central Laboratory automodelism was founded. In 1963, the auto model sport was included to the –Union Sports Classification. Supervised auto model sport was Federation of Sports,


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which since 1968 became the European federation of auto model sport (FEMA) [1; 3; 4].

In Ukraine, near the top officials known heads of the banks, leading enterprises and organizations are people a special profession – bodyguards. The desire of professionals to improve their professional skills contributed to the emergence of applied sport – multi-discipline sport for bodyguard. In 2001, a new sport has been registered at the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine and entered into a single sports classification, in the same year it was approved by the competition rules [1; 3; 10].

Beginning of the development of mass helicopter sports in the USSR and Ukraine it is considered to be 1958, when the city of Kaluga held its first all-union competition. Since 1962, the championship were held in republics (regions) and agencies, and in 1966 started regular USSR championships were held championships of republics and the Armed Forces. The individual pilots and crew took part. [9] In 1959, the helicopter sport was included to the Union Sports Classification. In the 70's as well as men and the women were engaged in this sport, and in 1973 the Federation of Sports of the USSR adopted a helicopter separate rating in Helicopter Championships for men and women.

Military multidiscipline sport first appeared in some parts of the military units after the Civil War of 1918–1920. and widely used in the Soviet Army during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. All kinds of applied military combined events were included in the Union Sports Classification. In February 8, 2000 the Ukrainian Federation of military sports combined events was established [2; 5].

In Europe, America and Australia motorboat sport was originated in the early twentieth century. and began to develop rapidly after the First World War. The International Union of motorsport was created in 1922, and the National Federation of motor sport athletes of Ukraine was founded in 1991 [2].

At the end of the XIX century for the first time in Ukraine, in Kiev club was organized for racing pigeons. The first launch of the carrier pigeons was made July 12, 1890, near Kiev. But the Federation of pigeon sport of Ukraine was registered only in 1992 [2; 5].

Hang-gliding as a new type of aviation sport was recognized at the meeting of FAІ on September 27, 1974 And the formation gliding as a sport in Ukraine is marked in 1976. In February 1980, the Hang Gliding Federation of Ukraine was established.

In Europe and in England, the first cars for racing karts appeared in 1958 in the Ukraine, the first karts was constructed in 1959, the date of birth of karting as a sport in Ukraine is concidered 1960. Beginning since 1963–1964, Karting is booming and is under the auspices of the Automobile Federation of Ukraine (AFU). In 1994, kart Federation was established kart Ukraine (PKU), which is directly subordinated to the FSA [2; 4; 9].

Aircraft sport originated in the early of XXth century. When established in 1905 in Paris, the International Aeronautical Federation has promoted competition on flights on aircraft. In 1909, near Paris, was the first international aviation week, the competition involved 21 pilot. In the USSR sport aircraft in the 20–30 s. is not widely


24

used. Competitions were sporadic and were held at flying clubs of individual cities. First all-union competition for sports aircraft with cylinder engines were held in 1949 and since then has been held annually. Organizational level of competition has grown since its creation in 1959 Air Sports Federation of the USSR (in its structure – airplane Committee), which in 1960 entered into an international commission of FAI Aerobatics (SIVA), and in 1965 created an independent Federation of aircraft sports of Ukraine [2, 9].

Federation of Sea-round sport in Ukraine was registered in April 1998, however, as a kind of military application was born in the time of Peter the Ist, with the appearance of this type of marine boat as a»yawl». Marine yawl – only historic ship that came to our days and did not lose their educational and training facilities. In the history of Russia, this boat is known as a»boot of Peter the Great»[2; 8].

It is believed that the first motoball originated in France in the 20's of the twentieth century. In Ukraine, it came and struck deep roots only in the early 60's. The first demonstrative motoball match was held back as 70 years ago in 1943, was held in Kiev at Dynamo stadium. And in 1965 started the first championship of Ukraine of the sport of this land.

The emergence of motor sport is closely linked with the invention of the motorcycle. 1885 saw the creation of the motorcycle, when Gottlieb Daimler in Germany built a machine for riding, which is a bicycle with a wooden frame and the transmission, weighing 50 kg, with a one cylinder gasoline engine. The first motorcycle built in England by E. Butler in 1887, in France – F. Millet, and in Italy – E. Bernardi in 1893. But the was not widespread use of these bikes. Motor Sports started to develop at the end of the last century after the first motorcycle in the countries was produced [1; 7].

Motor Sports in Ukraine began to develop in the late twentieth century. Motorcycling Federation of Ukraine was registered in May 5, 1992.

Paragliding sport as a separate kind began to develop in the mid-nineteenth. Paragliding is the slowest of aircraft grade»heavier than air». Typical airspeed relative to air of 20–70 km/h. He is one of the safest aircraft due to its low speed, the propensity to self-learning models entering the stationary modes of planning and with minimum area for an emergency landing. Later it was invented by the driving system in all three axes allowing to control the»gliders»in flight without moving the body of the pilot, and»gliders»have become more manageable and reliable. Finally in 1903 that came with the engine and so propeller airplane took birth.

To date paraglider have improved to such an extent that it can travel thousands of miles and stay in the air around the clock [2].

Parachuting. In 1797. Frenchman Garnerin carried out the world first jump from a height of about 700 meters from the balloon tethering on a soft parachute of his own design. The first woman to become a paratrooper – Garnerin's niece – Elizabeth. She made about 60 jumps. In the early nineteenth century, jumping with a parachute from great heights, sophisticated various tricks have been one of the most fashionable spectacles of national holidays and festivals in different countries


25

including Russia. Over the age parachute improved but there was no significant change [8; 10].

In the U.S. since 1924, the parachute became compulsory affiliation of military pilots, and the date of birth of parachuting in the USSR including Ukraine is considered to be 26 of June 1930.

The official status of the Ukrainian aeronautics has a quarter of a century. In 1990 came the first domestic hot air balloon. In 1993 enthusiasts with the participation of the plant»AVIANT»Institute of aeroelastic systems of Theodosius, and the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine created the Federation of Aeronautics (HLF). In the same year it became a member of the International Aeronautical Federation (FAI) and the Ukrainian balloonists rose to the world stage: they took part in the World Cup in Luxembourg.

Since 1993 members of the HLF participated in all official ballooning events in the world. Four Ukrainians entered the top 100 best drivers in the world. International experts recognize the unique style of Ukrainian athletes. Their record – flying on three balls united under the bridge, none of the world's aces repeat [2; 7; 10].

First team of Ukraine took part in the All-Union competitions on fire and applied sport in 1937 which was the beginning of the development of the sport in its territory. In 1963 the fire sport came in Applied Sport Unified Sports Classification of the USSR. But the Federation of fire-applied sports was registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine on 26th September 2003.

At the end of 1890 radio sport began to develop. In 1947 the Netherlands a new kind of radio sports was born radio direction finding (fox hunting) and has become a very popular technical sport. Radio sport in Ukraine was developed actively in 1949 [2].

Rocket sport as a separate sport has been developed since the 70s of the twentieth century. As a technical sport is now widely distributed in Russia, the CIS and Eastern Europe. On a global scale it has widespread. As a kind of sport the flying models belongs to the Office of the Commission FAI. Under its leadership international meetings and European Championships were organized.

In the USSR including Ukraine rocket sport officially existed since 1961, ie since the first manned flight into space. A little later, many organizations have been merged into the Federation of Sports rocket. Soviet athletes repeatedly won the European championship. In 2005 our national team at the European Championship in the city of Buzau (Romania) won a landslide team victory eventually took the first place [2; 8].

In 1995, Ukrainian Sports Federation with dogs was registered and is included in the Unified Sports Classification of Ukraine (ESKU). At the initiative of the Federation have been introduced such sports with dogs as Trial (three events with service dogs), combined, agility, international combined multi-events, Cani-cross, the Great Ring.

In 1994, the Ukrainian Congress was held, which brought delegates from all over Ukraine and representatives TSOU, the frontier guard Troops of Ukraine and the


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Ministry of Internal Affairs. Delegates took part in the discussion of the Charter UFSD and Regulations for the competition [2; 4].

Ship modeling sport originated in the early twentieth century on the basis of the experimental ship modeling when in some European cities (including Ukraine) took place the first exhibition desktop models of ships took place. In 1963, a ship-modeling sport was included in the Single –Union Sports Classification. In 1964, the All-Union Federation of ship modeling [2].

The table shows the date when the sporting, technical and applied sports in Ukraine originated.

The date of the sporting, technical and applied sport

Kind of sports-technical or

applied sport Start of development in

Ukraine Establishment of the National

Federation of Ukraine Sport model aircraft In 20 XX c. Automotive sport In 1926 In 1922 The self sports In 1956 In 1971 Guard sport events In 2001 In 2001 Helicopter sport In 60 XX с. In 1992 Military-sports events In 1918–20 In 8 February 2000 Powerboating In 1991 In 1991 Pigeon sport In 1890 In 1992 Hang gliding In 1972 In February 1980 Karting In 1960 In 1994 Aircraft sport In 20–30 XX c. In 1992 Sea events In 30 XX c. In April 1998 Motoball In 60 XX с. Motor sports In 5 March 1992 Paragliding sport In 1995 Parachuting In 1930 In 1992 Gliding In 1949 In 1992 Aeronautic sport In 1980 In 1993 Fire-applied sport In 1937 In 26 September 2003 Radio sport In 1931 In 1993 Rocket-sport In 1961 In 1992 Sports with dogs In 1994 In 1995 Sport ultralight pilot devices In 90 ХХ с. In 1992 Shipmodelling sport In 20 XX с. In 1992

Conclusions. Sports-technical and applied sports in Ukraine emerged

somewhat later than in the world as scientific and technological progress of our country until the early 50's of the XX century was at a lower level compared to European countries. Before World War I in Ukraine motor sport and the pigeon sport appeared. In the period between the two wars a lot of attention was paid to the military-patriotic education which contributed to the emergence of kinds of sports such as: automotive, military and sports of military multi-events, the aircraft and


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parachuting. After World War II began to develop motorboat, Hang gliding, go-karting, motoball, rocket sport.

Further work is to organize information about the development of the sports technical and applied sports in the Dnipropetrovsk region.

References: 1. Basenko Ye. V. Pedagogіka, psikhologіya ta mediko-bіologіchnі problemi fіzichnogo

vikhovannya і sportu [Pedagogy, psychology and medical-biological problems of physical education and sport], Kharkіv, 2007, vol. 11, pp. 5–7. (rus)

2. Bolshaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya [Great Soviet Encyclopedia], Moscow, 1969, 1978 pp. (rus)

3. Vinnichuk O. Istoriko-pedagogicheskiye aspekty razvitiya fizicheskoy kultury [Historical and pedagogical aspects of the development of physical culture], Ternopol, 2001, 404 p. (rus)

4. Grigorevich V. V. Vseobshchaya istoriya fizicheskoy kultury i sporta [General History of Physical Education and Sport], Moscow, 2007, 465 p. (rus)

5. N. G. Dolbysheva, Ye. Yu. Savarets. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2012, vol. 5 (1), pp. 126–129. (rus)

6. Mіnіsterstvo osvіti і nauki, molodі ta sportu Ukrajini [Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of Ukraine], Access : http://www.mon.gov.ua. (ukr)

7. Ribak O. Yu. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2012, vol. 4, pp. 147–152. (ukr)

8. Sunik A. Ocherki otechestvennoy istoriografii istorii fizicheskoy kultury i sporta [Sketches of national historiography history of physical culture and sports], Moscow, 2010, 616 p. (rus)

9. Suchasniy muzey sportu [Museum of Modern Sports], Access: http://www.smsport.ru/expo/katalog/amodel. (ukr)

10. Shulga O. S. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2012, vol. 5 (2), pp. 54–57. (rus)

_______________________________________________________________ Nina Dolbysheva, PhD (Physical Education and Sport), [email protected]; Assosiate

Professor; Dnepropetrovsk State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport: Naberezhnaya Pobedy 10, Dnepropetrovsk, 49094, Ukraine.

Inna Kolesnik, PhD (Physical Education and Sport); [email protected]; Dnepropetrovsk State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport: Naberezhnaya Pobedy 10, Dnepropetrovsk, 49094, Ukraine.

Margarita Gladenko, [email protected]; Dnepropetrovsk State Institute of Physical Culture and Sport: Naberezhnaya Pobedy 10, Dnepropetrovsk, 49094, Ukraine.



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UDC 378.629

Yefremova A. Ukrainian State Academy of Railway Transport Shesterova L., Ph. D (Physical Education and Sport), Associate Professor Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture

STUDY OF SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES OF

ELECTRICIAN-ENGINEERS OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT Abstract. The purpose of this article is to research the specific features of

professional activity of railway engineer-electricians and to identify professionally important physical, psychophysical and psychological abilities of professionals. There were 96 professional engineer-electricians of Ukrainian railway involved in the research, whose work experience was from 1 to 36 years. It was concluded that the most important physical qualities for engineer-electricians of railway are endurance, strength, coordination, agility, psychophysical: attention span, memory, psychological: the balance, resistance to stress and sociability. It was found that the specific features of professional activity of railway engineer-electricians are due to all-day variable duty on objects near the railroad tracks, which is outdoors in any climate and weather conditions and elimination of emergency situations at any time.

Key words: professional-applied physical training, professional activities, physical education

Introduction. Modern level of functioning of the railway industry

characterized not only by decrease of the physical labor, but also other rhythm of labor, becoming more complex and intensity of production processes. High level of responsibility for traffic safety and human life requires modern railway specialists significant mental exertion, psychic, physical strength and abilities, increased endurance developed strength qualities, speed and accuracy motor action, coordination, high and persistent mental determination. In connection with this increases the level of requirements for quality professional, professional-applied, physical and psycho-physical training of future railroader specialists whose professional activity is of particular importance for the country.

In the system of vehicles rail transport takes center slot, which satisfy freight needs for 88% and even more than for 42% of passenger transportation. Railway transport is all-encompassing public sector, which employs nearly 1.2 million of workers, most of them are engineers and technicians. Ensuring the smooth operation of such technically equipped and large industries as Ukrainian railroad communications it requires preparation self-sufficing, highly-developed, intellectual, mobile, dynamic and physically enduring person who has the creative latitude to implement their knowledge and skills. So studies in higher education institutions should achieve not only specifically-professional and general scientific training, but __________________________

©Yefremova A., Shesterova L., 2013


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also the formation of personal qualities of future specialists. Productivity performance of professional duties largely depends on the

individual qualities of the expert, the level of his physical and psycho-physical drill. Problem of forming a reliable and competitive specialist under university

training is one of the most important tasks of modern vocational education. Works of number national scientists are devoted to researches of this problem (L.P. Pylypiv, 2006; S.V. Halaydzhі, 2007; O.V. Tserkovna, 2007). Questions of professional-applied physical training in the transportation industry were studied by O.I. Podlesniy (2009), N.V. Chukhlantseva (2010), directly in the railroad industry – I.A. Vaseltsova (2004), A.I. Davіdenko (2006), T.O. Zenkova (2012), V.A. Sadovsky (2012). However, the question of optimization of physical and professional-applied physical training in the formation of professional readiness, reliability, high physical employability of electric engineer railway transport are practically not studied.

Increasing of motivation level, upbringing of active life position, the formation of aspirations to regular physical exercises, physical culture – is a necessary condition of physical education in general and of professional-applied physical training, in particular. By virtue of formation of the students' positive attitude toward their health, physical education training and sports possible education of harmonious personality, reliable and competitive specialist capable of effectively and time proof work in heavy duty of modern technologies [1; 4; 8].

Scientific and technological progress radically transforms conditions of modern specialist, presenting higher requirements for the special training and ability to work in conditions of psychological stress and lack of time, which requires more careful approach to the problems of physical and professional-applied in preparing of future professionals. To service diversified agriculture of railway transport ensuring its undisturbed, uninterrupted work requires physically and psychically reliable specialist. Formation of competitive specialist who is able continuously to develop and improve his potential and abilities, it occurs and on physical education classes at the university.

Modern engineer – is a representative of one of the most popular professions because in complex and unpredictable social and economic transformations that are taking place in Ukraine becomes more and more important problem of formation of a high level of professional competence and reliability of such specialist. High level of development of production, growth of labor productivity requires future professionals, not only professional qualifications, higher education, intellectual and cultural level, but also good health and a high level of overall physical condition because of largely depends on the efficiency and performance of professional activities, long-term preservation working efficiency maintenance of psycho-physical strength, stamina and overall health. [2; 9].

Every year the production conditions become more complex, the exertion on the central nervous system grows, organs of sight, hearing, but more works are done at a low motor activity, mainly in working positions like standing or sitting. Insignificant physical activity combined with large neuro-psychiatric exertions result in nervous exhaustion, which has a negative impact on the mental and physical


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condition of the employee. In addition, long-term stay in a static pose causes to muscle fatigue, decrease of blood circulation speed and supply oxygen to the brain, blood congestion in the pelvis and lower extremities. All of this considerably reduces the functionality of organism and the level of efficiency and can lead to progress of diseases of the muscular and peripheral nervous systems [6; 7].

Electrical engineers of railway transport is inherent in a long stay in a forced monotonous working posture, sitting, standing, with long-term physical activity by keeping static (design work, assembly and regulation equipment, operator activity), and dynamic physical exertions, large amounts of movements, the action of extreme factors that constitute the specific conditions of production (maintenance of automatic devices and systems, elimination emergency situations). These working conditions often cause a variety of occupational diseases of the peripheral nervous system, sight, hearing and emotional tension, mental exertion in terms of long-term inactivity reduces the efficiency and productivity of work.

Scientific researches indicate that systematic physical training significantly increase the level of health, general well-being, optimize workforce productivity. A high level of fitness of modern specialist helps him significantly improve the body's resistance negative effects of environment factors, and full use of physical culture and sports is a good means to prevent different diseases.

Physically trained person able to do the job more efficiently for a long time to support high working capacity and attention to renew energy after working day in a short time, greatly enhance resistance the organism to unfavorable working conditions, overheating, overcooling. In addition, such a person avoid better traumatic situations, and in the case of injury, faster and easily overcome its consequences and in a shorter period returns to employment duties.

Based on the undertaken researches, studying working conditions and its effects on electrical engineers of railway service health, we can make a conclusion about the importance of professional-applied physical training for the future railway specialists. However, only a general physical training of future specialists can’t completely solve tasks of applied training students for a certain profession. Therefore, the professional orientation of physical education in higher education institutions should be in the form of professional-applied physical training, main criterion is to form a specially-applied physical qualities and attainments, knowledge and skills that match the dedicated training of future specialist for effective labor activity in production modern conditions.

Connection of research with the scientific plans, programs. Scientific research done on the topic of the Consolidated Plan of scientific research in the field of Physical Education and Sports for 2006–2010 of Ministry of Ukraine for Family, Youth and Sports on the topic 3.1. "Improving the process of physical education of students in education institutions" from the problem № 3.1.4. "Improving the process of physical education of students in educational institutions of different specializations" and of the Consolidated Plan of scientific research in the field of Physical Education and Sports for 2006–2010 of Ministry of Ukraine for Family, Youth and Sports on the direction III. "Theoretical-methodological and technological


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bases of physical education and sport for everybody", on the topic 3.1. "Improving program-normative bases of physical education in educational institutions".

Goal of research: based on analysis of personal details to study the specific features of electric engineer of railway transport labor activity and identify professionally important physical, psycho-physical qualities and psychological endowments of specialists.

Methods and organizations of research: review and collation of the literature and questionnaire. To achieve the goal of the research 96 electric engineers of railway transport with length of service in the profession from 1 to 36 years were surveyed.

Results of research. Hitting any labor activities off related to the process of professional training, overtaking special complex of theoretical and practical knowledge and know-how. Carried out by us a study on the specific features of professional work electric engineer of railway transport make it possible to argue that their activity has multifunctional character, and professional responsibilities include a large amount of various works. Analysis of the survey results showed that the performance of professional activities of railway specialists occurs under specific conditions. The main feature of the production process in railway transport is the implementation of the clock variable duty on objects, or one shift only during the day or night, with the ability to call emergency at any time to emergency handling.

Due to the fact that most of the equipment, which regulates traffic safety is located above the tracks, most of the production duties are performed outdoors, on the street, in different weather conditions.

Work may be performed outdoors near railroads as well as indoors at about duty implementation floor units. Such work conditions require railway specialists’ sufficiently high total development and strength endurance, the ability to withstand long hours of physical and mental exertions and maintain a high level of performance during work shift. Mostly it depends not only on the physical state and the level of functionality of the specialist body, but also on the ability to choose and keep a long time, correct working posture.

According to the survey electrical engineers operate railway transportation professional duties in such working postures: standing (11.5%), sitting (4.2%), standing bent – (65.6%) and "in motion" (74%). Respondents who pointed working posture "in motion", pointed even working posture standing bent that means they may be in two working postures. Particularly challenging and hard on the degree of tension and power inputs posture is standing bent, with trunk bending forward and lifted head up, arms bent at the elbows.

During the work shift specialists cover long distances on foot. Thus, from one to five kilometers are covered by 4.2% tested experts, from 5 to 10 km are covered by – 29.2%, from 10 to 15 km are covered by – 45.8% and more than 15 km are covered by – 9,4%. A distance of 1 kilometer per shift is covered only by 4.2% of respondents. Consequently electrical engineers for railways transport cover per shift average distance from 10 to 15 km. This requires them to significant physical and


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volitional effort, moreover, often specialists transferred by themselves extra equipment and it all happens in any weather conditions around the clock.

The maximum stress and exertion according to the responses of electric engineers, during the production activities is accounted for leg and back muscles. 74% of respondents said that. 42.7% of survey participants felt the most exertion in the muscles of upper shoulder girdle, 38.5% feel exertion in the muscles of the eyes and 17.7% of the neck muscles. Many surveyed respondents noted general fatigue and irritability at the end or after the workday.

According to the results of the survey 17.7% of electric engineers of railway transport feel tired on Monday, 4.2% feel tired on Tuesday, 8.3% and 5.2% feel tired – on Wednesday and Thursday, respectively, 44.8% feel tired – on Friday. It should be noted that the labor regime of Ukrainian railway service mostly shiftly and railroad workers work and on weekends. 11.5% and 6.3% of workers feel tired on Saturday and Sunday respectively. Only 2.1% of respondents do not feel tired during the working week.

To the negative features of the professional activities of electric engineers respondents include: high motor activity in any weather conditions, a high intensity of the visual analyzer; long-term support of a static working postures, standing bent, sitting with a slope that causes tension in your neck, upper shoulder girdle, lumbar spine, congestion in the pelvic organs and lower extremities, nervous and emotional exertion, work under time pressure.

Analysis of the survey results showed that production operations electrical engineers railway transport is provided mainly by small and medium-localized actions by hands and fingers.

In the professional activities electric engineer of Railway Transport advantageously used manual labor, sometimes mixed. Motor actions mostly accurate, localized, rapid motions with hands and fingers in the implementation of industrial operations; manipulating small parts, objects, tools, under strictly regulated period of time, sometimes in extreme or emergency situations that require high concentration of attention, concentration, agility and speed of fingers, coherence nimble actions and movements with the process of perception; actions with a maximum capacity of efforts that require manifestations of strength endurance and strength, long-term variety of dynamic physical actions large or moderate intensity and load on the musculoskeletal system, which require general endurance.

The research of professional activity of electric engineers of railway transport revealed that a successful production operation requires a set of physical characteristics. 91.7% of respondents believe that the work requires stamina, 40.6% believe it requires of force, 33.3% believe it requires of coordination, 27.1% believe it requires of agility, 11.5% believe it requires of speed and 7.3% believe it requires flexibility.

Electrical engineers of railway transport noted that for successful high labor they need a large amount of attention (89.6%) and memory (80.2%). 58.3% of respondents believe the key to the success is the high level of equilibrium. Due to the fact that work on the Ukrainian railway service requires a lot of responsibility to


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those skilled professionals are important resistance to stressful situations (42.7%) and sociability – 24.0%.

Performance of the professional duties required of the modern railway specialists developed organizational skills, which provide a high level of organization of individual and group activities to help effectively manage standard and emergency situations help to build of interpersonal relationships [3; 8; 9].

Professional activities electric engineer of Railway Transport places high demands on their physical, psycho-physical and personal qualities. Work on the railroad, in the immediate vicinity of moving trains that pass at high speed, requires electric engineer of railway transport ability to withstand elevated mental and information exertion, constant attention and concentration, readiness for urgent action, the total resistance to adverse external actions and the working environment. From specialists also will require sustained mobilization and ability to work in neuro-emotional stress due to the great responsibility for the traffic safety, life and health of passengers and subordinate employees. Therefore, for them is very important emotional fortitude and resolution, because from the man who works on the railroad requires the ability to quickly assess the circumstances and to take certain decisions, especially in cases of emergency prevention and elimination of consequences of the accident under time pressure, because the traffic on the railroad should be without a glitch and stops. To guide subordinates it’s particularly important to have such volitional qualities as purposefulness, self-control, determination, initiative, perseverance, endurance, diligence, discipline. These properties can be purposefully developed and trained in the educational system of the university in the process of professional-applied physical training of students [5; 6].

Conclusions: 1. Analysis of scientific and methodological literature suggests that issues of

optimizing physical and professional-applied applied physical training in the formation of professional readiness, reliability, and high efficiency of electric engineers of railway transport are virtually unexplored, and suffer from lack of information.

2. Specific features of professional work of electric engineer of railway transport is disabled variable duty on objects near the railroad tracks, which is mainly carried out in the fresh air under any climatic and meteorological conditions, and elimination of emergency situations at any time.

3. Typical working postures, in a survey of railway specialists are postures: standing, sitting, standing bent, with the trunk bending forward and lifting up the head, hands bent at the elbows and in motion.

4. Results of the questioning revealed that according to experts the most important physical properties are: endurance, strength, coordination, agility; psycho-physical: attention, memory; psychological: equilibrium, resistance to stress and sociability.

Future directions of research will be directed on developing of a set of exercises of professional-applied physical training of future specialists of railway industry.


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References: 1. Angelovskiy A. A. Formirovaniye konkurentosposobnosti studentov v protsesse

professionalnoy podgotovki v vuze : dis. … kand. ped. nauk [Formation of the competitiveness of students in the University Training : diss.], Magnitogorsk, 2004, 193 p. (rus)

2. Vaseltsova I. A. Sistema professionalno-prikladnoy fizicheskoy podgotovki studentov zheleznodorozhnogo vuza : dis. … kand. ped. nauk [System of Vocational and Applied physical preparation train high school students : diss], Samara, 2004, 236 s. (rus)

3. Galeva N. A. Formirovaniye organizatorskikh sposobnostey studentov vuza vo vneauditornoy deyatelnosti : dis. … kand. ped. nauk [Formation of organizational skills of high school students in extracurricular activities : diss.], Krasnoyarsk, 2008, 230 s. (rus)

4. Gostіshchev V. M. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2010, vol. 1, pp. 15–18. (ukr)

5. Dyachenko I. I., Klimova T. V. Problemy adaptatsii molodykh sotrudnikov k rabote v sisteme zheleznodorozhnogo transporta : tethisy [Problems of adaptation of young employees to work in the rail transport : thesis], Rostov n/D, 2009, pp. 206–208. (rus)

6. Korshunov A. A. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2004, vol. 7, pp. 8–11. (rus)

7. Krushelnitska Ya. V. Fіzіologіya і psikhologіya pratsі [Physiology and psychology of work], Kyiv, 2000, 232 p. (ukr)

8. Mustafina D. A. Formirovaniye konkurentosposobnosti budushchikh inzhenerov-programmistov v tekhnicheskom vuze : avtoref. dis. … kand. ped. nauk [Formation of the competitiveness of the future programming engineers in a technical college :Authors thesis], Volgograd, 2010, 21 s. (rus)

9. Osіptsov A. V., Pristinskiy V. M., Pristinska T. M. Teorіya ta metodika fіzichnogo vikhovannya [Theory and Methodology of Physical Education], Kharkіv, 2006, vol. 3(23), pp. 9–12. (ukr)

_______________________________________________________________ Yefremova Angelica, [email protected]; Ukrainian State Academy of Railway Transport:

Feuerbach square 7, Kharkiv, 61050, Ukraine. Shesterova Lyudmila, Ph. D (Physical Education and Sport), Associate Professor;

[email protected]; Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture: Klochkovskaya 99, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine.



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UDC 355.233.22(043.3)

Krasota V., PhD (Pedagogy), Assosiate Professor Academy of Naval Forces named after P. S. Nakhimov

SPECIAL CADETS’ PHYSICAL TRAINING OF THE HIGHER MILITARY

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS Abstract. Actual tasks aimed at scientific and applied research were defined,

and substantiation and development of an effective model of special physical training system of cadets of higher military educational institutions of Ukraine. These tasks are: ascertaining of the current process of cadets' physical training; substantiation and development of the main system components of cadets’ special physical training during the entire period of training taking into account the current requirements of the tactics of hostilities conduct, the introduction of specially directed means of physical training to improve the level of military-applied physical readiness of future officers to professional work.

Keywords: cadet, special physical training, officer. Introduction. National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine by the

President is decree of Ukraine № 771/2012 of 29 December 2012 "On the Strategic Defence Bulletin of Ukraine" identified the need to improve the content of training of military specialists taking into account current and future trends in warfare requiring higher military educational institutions (HMEI) ensuring an appropriate level of preparedness of graduates to complete tasks in a professional appointment, improved field, air and the sea cadets bearing. Attention should be paid on scientific and teaching staff at insufficient persistent attempts to introduce new and more efficient technologies, teaching methods and means of communication, the gradual restructuring of the educational process and gain practical orientation in training future officers. [9]

Study and analysis of recent research and publications showed absence of generally accepted opinion of scholars (A. Marakushyn, 2006; V. Payevskyy, 2010; O. Petrachkov, 2012 [7] V. Romanchuk, 2007; S. Romanchuk, 2006, etc.) On entities, organizations and structures of specially designed physical training of cadets HMEI that requires urgent theoretical and practical bases of these issues.

These studies mainly dealt with scientific problems that are associated with physical training personnel at various stages of training. Therefore, identification of key components of physical fitness of students adapted to the current requirements of the tactics of warfare for the duration of training in higher military educational establishment and implementation of specially designed physical training to improve military- applied physical readiness of future officers for their professional methods and actions research is relevant task performance applied research [5; 6; 8].

__________________________ ©Krasota V., 2013


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Research is conducted in accordance with the Plan of research of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine on "Organizational aspects of the system AF Armed Forces (AF) Ukraine under current conditions" for the state registration number 0101U001284.

The purpose of the study is scientific justification and development of special physical training of cadets HMEI Armed Forces of Ukraine on the basis of military applied aspects of readiness of future officers for their professional activity.

Results of the research. An important component of professional development of future officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is the physical training, which provides for compulsory acquisition of professional motor actions and military application skills, development and improvement in the cadets of general and special physical training [5].

Guidelines in physical training in the Armed Forces of Ukraine stipulates that physical fitness is one of the main part of training, an important and integral part of military training and education of personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. [5] It aims at providing physical training for future officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to combat operations and is designed to facilitate the solution of military problems of professional education and training [8].

The results of a large number of studies in recent years (J. Antoshkiv, 2004; Y. Borodin, 2004–2010; O. Boyarchuck, 2009, A. Gus, 2012, O. Kamayev, 2004, A. Marakushyn, 2006; V. Payevskyy, 2010, A. Petrachkov, 2012, O. Piddubny, 2003; V. Romanchuk, 2007; K. Prontenko, 2008, A. Shevchenko, 2010, etc.). clearly indicate the great importance of physical fitness to ensure combat readiness and success of military professional future of officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

However, the results of other research (Y. Borodin, 2006; O. Olhovyy, 2003–2012; E. Pristupa, 2012; K. Prontenko, 2010, S. Romanchuk, 2008–2012) show that the current system of fitness HMEI does not effectively form military skills of future officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Physical training of cadets in various disciplines HMEI carried out by programs and methods which actually does not take into account the specific perspective of professional activity which reduces the quality of military – applied and professional preparedness of graduates [6; 8].

A special focus of physical training of future officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is determined feature of their organization, depending on the nature and terms of prospective military profession (R. Karpyuk, 2010; A. Mahlovanyy, 2008, V. Mironov, 1996; O. Olhovyy, 2013, A. Popov, 2009; S. Romanchuk, 2013; R. Torlo, 2008, V. Fedorov, 2001) [6; 8].

Analysis of publications on the scientific substantiation of various social and educational processes, among which physical training as an integral part of the educational process of cadets HMEI indicates that most researchers isolated the general structure of scientific evidence of the two most typical approaches. First – the educational process is seen as an object of study. Second – the educational process is seen as an object of design or simulation. This fact defines a logical division of a scientific basis for:

– confirm the usefulness of existing educational systems, concepts, guidelines, teaching practice in general or their individual components;

– implementation of forming or constructing functions (research) in order to ground educational (pedagogical) model.


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The study of these types of scientific evidence in terms of issues of physical training of cadets HMEI showed that in the most sources the emphasis of scientific development theory and methodology of physical education is made on research, analysy and general current teaching practice. A number of scholars (V. Belarusians, I. Resheten, 1982; A. Petrachkov, 2012; V. Popadyin, 2013, V. Payevskyy, 2010, etc.) noted that a feature of the study is that it takes place from the bottom up from the specific understanding of the current processes of physical training of the military to a more general idea. In fact – this is the way of empirical understanding and describing pedagogical reality to determine the educational process at the level of essence.

The works of Klopov, 2012; T. Krutsevych, 2012, V. Mironov, 1996; O. Olhovoho, 2013, S. Romanchuk, 2013 [2; 4; 6; 8] and other researchers noted that in the structure of the formative study of educational practice the path should be reversed: from general theoretical understanding of the content, principles and methods to work programs and the closes plans of scientific and pedagogical staff. We assumed that the path in the scientific study of special physical training of cadets HMEI is more promising because it will lead to the such formation of the normative content aspects of the educational process when the program of the course "Physical education, physical training and sport" will not the point of the deployment of the regulatory framework, but the end of the result of scientific evidence of hierarchic special physical training of cadets HMEI Armed Forces of Ukraine.

The general opinion of scientists Yu. Babanskii, 1989; W. Krajewski, 1994 [1; 3] and others second approach is scientific justification inherent quality proactive functioning of the educational process that fully comply improving and converting function of science in general. Combining the above two approaches was the original and basic provisions for the implementation of scientific and applied research on the study of special physical training of cadets HMEI Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Defined in the process of study conceptual ideas created the basis of a working hypothesis which was assumed to increase military readiness of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to carry out combat missions depends on the military and applied physical preparedness for future officers of the professional activity, respectively, depends on the effectiveness of the system of special physical training of cadets HMEI and achieved the following conditions:

– target orientation of the educational process of physical fitness to achieve future military officers applied and special commitment to service in the Armed Forces of Ukraine forms including professional purposes;

– gradual solving of special physical training goals HMEI, providing military – applied physical readiness of future officers for professional training courses including hourly limits work programs of academic disciplines.

According to actuality, purpose and working hypothesis it was defined research problem:

1. Study of theoretical and methodological approaches and scientific conceptions of the educational process in higher education at institutions in order to determine the nature and content of definitions and conceptual positions that reveal the specifics of special physical training of cadets HMEI.


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2. The observation of the current process of physical training of cadets HMEI, revealing the main differences and the factors influencing the implementation of training.

3. Determination of the correlation parameters of an interdependence of physical condition, military applications and special physical qualities of students with the level of professional preparedness.

4. Determination of content, scientific grounding and devising of structural models of special physical training of cadets HMEI including military and special application oriented service in the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

5. Experimental verification of the effectiveness of the author's model of special physical training of cadets HMEI Armed Forces of Ukraine.

In determining of the educational theory as a complete system of independent scientific practice raises an important element of object- subject sphere, i.e. the existence of a specific object of the educational reality which is subject to review and study, as well as the subject of research as one of the parties of the cognitive aspect of object [6].

Object of study: system of the physical training of cadets HMEI Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Subject of research: theoretical and methodological foundations of special physical training of cadets HMEI Armed Forces of Ukraine.

The methodological basis of the research has been the main provisions of the functional systems of theories and theoretical concept of "anticipatory reflection of reality" Anokhin, theory of interaction in hierarchical systems of M. Bernstein; general systems of theory of systematic analysis of L. Bertalanffy, the regularities of the methodology of teaching science and conceptual pedagogy, theory and methodology of physical education S. Archangelskiy, B. Ashmarin, V. Bespalko, W. Krajewski, T. Krutsevych, V. Platonov, M. Skatkina; transfer theory of physical fitness on military and professional activities L. Veydner – Y. Dubrovin, D. Solovyanenko, V. Shchegoleva, pedagogical concepts of professionally oriented education R. Klopov, N. Moskalenko, O. Olhovoho, L. Pylypeya; the motor control system of a man V. Zaporozhanova, V. Zatsiorskoho, system of military education of I. Bizhan, M. Neschadyma, V. Yagupov.

In order to solve certain goals following methods are identified: theoretical analysis, comparison, classification and synthesis of materials science, history, methodology and sources of guidance documents on military training and physical training of domestic and foreign educational systems; modeling; teaching (formative and stating) experiment, test exams; biomedical; mathematical statistics.

The final result of scientific and applied research is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations of the special physical preparation of cadets of all HMEI Armed Forces of Ukraine, which, having the historical experience of the theoretical and methodological assumptions of system training of officers to the professional activities will include:

– adapted concept of systemto the requirements of military and applied aspects of readiness for future officers the special physical training of cadets HMEI;

– theoretically grounded structural model of special physical training of cadets HMEI;


39

– technology of acquisition by cadets of special physical qualities to ensure their military- applied physical readiness for professional activity.

The practical significance of the results of the study is their actual implementation in the educational process of the Academy Navy named after P.S.Nakhimov, universities of Armed Forces and other security agencies of Ukraine, is determined by increased levels of military-applied preparedness of future officers for their professional activity.

Conclusions. Formed by the research outcomes theoretical and methodological foundations of system of special physical training of cadets HMEI will provide expansion of knowledge in the field of the study of physical education and sport, will determine the feasibility of adjusting the current process of physical training of the future officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

In the future, it is expected to carry out researches directing towards the development and pilot testing of special physical training of cadets HMEI in the conditions of educational process of the Navy Academy named after P. S. Nakhimov.

References: 1. Babanskiy Yu. K. Izbrannyye pedagogicheskiye trudy [Selected pedagogical works],

Moscow, 1989, pp. 58–66. (rus) 2. Klopov R. V. Pedagogіka formuvannya tvorchoi osobistostі u vishchіy і zagalnoosvіtnіy

shkolі [Pedagogy of forming a creative personality in higher and secondary school], Zaporіzhzhya, 2009, Vol. 4, pp. 138–145. (ukr)

3. Krayevskiy V. V. Vvedeniye v nauchnoye issledovaniye po pedagogike [Introduction to the scientific study of pedagogy], Samara, 1994, 165 p. (rus)

4. Krutsevich T. Yu. Teorіya i metodika fіzichnogo vikhovannya [Theory and Methodology of Physical Education], Kyiv, vol. 2, 367 p. (ukr)

5. Nakaz Mіnіstra oboroni Ukraini «Pro zatverdzhennya Nastanovi z fіzichnoi pіdgotovki u Zbroynikh Silakh Ukraini» [Order of Minister of Defence of Ukraine "On Approval of Guidelines for physical training in the Armed Forces of Ukraine"], Kyiv, 2009, 231 p. (ukr)

6. Olkhoviy O. M. Teoretiko-metodichnі osnovi profesіyno-spryamovanoi fіzichnoi pіdgotovki kursantіv VVNZZS Ukraini [Theoretical and methodological foundations of professional-directed physical training of cadets HMEI Armed Forces of Ukraine], Kharkov, 2012, 286 p. (ukr)

7. Petrachkov O. V. Profesіyno-prikladna pіdgotovka kursantіv u navchalnomu tsentrі sukhoputnikh vіysk іz zastosuvannyam udoskonalenikh normativіv fіzichnoi pіdgotovlenostі : avtoref. dis. … k. ped. n [Professionally-applied training cadets in educational center land forces with the use of improved standards physical training : Author's thesis], Khmelnitskiy, 2012, 20 p. (ukr)

8. Romanchuk S. V. Fіzichna pіdgotovka kursantіv vіyskovikh navchalnikh zakladіv Sukhoputnikh vіysk ZS Ukraini [Physical preparation cadets of military schools Land Forces of Ukraine], Lviv, 2012, 367 p. (ukr)

9. Ukaz Prezidenta Ukrayini Pro rіshennya radi natsіonalnoyi bezpeki і oboroni Ukrayini «Pro Strategіchniy oboronniy byuleten Ukraini» [The Decree of the President of Ukraine on the decision of the National Security and Defense of Ukraine "On the Strategic Defence Bulletin of Ukraine"]. (ukr)

_______________________________________________________________ Vadym Krasota, PhD (Pedagogy), Assosiate Professor, [email protected]; Academy of

Naval Forces named after P. S. Nakhimov: Dybenko str. 1-a, Sevastopol’, 99028, Ukraine. __________________ Received: 14.09.2013. Published: 31.10.2013.


40

UDC 796.012-057.875(477.52)

Lazorenko S., PhD (Physical Education and Sport), Associate Professor Physical Culture Institute of Sumy State Pedagogical University of Makarenko

THE LEVEL OF MOTOR ACTIVITY OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS SUMY REGION Abstract. The results of the study of motor activity students and students of

Sumy State Pedagogical University of A. S. Makarenko, Glukhovskiy National Pedagogical University named after Alexandra Dovzhenko and Sumy National Agrarian University. The data obtained at the end of the experiment, added information on the amount of motor activity of students of higher educational institutions of Sumy region. Helped define the amount of time boys and girls spend university area, at different levels of physical activity. Compare indices of motor activity of individual students and students of higher educational institutions of Sumy. According to a study suggested ways to increase physical activity of students during the day, by increasing the time available to attend specially organized physical culture and sports.

Keywords: physical activity, physical activity index, level of physical activity, physical fitness, healthy lifestyle, students.

Introduction. The need for a movement – biological need of the human

organism, which plays an important role in his life activity and is in close connection with the active muscle activity, which contributes to adaptation to the environment [5]. Motor activity – one of the main factors that determine the level of physical health of the young man. Sufficient level of motor activity of students is fundamental to good development and the formation of body. Movement in the human life – the primary source of health, beauty and happiness [8]. L. P. Sergienko examined a structure of motor abilities of man in his scientific article [9]. According to I. Karpyuk, the deficiency physical inactivity ranges from 50 to 70% required for full physical development of students [4]. The low level of motor activity negatively affects on most body functions and is a factor in emergence and development of a large number of diseases in the student's age. Norm of motor activity of students can be considered the amount of physical activity that satisfies a biological need to move. Design issue model of optimal of motor activity standards for students were discussed recently in the work of a significant number of scientists, including O. Litvin, who in his researches suggested and shortchanged amount of locomotion, which must be carried out for young people during the week [1; 2; 7]. In his opinion, the norm of motor activity of student youth should include household motor activity (walking, walking stairs, cleaning the room, yard work, gardening) daily 60–90 min, recreational motor activity (weightlifting exercises, stretching exercises, aerobic exercises depending on the specifics of sport) three times a week for 30 minutes and

__________________________ ©Lazorenko S., 2013


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recreational sports (sports games, cyclic kinds of sports, combat sport, fitness, aerobics, etc.) 6–10 hours a week. To compare the motor activity of student youth of Sumy higher education institutions with the norm proposed by O. Litvin, we conducted this experiment.

Connection with academic programs, plans and themes. The research was conducted in accordance with the plan scientific research work of A. S. Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University for 2010–2012 on the topic "Increasing the level of health and physical fitness of different population groups by means of physical culture" (state registration 0111U005736).

Goal of research: Examine the level of motor activity of university students in Sumy region.

Matter and methods of researches. To conduct research we used the method for determining of daily motor activity (the Framingham method), which is the registration in card of students of physical activity locomotions during the day [3; 6]. The research, which was conducted during the 2012–2013 school year, students – not athletes of І–ІV courses took part in it, who gets specialized education in Alexander Dovzhenko Glukhow National Pedagogical University (HNPU), A. S. Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University (SumSPU) and Sumy National Agrarian University (SNAU) (tab. 1).

Table 1

Numerical composition individual of students of HEI of Sumy region who participated in the research

Sex University Boys Girls

GNPU 113 228 SumSPU 72 436 SNAU 53 108 Total number 238 799

Results of the research. tab. 2 shows the data indicators of motor activity of

students per day who are studying in universities in Sumy region. At low level, which includes personal hygiene, walking on foot, academic courses, except physical education of students at A.S. Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University level of motor activity is 8.57 hours. For colleagues from Sumy National Agrarian University this indicator is 9.15 hours. For students from Alexander Dovzhenko Glukhow National Pedagogical University this indicator is the lowest – 8.37 hours.

Getting around on public transport, reading, drawing, watching TV, eating food, board and computer games – activities that belong to a sedentary level of motor activity, students spend average 4.04 hours daily on it (tab. 2). Glukhow students spend 4.05 hours on a sedentary level, SumSPU students spend 3.55 hours, and the girls from SNAU spend 4.13 hours.

At the average level of motor activity indicator for students GNPU was 0.42 hours, for 0.01 hours less for SumSPU representatives. On the morning exercises, housework, walking SNAU students spend even less time – 0.38 hours.


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The average indicator on a basic level, one for the girls who participated in the research, is 9 hours, and the lowest indicator of motor activity we observed at students SNAU it's – 8.38 hours, the highest indicator at girls of Glukhow National Pedagogical University it’s – 9.15 hours. Making physical exercises, variety of action oriented and athletic games, sports make a high level of motor activity. It spends about 0.4 hours by future teachers of Glukhow city and representatives of SNAU. Students of SumSPU spend a shade less – 0.32 hours to make physical exercises and sports. So, in our opinion, a health and fitness, sport and mass activities are not got properly going in A.S. Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University.

According to the data in tab. 2, the index of motor activity (IMA) as an integral indicator is the highest – 32,13±2,43 points among students representatives of the Sumy National Agrarian University, the smallest is – 31,19±2,16 points among girls of A.S. Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University, which is 1.82% less than the average indicator of the index of motor activity for students in the region.

Tab. 3 shows the levels of physical activity of students of Sumy region universities. Representatives of Alexander Dovzhenko National Pedagogical University spend 8.4 hours on low level of motor activity, at a sedentary level they spend – 4.5 hours, at an average level they spend – 0.46 hours, at a basic level – 8.59 hours and almost an hour at a high level. Indicators of motor activity of students of A.S. Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University are: for low level it’s – 8.42 hours, for a sedentary level it’s – 3.5 hours, for an average level it’s – 0.4 hours, for a basic level it’s – 9.15 hours, they spent 0.49 hours to make physical exercises and sports, which is 6.12% lower than the average time that students of Sumy region spend on high-intensity motor activity.

Daily motor activity for students of Sumy National Agrarian University was divided such as: for low level it’s – 9.22 hours (most time is spent on low-level by students of the university, due to the teaching load), for sedentary level it’s – 4.13 hours, for average level it’s – 0.49 hours, they spend 8.4 hours to sleep and rest, for the active physical exercise they spend – 0.45 hours, which is 15.6% less than the average for this level for students of Sumy region (tab. 3).

Indexes of motor activity for students of Alexander Dovzhenko Glukhow National Pedagogical University and Sumy National Agrarian University were 33,25±2,83 and 33,22±2,58 points respectively. The lowest indicator of index of motor activity, as the girls, for students of A.S. Makarenko Sumy State Pedagogical University were – 32,23±2,45 points. It is 2.07% lower than the average motor activity for students in the region (tab. 3).

As you can seen from tab. 4, the difference in indicators of diurnal motor activity of boys and girls who are studying in higher education institutions of the region, on low, average and basic levels it varies between 0.05 hours (8,33 %).

The time that women spend on a sedentary level on 0.13 hours (21.66%) more than boys, but the analysis of the results showed that girls spend more time to do homework. On high level, vice versa, the students on 0.13 hours (21.66%) spend more time because they are more active than the fairer sex and do physical exercises and sports.


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Index of motor activity of student-boys in universities of researched region higher on 1.14 points (3.58%) compared with student-girls. In our opinion, this is an objective fact, because boys at this age spend more time making physical exercises and sports than girls (tab. 4).

In this case, increase the norm of motor activity can be achieved by reducing the time spent on the basic activity, because students in higher education institutions of Sumy region spend about 9 hours for sleep and rest. Physiologically, the eight-hour rest is optimal. Therefore one hour can be used to increase motor activity and spent added time to housework, morning exercises or active exercise (tab. 4).

Conclusions: 1. Results of the research complemented the data about motor activity of

students of separate higher educational institutions of Sumy region. According to the data of experiment established that indicators of diurnal motor activity of male and female students of Sumy universities are below normal; to make physical exercises and sports boys average allow only 0.52 hours a day, and the girls allow even less – 0.39 hours; for sleep and rest, male and female students spend 8.58 hours and 9 hours respectively. Physiologically this amount of time is quite large for the rest.

2. Indicators of motor activity of boys and girls who are studying at higher education institutions of Sumy region, the low, average and basic levels do not differ statistically. The difference is in a range of 0.35% a day. The amount of time is spent by student-girls for sedentary level on 0.9% during the day more than boys. For high level is vice versa, student-boys spend 0.9% more than girls, because they are more active than girls making special physical exercises.

As a result of the analysis made on the results of our research, we see the prospect of follow-up of scientific researches to develop an optimal model of diurnal motor activity for students – farmers and teachers of Sumy higher education institutions taking into account features of the educational process the development of the sphere of physical culture and sports in the region.


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Table 2 Summary indicators of motor activity of female students from individual HEI of Sumy region

University LL SL AL BL HL ІMА,

X hour point,

X hour

point, X

hour point,

X hour

point, X

hour point,

X GNPU 8,37 12,93±1,19 4,05 4,49±0,66 0,42 1,68±0,99 9.15 9,25±0,88 0,43 3,59±3,08 31,96±2,80 SumSPU 8,57 13,43±1,36 3,55 4,31±0,64 0,41 1,65±0,94 9,10 9,16±0,84 0,32 2,63±2,47 31,19±2,16 SNAU 9,15 13,87±1,56 4,13 4,63±0,72 0,38 1,51±0,75 8,38 8,63±0,74 0,42 3,48±2,75 32,13±2,43

Notation. Levels of motor activity – LL – low level, SL – sedentary level, AL – average level, BL – basic level, HL – high level, ІMА – index of motor activity.

Table 3 Summary indicators of motor activity of male students of universities from individual HEI of Sumy region

University LL SL AL BL HL ІMА,

X hour point,

X hour

point, X

hour point, X

hour point, X

hour point, X

GNPU 8,40 12,99±1,51 4,50 4,21±0,75 0,46 1,83±1,61 8,59 8,98±0,90 1,03 5,24±3,33 33,25±2,83 SumSPU 8,42 13,06±1,46 3,50 4,21±0,68 0,40 1,62±1,03 9,15 9,25±0,87 0,49 4,08±2,95 32,23±2,45 SNAU 9,22 14,05±1,75 4,13 4,27±0,57 0,49 1,97±1,04 8,40 8,67±0,86 0,45 3,71±3,72 33,22±2,58

Table 4

Summary indicators of motor activity of students of universities from individual HEI of Sumy region

Sex LL SL AL BL HL ІMА,

X hour point,

X hour

point, X

hour point, X

hour

point, X

hour

point, X

Boys 8,54 13,36±1,57 3,51 4,23±0,67 0,45 1,81±1,22 8,58 8,96±0,87 0,52 4,54±3,33 32,90±2,62 Girls 8,56 13,41±1,37 4,04 4,47±0,67 0,40 1,61±0,89 9,00 9,01±0,82 0,39 3,23±2,76 31,76±2,46


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References: 1. Verblyudov І. B. Pedagogіka, psikhologіya ta mediko-bіologіchnі problemi fіzichnogo

vikhovannya і sportu [Pedagogy, psychology and medical-biological problems of physical education and sport], Kharkіv, 2002, vol. 28, pp. 8−11. (ukr)

2. Verblyudov І. B. Іndivіdualno-ozdorovcha programa [Individual healthy program], Sumi, 2006, 72 p. (ukr)

3. Davidenko Ye. V., Raslan Masaud. Metodika fremingemskogo issledovaniya dvigatelnoy aktivnosti cheloveka: rekomendatsii po ispolzovaniyu [Methods Framingham study of human motor activity], Kyiv, 1999, 12 s. (rus)

4. Karpyuk І. Moloda sportivna nauka Ukraini [Young sports science Ukraine], Lvіv, 2004, Vol. 8, iss. 3, pp. 152−156. (ukr)

5. Krutsevich T. Yu. Teorіya і metodika fіzichnogo vikhovannya [Theory and Methodology of Physical Education], Kyiv, 2008, vol. 2, 367 p. (ukr)

6. Krutsevich T. Yu., Bezverkhnya G. V. Rekreatsіya u fіzichnіy kulturі rіznikh grup naselennya [Recreation in physical culture of various groups], Kyiv, 2010, 248 p. (ukr)

7. Litvin A. T. Istoricheskiye predposylki i teoretiko-metodologicheskiye osnovy sovremennoy sistemy fizicheskogo vospitaniya : avtoref. … k. fiz. vosp. [Historical background and theoretical and methodological foundations of the modern system of physical education : Authors thesis], Kyiv, 2008, 22 p. (rus)

8. Samoylov N. G. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2012, vol. 2, pp. 229−232. (rus)

9. Sergiyenko L. P. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2011, vol. 2, pp. 101−113. (rus)

_______________________________________________________________ Sergey Lazorenko, PhD (Physical Education and Sport), Associate Professor,

[email protected]; Physical Culture Institute of Sumy State Pedagogical University of Makarenko: Romens’ka 87, Sumy, 40002, Ukraine.



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UDK: 616.85-009.86

Levchenko V. A., Doctor of Science (Medicine) Karabanovych P. P. Vasilyeva L. J. Precarpathian National University named after Vasyl Stefanyk, Ivano-Frankivsk

NEUROENDOCRINAL AND HEMODYNAMICS PROVISION OF

EXERCISE AT GIRLS WITH MANIFESTATION NEUROCIRCULATORY DYSTONIAS

Abstract. It was installed that at girls with hypotensive and hypertensive type

neurocirculatory dystonias marks decrease basal cortisole level in a saliva and its significant gain in the conditions of the stress-test. Changes of cortisol level revealed during research are combined with low tolerance to an exercise stress, deterioration of hemodynamic maintenance veloergometry test at these girls. The received results can testify to syndrome presence hypoadreny at young men with exhibitings neurocirculatory dystonias. To evaluate the hemodynamic and neurohormonal support emergency phase of adaptation in young people with symptoms of neurocirculatory dystonias, evaluate the effectiveness of health and exercise programs, you need to make greater use of stress tests.

Key words: neurocirculatory dystonias, physical loading, cortisol, haemodynamic.

Introduction. The deterioration of adaptive reserves in the middle of young

people over the last few years impresses in it`s precipitancy, that is connected with frustration of sophisticated regulatory organism mechanisms. The biggest importance belongs to autonomic nervous system, whose dysfunction is the most often received in girls of youthful age as neurocirculatory dystonia [2; 8]. So neurocirculatory dystonia is considered as manifestation of general disadaptive syndrome, which is based on disorder of neuroendocrine regulation with multiple and different clinical manifestations, which appear or become stronger against the background stress influence. Adaptation to stress is difficult multilevel process, that happens on subcellular, cellular, organismic and system levels with cascade cartoon hormonal rsponce, where main role is devoted to hypothalamic pituitary adrenal system, which is one of the leading places is cortisol, especially in terms of stress influence [4; 7]. In most cases in practice monitoring adaptation of organism to intensive and continued exercises by the dynamics of subjective symptoms for integrative indicators of cardiorespiratory system [2; 6], but they reflect little hormonal regulation of body in the phase of stress strain or in phase resistance [3; 6]. So assessment of hormonal responses in stress test with autonomic dysfunction in adolescence, produces some science interest.

__________________________ ©Levchenko V. A., Karabanovych P. P., Vasilyeva L. J., 2013


47

Object of experiment: to investigate cortisol level in saliva, pulse pressure size and tolerance for physical stress in stress-test condition of girls with neurocirculatory dystonias manifestation.

Material and methods of experiment: in experiment were included 89 girls, 17–20 years old, that are students of university. There were 77 girls from special medical group with signs of neurocirculatory disronias, that composed basic group of experiment: in 26 girls was registered hypotensive type of dystonias; in 24 girls was registered cardialtype of dystonias; in 27 girls was registered hypertensive type of dystonias. The rest 12 girls were practically healthy and arranged control group. For modelling stressful situation and tolerance assessment for physical stress, it was used veloergometric (VEM) test, that was carryed out on digital veloergometr «Siemens» (Germany) based of report «Cornell» – step test, that continiously increased every 2 minutes for 25 Wt. Test was stopped after progress of submaximal stress or appearance of general tiredness, dizziness, increasing headache, severe strangless, quick increasing of blood pressure [1, 6]. In girls in basic and control group, basal secretion was defined by enzyme method. Definition of his level on altitude of dosated physical stress was also investigated. Definition of cortisol concentration in saliva has some advantages in comparison of cortisol definition in sorum plasma: this method is disinvasive, so it doestn’t need any extraction, that has place in definition of unrestricted cortisol in blood, because saliva doesn’t contain binded protein of albumin or transcortin. Saliva doesn’t contain any cortisol metabolits, as urine does. This method describes exactly free content of cortisol in blood and uses broadly for his dynamic control. In experiment was used enzyme and imunosorbent linked DRG Salivery Cortisol ELISA KIT collection (Germany). Saliva was gathered in the morning, before workload and on altitude VEM-trial. Cortisol level in saliva appeared on analysator «Stat Fax 303 Plus» (USA).

Also, in conditions of stress-test, appeared level of pulse pressure (PP), that describes an interaction with contractile function of left ventricle and main arteries tensility [6].

Probability degree of recieved results was assessed with help of block of statistic programmes Statistica v. 6.1 (USA) and Rebrova’s recommendations.

Results of the research. Conducted valoergometry allowed us to determine reliable decrease of tolerance to physical stress of girls with neurocirculatory disronias manifestation. The lowest exponents were detected after receiving the hypotonic type of dystonias (93,18±4,09) Wt, with cardiac and hypertensyve type (110,00±4,59) Wt and (119,32±4,14) Wt suitably, contrary to result of control group – (143,75±9,33) Wt (tab.).

Investigation of cortisol basal secretion decided its reliable decreasing (p<0,05) among girls with hypotensive and hypertensive type of neurocirculatory disronias, suitably, (4,30±0,17) ng/mg and (4,45±0,18) ng/mg, comparayively with results receipted in students of control group (6,24±0,26) ng/mg. In that time. In girls with cardial type of dystonias, basal level of cortison authenically hadn’t changed from index of control group. Similar changes in girls with hypo,- and hypertensive type of neurocirculatory disronias can affirm about possible lowering of glucocortisoid


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function of adrenals, that is linked with chronil emotional stress, neurohumoral breakings, that limit cortisol secretion – surplus of noradrenalin and regulating mechanisms malady of hypotalamo-hypophysal system in first stage of stress – uneasiness stage [4, 9]. Possibly, in similar situation, certain meaning could have a contravertion of circadion swing of his secretion.

Condition of tolerance to physical stress, cortisol level in saliva and pulse

pressure in condition of stress-test of youth-age girls

Note. * – р<0,05; ** – р<0,01; *** – р<0,001. On height of stress-test was registered authenic increase of cortisol level in

girls with hypotensive type of neurocirculatory disronias on 37,21 % (p<0,001) and 48,1 %(p<0,0001) with hypertensive type of dystonias (tab. 1). In girls with cardial type of dystonias, icrease of that index was lower – 19,83 %(p<0,01). In group of healthy girls, cortisol level on height of bigger degree of veloergometrical function sustained lower increasing – 10,26 % with (6,24±0,26) ng/ml to (6,88±0,11) ng/ml (p<0.05).

Excessive increase of cortisol in girls with neurocirculatory disronias on heigh of stress-test (stage of resistance) can affirm about excessive activity of sympathetic adrenal axis. In similar condition, excessive cortisol discharge helps mobilisation of organ’s functions and responsible for adaptations tissues and their energy support. Also conversion of proteins, tallows and carbohydronates to energy finishes quickly and starts stage of exhaustion, that manifests in neurocirculatory disronias with decreasing output of stressin the moment of veloergometry [3, 5].

In time of neurocirculatory disronias, cardiovascular component of mechanisms of adaptation changes. So, research discharging indexes of pulse pressure (tab. 1) decided, that with hypotensive type of neurocirculatory disronias was observed the lowest heigh of PP – (32,50±1,34) mm Hg (p<0,05) exceeded indicators of control group. In cardial type of dystonias similar index hadn’t authenically differented of results. That were received in heathy girls.

On height of physical stress, it was observed increasing of PP in girls with cardial type of dystonias on (65,08±3,36) % (p<0,001), in girls with hypertensive type of neurocirculatory disronias on (42,06±2,81) %(p<0,01), in girls with hypotensive type (34,03±4,13) %. Also increasing of PP in hypertensive (66,6±4,18) mm Hg thruthly (p<0,05) predominated results of increasing, that were got in control group (51,60±3,78) mm Hg.

Type of neurocircu-

latory disronias

Cortisol ng/ml Pulse pressure (mm Hg) VEM-test

(Wt) before VEM-test

on height of VEM-test

before VEM test

On height of VEM- test

Hypotonic 4,30±0,17 5,90±0,10*** 32,50±1,34 39,40±3,16* 93,18±4,09*** Cardiac 6,00±0,24 7,19±0,15** 38,89±2,61 64,20±6,75*** 110,00±4,59** Hypertensive 4,45±0,18 6,59±0,14*** 46,88±2,10 66,6±4,18** 119,32±4,14** Control 6,24±0,26 6,88±0,11* 38,50±1,56 51,60±3,78*** 143,75±9,33


49

Similar reaction of PP in neurocirculatory disronias can be predictor of future vascular complications in that girls category [10].

So, in conditions of stress-test with all types of neurocirculatory disronias were proved similar signs of functional inferiority of cerdiovascular system in the form of defecient or excessive vibrations of pulse pressure, that combine with disorganisations of neurohumoral and metabolic regulation with lovering of tolerance to physical stress.

Low basal cortisol level in population is connected with funktional insuffiency of adrenals – syndron of hypoadrenia, that attends with lowering ability to work, fast tiredness, deterioration of mental health, functional hypoglicemia, deficite of energy and accordingly, lowinf tolerance to stess influence.

Deficite of cortisol basal level (hypoadrenia) can depose about prolonged alarm reaction, chronic stress, that have place among the sick of neurocirculatory disronias [3; 8]. Cortisol level is one of indicators of pressing adaptation stage, so his increasing in condition of stress influence can witness about affence of feedback. When informnation stops to enter information about excess of cortisol and secretion of adrenocorticotrophin doesn’t stop, exhaustion stage approachs [4; 5]. Inadequate hormonal providing sharp physical loading on neurocirculatory disronias possibly can be connected withconsiderable activity of noradrenal link of stress-system and (or) poor activity of stress-limited systems that assists to hemodinamic contraventions, lowing of tolerance in conditions of stress-test, subjective changes [7; 8]. Sharp physical stress in young people with neurocirculatory disronias manifestations leads to rise or streghtening of neuroendocrine disbalance, contravention of metabolism, microcirculation, that limits stress enduration. So for assessing of homeostatic organism reserves, condition of adaptative mechsnisms, manifestation of hypoadreny, it could be recommended research of cortisol level in saliva, pulse pressurein condition of stress loading. Founded changes in neurocirculatory disronias patients-girls needtimely correction, in last yers important role lots ninmedical methods of health improvement on vegetative disfunktions in youth age.

Conclusion. 1. For illuation hormonal and hemodynamic securing of pressing adaptation

phase in young peple with neurocirculatory disronias manifestations, it’s necessary use veloergometric test.

2. Condition of adaptative mechanisms with neurocirculatory disronias in youth-age girls is connected with level of hormonal secretion hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

3. Dinamic of cortisol manifestations in saliva can serve a predictor of hemodinamic, metabolic breakings in stress conditions, hypoadrenia syndrome. Increased cortisol secretion on height of physical stress with neurocirculatory disronias is one of important mechanisms of patient's organism urgent adaptation. From another side, increased cortisol level stimulates catabolism process, free-radical lipid oxidation, microcirculation disorder, that limits physical activity.

4. Decreased activity for physical stress in patients with neurocirculatory disronias passes with interaction between the contractile function of the left ventricle


50

and stretchability arteries (pulse pressure), that witness about relative worthness of blood supply to muscles, internal bodies and systems in stress-test conditions.

Perspective of future research. Received results attests about necessity of further studying about adaptation mechanisms for stress influence with neurocirculatory disronias and possibilities of their optimisations after systematically dosed physical stress applications.

References: 1. Amosova Ye. N. Sertse і sudini [Heart and blood vessels], 2006, vol. 4, pp. 10–12. (rus) 2. Anikin V. V. Neyrotsirkulyatornaya distoniya u podrostkov [Cardiopsychoneurosis in

adolescents], Tver, 2000, 110 p. (rus) 3. Veyn A. M. Vegetativnyye rasstroystva: klinika, diagnostika, lecheniye [Vegetative

disorders: clinical features, diagnosis, treatment], Moscow, 2003, 752 p. (rus) 4. Garkavi L. Kh., Kvakina Ye. B., Ukolova M. A. Adaptatsionnyye mekhanizmy i

rezistentnost organizma [Publishing office – RU], Rostov-na-Donu, 1990, 223 p. (rus) 5. Dubinin V. A., Sivoglazov V. I., Kamenskiy V. V. Regulyatornyye sistemy

organizma [The regulatory systems of the organism], Moscow, 2003, 386 p. (rus) 6. Litvinets L. Ya., Vakalyuk І. P. Arkhіv klіnіchnoi meditsini [Archives of Clinical

Medicine], 2003, vol. 1(2), pp. 54−56. (ukr) 7. Meyerson F. Z. Adaptatsionnaya meditsina: Mekhanizmy i zashchitnyye effekty

adaptatsii [Adaptive Medicine: Mechanisms and protective effects of adaptation], Moscow, 1993, 331 p. (rus)

8. Okorokov A. N., Bazenko N. P. Neyrotsirkulyarnaya distoniya [Cardiopsychoneurosis] Moscow, 2004, 192 p. (rus)

9. Fonyakina V. A. Suslinoy Z. A. Kardionevrologiya [Cardioneurology] 2011, 264 p. (rus) 10. Verdecchia P. Ambulatory pulse pressure: a potent predictor of total cardiovascular risk

in hypertension / P. Verdecchia, G. Schillaci, C. Borgioni // Hypertension. – 1998. – Vol. 32. – P. 983–988. (rus)

_______________________________________________________________ Valery Levchenko, Doctor of Science (Medicine); [email protected]; Vasyl Stefanyk

Precarpathian National University: Shevchenko 57, Ivano-Frankovsk, 76018, Ukraine. Petr Karabanovych, [email protected]; Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University:

Shevchenko 57, Ivano-Frankovsk, 76018, Ukraine. Liliya Vasilyeva, [email protected]; Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University:

Shevchenko 57, Ivano-Frankovsk, 76018, Ukraine . __________________ Received: 14.09.2013. Published: 31.10.2013.


51

UDC 796-056.24(477)

Mylik V., Doctor of Science (Physical Education and Sport), Professor Nesterenko A. Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture

ANALYSIS OF TRAINING LOADING DYNAMICS IN YEAR

MACROCYCLES 2010–2011, 2011–2012, 2012–2013 OF THE MEMBERS OF UKRAINE PARALYMPIC SKI AND BIATHLON TEAM

Abstract. We described the results of preparation of the Ukraine paralympic

ski and biathlon team in competition seasons 2010–2011, 2011–2012, 2012–2013 and reviewed different component of the training load connection with athletes results at World ski and biathlon paralympic championships 2011 and 2013. It is established that the amount of cyclic loading in III-VI intensity zone in the men's group of athletes in B1-3 and LW 2–9 in the 2011–2012 season was 5,271.5 km, and in the season 2012–2013 has increased by 10,7% to 5,661.6 km, respectively.

Key words: biathlon, cyclic loading, cross-country, paralympic sport. Introduction. Preparation of Paralympic athletes, specializing in skiing and

biathlon, quite complex and multifaceted process. It is connected with first of all with the problems caused by different physical affects, as well as psychological barriers arising with a necessity to adapt the training process for different groups of athletes, included in the picked team. It is cannot be ignored the difficulties arising from the combined preparation of the same athletes in two different sports, which are cross-country skiing and biathlon.

Peculiarity of Paralympic picked team of Ukraine is the participation of all its members in these two sports in the framework of the World Cup, World Championships and Paralympic Winter Games. Thus, the preparation of the national team for the competition has its own peculiarities though it obeys generally accepted principles [2–6; 8].

Connection of the research with academic programs and practical tasks. Research was carried out within the framework of the combined plan of researches of Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture.

Goal of the research: analysis of the components of the preparation Paralympic national team of Ukraine in the last three macrocycles 2010–2011, 2011–2012 and 2012–2013.

Tasks of the research: 1. To analyze the dynamics of cyclic loading of Paralympic athletes of

Ukraine at various stages of the macrocycle. 2. To compare the volume of loads executed in different intensity zones by

athletes Paralympic national team of Ukraine for 2010–2013. __________________________ ©Mylik V., Nesterenko A., 2013


52

3. To analyze the structure of training Paralympic national team of Ukraine in macrocycle 2012–2013.

Results of the research. System of separation of athletes into different classes was evolving long enough. For today, according to the International Classification (version 2010) Paralympic athletes are divided into classes, taking into account the different types of lesions musculoskeletal as well as organs of vision:

1. Group of standing athletes with lesions of musculoskeletal (LW 2–9). 2. Group of seating athletes with lesions of musculoskeletal (LW 10–12). 3. Group of athletes with a visual impairment (B1–3). Almost all athletes of these classes are competing in both types of skiing

(cross-country skiing and biathlon), using special equipment (beans for ski racing in the class LW 10–12), adaptive air gun.

To determine the final results of the competition uses the corresponding system of conversion percent, closely related to classes of athletes.

For a purely seasonal sports, which include skiing and biathlon characterized by building of training based on annual macrocycles, which can be clearly seen relatively independent periods and stages of preparation [2; 3; 6; 8].

The scientific literature is very poor for information about Paralympic sport, especially cyclic forms, what are the cross-country skiing and biathlon. Some publications [1; 4; 5; 7], related to the training of swimmers, trackmen and also articles devoted to common issues of Paralympic sport, do not give full opportunity to analyze training of Paralympic athletes competing in cross-country skiing and biathlon.

In general the structure of preparation and planning of the training process and Paralympic athletes in biathlon cross-country skiing is virtually identical to the training of athletes with no rejections in health status. However, the existing nuances that are in the planning of Paralympic athletes training in certain microcycle and training sessions require further study and elaboration.

Duration and structure of macrocycles of training of Paralympic national team of Ukraine are determined by many factors, which include: specific features of sports, what is the biathlon and cross-country skiing, the patterns of formation the main components of sportsmanship in them, the need for an athlete to participate in specific competitions (season 2010–2011 – World Cup, 2011–2012 – World Cup season 2012–2013 – World Cup), individual adaptation possibilities for athletes of training and competitive loads («sitting class» LW 10-12, «standing class «LW 2-9, athletes with the ocular damage of B1-3), the conditions of competition (plain, midlands), the content of the preceding training process [1–3; 5; 6; 8].

We analyzed the period of preparation, including three annual macrocycle 2010–2013, which had a variety tasks directly related to the goal set by the team at a particular stage of training:

Macrocycle 2010–2011: determination of candidates for the national team after the Paralympic

Games 2010 in Vancouver (Canada), the introduction of promising young athletes;


53

gradual increase in the volume of cyclic loading due to increased predominantly summer training and insignificantly ski training (an average of 20–22% on the team);

analysis of firearms training for the previous periods, improving its quality, with increasing the volume in the preparatory period;

training the team for the World Cup in Khanty-Mansiysk (Russia) in March 2011.

macrocycle 2011–2012 school year; further increase the volume of cyclic loading (an average of 30.1% on the

team) by increasing the amount of special summer and winter ski training (an average of 23.9% on the team);

increasing percentage of the load III–IV and I–II to the level of intensity zones 12.0–12.5%, due to an increasing of the load in III–IV intensity zone (average team growth by 32.1%);

marksmanship quality improvement (using the system SKAT during the evening exercises) increasing the volume marksmanship preferably in the preparatory period (27%) and partly in the competition period (14%);

improving the technical skills of skiing; national team members participated of the both summer and winter

competitions with athletes who do not have rejections in health status (Championship of Ukraine on the RPT and the SFA Ukrainian Cup in cross-country, competitions category FIS).

Macrocycle 2012–2013: modeling of training for the Paralympic Games 2014 in Sochi (Russia).

Working out the logistics, transportation, studying middle mountain bases adapted to the requirements of the Paralympic team (TCB Passo di Lavaze (ITA), Tsakhkadzor (Armenia);

experimental planning of the stage of immediate preparation for the World Cup in Sweden (25.02–06.03.2013);

modeling precompetitive preparation for the Paralympic Games 2014 during TCB in Tsakhkadzor (Armenia) 07–14.03.2013;

further increase in the volume of cyclic loading (an average of 10.7% on the team) due to increased summer training and insignificantly ski training (an average of 5.1% on the team);

reduction in the absolute numbers of volume load III–IV and intensity zone, respectively, the percentage reduction in load III–IV and I–II intensity zone to a level 10,8–11,3%;

further improving the quality shooting training (use SKAT system for air guns by evening exercises), increasing the volume firearms training in the preparatory and competitive period (6000–6500 reaching the level of shots in the annual macrocycle, given that the shooting is made only from the "lying" ).

The analysis of the training process Paralympic skiers allowed us to present the parameters of cyclic loading (tab. 1), including data TVCL (total volume of cyclic loading), the percentage of load of volume and intensity of competitive ski training members of Paralympic national team of Ukraine in the period 2010-2013 according to sex and nosology.


54

Table 1 Parameters of cyclic loading of the Paralympic team of Ukraine on skiing

and biathlon in seasons for 2010-2013

Nam

e,

Surn

ame Season 2010–2011 Season 2011–2012 Season 2012-2013

TVCL % loadings on III–IV

zone

Summary amount of

ski training TVCL

% loadings on III–IV

zone

Summary amount of

ski training TVCL

% loadings on III–IV

zone

Summary amount of

ski training Men LW2-9, B1-3

K.А. 4308 510(11,8) 1780 (41,3) 4704 508 (10,8) 1950 (41,4) 5049 606 (12,0) 2165 (42,8) R.Ya. 3890 337 (8,6) 1687 (43,3) 4500 381 (8,4) 2336 (51,9) U.Yu. 4480 498 (11,1) 2187 (48,8) 5329 542 (10,2) 2443 (45,8) 5815 464 (7,9) 2545 (43,7) L.О. 4903 532 (10,8) 2280 (46,5) 5670 650 (11,5) 2530 (44,6) 5409 607 (11,2) 2526 (46,7) S.V. 4886 503 (10,3) 2098 (42,9) 5210 553 (10,6) 2249 (43,2) 5511 494 (8,9) 2597 (47,1) R.I. 4389 497 (11,3) 1769 (40,3) 5130 647 (12,6) 2154 (42,0) 5930 460 (7,7) 2154 (36,3) М.V. 4450 358 (8,0) 1689 (37,9) 5080 458 (9,0) 2207 (43,4) 6799 499 (7,3) 2840 (41,8) V.G. 5170 505 (9,7) 2276 (44,0) 5586 630 (11,3) 2618 (46,9) 6256 483 (7,7) 2676 (42,8)

Women LW2-9, B1-3 K.А. 4397 440 (10,0) 1760 (40,0) Maternity leave 4702 405 (8,6) 2094 (44,5) Sh.О. 4280 458 (10,7) 1658 (38,7) 4331 536 (12,4) 1752 (40,4) 5061 348 (6,9) 2214 (43,7)

Men LW10-12 Т.М. 3489 421 (12,0) 1767 (50,6) 3653 475 (13,0) 1826 (50,0) 4415 495 (11,2) 2140 (48,5) K.А. 3267 265 (8,1) 1230 (37,6) 4704 416 (8,8) 2362 (50,2)

11%

89%

Summary volume of loading in III-VIintensity zoneSummary volume of loading in I-II intesityzone

Load ratio in a season 2010-2011

Load ratio in a season 2011-2012.

12%

88%Summary volume of loading in III-VIintensity zoneSummary volume of loading in I-IIintensity zone

Load ratio in a season 2012-2013 .

9%

91%

Summary volume of loading in III-VIintensity zoneSummary volume of loading in I-II intensityzone

Fig.1. Load ratio III-IV and I-II intensity zones in the seasons 2010-2013


55

Besides, we have established ratio of reduction (I–II intensity zone) and competitive (II–IV intensity zone) loads in the period 2010–2013 at members of Paralympic national team of Ukraine (Fig. 1), which is within 8,8–12 3%, that corresponds to the modern requirements of skiing, as well as the ratio used in the preparation of training facilities (Fig. 2).

As you can see from the diagram, the main means of training athletes the group LW 2–9 were traditional cross-country skiing and biathlon facilities: ski 209.8 h, rollerskis 141.8 h, cross 59.6 h, cross with simulated ski moves 49.1 h, marksmanship training (comprehensive training with shooting + "dry" exercises) 167.1 h, strength training 75.5 h.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Marksmanship training 175 182 163 166 157 160

Strength training 80 84 43 75 83 88

Cross 55 47 43 47 52 51

Cross with simul. 65 64 45 54 64 66

Rollerskis 153 144 126 133 153 142

Ski 212 210 175 210 221 231

Reptiuh Vovchinskiy Batenkova Lukianenko Kovalevskiy Utkin

Exertion (hour)

Athlets

Fig. 2. Distribution of training load on preparing facilities in the annual macrocycle 2012–2013 of the members of Paralympic national team of Ukraine

Thus based on the analysis of the training process we have developed a

distribution of training loads, which involves personalizing of athletes’ training programs taking in to account performance of training work and the state of functional systems of athletes’ organism.

Conclusions: 1. Construction of training process of Paralympic athletes specializing in

cross-country skiing and biathlon conforms to generally accepted principles of sports training in cyclic sports.

2. The average value of total volume of cyclic loading in the male group of athletes of classes B1-3 and LW 2–9 in the 2011–2012 season totaled 5271.5 km, and in the 2012–2013 season 5661.6 km, which is 7.3 % increase.


56

3. The total volume of ski training in the male group of athletes of classes B1-3 and LW 2–9 in the 2011–2012 season totaled 2,324 km, and in the 2012–2013 season 2443 km, respectively, that representing growth of 5.1%.

4. The volume of cyclic loading in III-VI intensity zone in the male group of athletes of classes B1-3 and LW 2-9 in the 2011-2012 season totaled 5271.5 km, and in the 2012–2013 season has increased of 10.7% amounted to 5661.6 km, respectively.

Prospects for further research: development of training program for national team of Ukraine cross-country skiing and biathlon to the Paralympic Games 2014 in Sochi (Russia).

References: 1. Zlydnev A. A. Adaptivnaya fizicheskaya kultura [Adaptive physical culture], 2010,

vol. 1(41), pp. 16–17. 2. Kamayev O. I. Teoreticheskiye i metodicheskiye osnovy optimizatsii sistemy

mnogoletney podgotovki yunykh lyzhnikov-gonshchikov : avtoref. dis. … d-ra ped. nauk [The theoretical and methodological foundations of long-term optimization of the system of training young skiers : Author's thesis], 2000, 51 p.

3. Karlenko V. P. Optimizatsiya trenirovki kvalifitsirovannykh biatlonistov na etape neposredstvennoy podgotovki k sorevnovaniyam : avtoref. dis. … kand. ped. nauk [Optimization of training of qualified biathlonists at the stage of immediate preparation for the competition : Author's thesis], Kyiv, 1983.

4. Lyannoy Yu. O. Іnvalіdniy sport [Invalid sports], Sumi, 2000, 208 p. 5. Makina L. F. Adaptivnaya fizicheskaya kultura [Adaptive physical culture], 2010,

vol. 4(44), pp. 11–12. 6. Mulik V. V. Sistema menogoletnego sportivnogo sovershenstvovaniya v uslozhnennykh

usloviyakh sopryazheniya osnovnykh storon podgotovlennosti sportsmenov : dis. … doktora fiz. vikh. [The system of long-term improvement of sports in the complicated conditions of conjugation main parties of athletes : Author's thesis], Kharkov, 2001, 510 p.

7. Ozolina Ye. Nauka v olimpiyskom sporte [Science in Olympic sports], 2002, vol. 2., pp. 97–105.

8. Platonov V. N. Sistema podgotovki sportsmenov v olimpiyskom sporte [The system of training athletes in Olympic sports], Kyiv, 2004, 808 p.

_______________________________________________________________ V’yacheslav Mylik, Doctor of Science (Physical Education and Sport), Professor;


Andrey Nesterenko, [email protected]; Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture: Klochkovskaya 99, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine.



57

UDC 796.333.44/796.015.2

Pasko V. Podolyaka О., PhD (Physical Education and Sport), Assosiate Professor Martyrosyan A., PhD (Physical Education and Sport) Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture

MODEL FEATURES AS THE BASIS OF MANAGING TRAINING PROCESS

OF RUGBY PLAYERS OF 16–18 YEARS

Abstract. We consider the characteristics of the model, based on identifying the most significant tests of physical, special and technical training of athletes, rugby players 16–18 years, allowing more effectively and efficiently manage the training process. Specially selected tests make it possible to determine the level of development of the most important physical characteristics and technical readiness of rugby, to determine the extent to which the model level and can then be used for work programs for youth sports schools, specialized youth school of Olympic reserve, high school sports.

Keywords: rugby league, training process, management, innovation, physical and technical preparedness.

Introduction. A variety of sports equipment, tactics and physical training in

sport requires specialist recruitment rational effective means and methods of preparation. The problem of training qualified athletes and managing their adversarial and training activities is one of the most important problems in modern sport [1; 4–6; 8].

Rugby League is one of the sports that is actively developing in Ukraine. Rugby League – one of the varieties of sports, presents a vivid spectacle of sports and has more than a century of development [2; 10]. The specificity of sport, its speed and power orientation, require innovative approaches to method of training young rugby players [3; 7; 9]. Development of model characteristics as a basis for management rugby training process is an urgent problem in terms of improving the quality of the training process.

In our country one of the most important tasks in the development of rugby league was the problem of the definition of model performance athletes based on their age and skill. The use of models is a basic foundation for improving physical and technical preparedness of athletes, rugby players, allowing enough time to fairly and manage the training process and increase the level of sportsmanship in rugby league.

Relationship of academic programs, plans, themes. The research was conducted in accordance with the Consolidated Plan research of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports in 2011–2015 on theme 1.1 of «Research and Methodological Foundations of information technology professionals in the __________________________

©Pasko V., Podolyaka О., Martyrosyan A., 2013


58

preparation of the field of physical culture and sports», state registration number 0111U003130.

Purpose, tasks of the work, material and methods. The purpose of the study is to develop a model physical characteristics, of special and technical, training as a basis for management of teaching training process of training the athletes of rugby players of 16–18 years.

Following tasks to carry out study. 1. Identify the analytical model of training team in rugby league. 2. Refine heterogeneous tests for different aspects of rugby training. 3. Develop a model of physical characteristics, special and technical training

rugby players of 16-18 years. 4. Offer reference standards of training in rugby league for all age groups.

Material and methods. In this paper, we used the following methods: theoretical analysis and synthesis

of the literature, educational testing, research and technical level of physical fitness athletes, rugby players, systems of analysis and mathematical modeling to define the characteristics of rugby players. The study involved 60 athletes of 16–18 from Donetsk (14 forwards and 16 back) and Krivoy Rog (14 attackers and 16 defenders) who are members of the championship of Ukraine in this age category.

Results of the research. At the beginning of the experiment was carried out systematic analysis of foreign literature and monitor competitive activity of rugby players of the different age groups and skill. For objective study of obtained during the observation data interviews were also conducted with coaches, qualified and young athletes. Summary results of observations allowed to determine the analytical model training of team in rugby league (Fig. 1).

TEAM MODEL

Generalized model of midfield players

Generalized model of player protection

A generalized model of attack players

Det

aile

d pl

ayer

mod

els Ι

num

ber

of a

ttack

s num

ber 8

, 10

Det

aile

d m

odel

of f

ree

strik

er

num

ber 1

3

Det

aile

d m

odel

num

ber

mid

field

er c

ontra

ctio

ns 7

Det

aile

d m

odel

of t

he v

agus

m

idfie

lder

num

ber 6

Det

aile

d pl

ayer

mod

els Ι

Ι som

e at

tack

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1, 1

2

Det

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ente

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k nu

mbe

r 3, 4

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he w

ing

back

nu

mbe

r 2, 5

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num

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Training programs for each of the individual units

A d

etai

led

mod

el o

f the

hoo

ker

num

ber 9


59

To identify the relationship of individual aspects of preparedness of rugby players correlation analysis was carried out. In determining the overall physical fitness, we obtained the following values (tab. 1). The high level of correlation between the fixed rates running at 60 m with a high start and a triple jump of the standing position (r=–0,73), running at 60 m with a high start and jump up the hill from the sport (r=–0,73), running 400 m long and triple jump from spot (r=–0,73), running the 400 meters and jump up the hill from spot (r=–0,77), long jump and triple jump from spot (r=0,73), long jump and jump up the hill from spot (r=0,73), triple jump and leap out of town up the hill from spot (r=0,83).

Table 1 Correlation of indicators of overall physical fitness of athletes, rugby players of

16-17 (р<0,05)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 2 0,69 1 3 0,49 0,50 1 4 0,58 0,68 0,41 1 5 –0,21 –0,13 –0,28 –0,31 1 6 –0,52 –0,67 –0,61 –0,61 0,24 1 7 –0,55 –0,73 –0,46 –0,73 0,38 0,73 1 8 –0,61 –0,73 –0,55 –0,77 0,46 0,73 0,83 1 9 0,12 –0,06 –0,15 0,02 –0,01 0,13 0,22 0,12 1

Note. 1 – run at 30 m with a high start, 2 – run at 60 m with a high start, 3 – run at 100 m with a high start, 4 – run the 400 meters, 5 – run 12 minutes, 6 – long jump, 7 – triple jump out of spot, 8 – jump with a mountain of 9 – spinning at close range. Analysis of the data presented in Table. 2, indicates the absence of a special relationship between indicators of physical fitness rugby players 16-18 years.

Table 2 Correlation indices of special physical training athletes, rugby players of 16-17

(р<0,05)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1 2 0,03 1 3 0,68 –0,01 1 4 –0,58 0,13 –0,72 1 5 0,18 –0,28 0,24 –0,28 1 6 0,09 –0,16 0,07 –0,14 0,54 1 7 0,21 –0,38 0,28 –0,28 0,54 0,47 1

Note. 1 – 30 m running with the ball, 2 – 5 minute running, 3 – shuttle run (3x10 m), 4 – pulling from suing, 5 – bench press bar, 6 – lifting weights on his chest, 7 – Squats with bar a shoulders. Analysis of technical readiness showed significantly high correlation between the performance of shot ball high; and the shot on the range from hands (r=0,83), kicking the ball; and drop sport; (r=0,79), kick on the range from hands and drop-shot» (r=0,88) (Table 3).


60

Table 3 Correlation indices of special physical fitness rugby athletes of 16–17

(р<0,05) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 1 2 0,29 1 3 0,13 –0,09 1 4 –0,09 0,09 –0,21 1 5 0,30 0,21 0,33 0,42 1 6 0,24 0,05 0,83 –0,24 0,31 1 7 0,21 –0,03 0,79 –0,26 0,39 0,88 1 8 0,31 –0,02 –0,01 0,36 0,50 –0,03 0,11 1

Note. 1 – to pass the ball in pairs for 1 min, 2 – holds for 30 s, 3 – kick the ball high; «candle», 4 – catching the ball after hitting 5 – kick and catch the ball in stride, 6 – kick on the range from hands, 7 – drop-shot;, 8 – shot on goal.

As a result of the correlation analysis carried out rather low equivalence tests

were revealed. This gives reason to believe that based on the selection of a large number of tests used in rugby league, we have identified the most suitable for the sport properly selected tests and general fitness – from 19 tests selected for 9 special physical training – from 16 selected 7 Technical Training – 8 out of 19 were selected. This allows us to control and adjust various types of training in rugby league, and capable of selecting high sports achievements in children’s rugby league.

Based on the above research and determining the optimal parameters in different age categories, mathematical models of general physical, special and technical training rugby players were worked out (Fig. 2–4).

0,00

20,00

40,00

60,00

80,00

100,001

2

3

4

5

6

7

8910

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

16-17

17-18

Fig. 2. Model of the general physical fitness rugby players

of 16–17 and 17–18 years: 1 – running at 30 m from the high start (c) (forwards), 2 – running at 30 m from the high start (c)

(back), 3 – running 60 m from the high start (c) (forwards), 4 – running at 60 m from the high start (c) (back), 5 – running at 100 m from the high start (c) (forwards) 6 – running at 100 m with high

start (c) (back), 7 – running the 400 meters (min, s) (forwards) 8 – running the 400 meters (min, s) (back), 9 – running 12 minutes (m) (forwards), 10 – 12 big minutes (m) (back), 11 – long jump (cm) (forwards), 12 – long jump (cm) (back), 13 – triple jump out of the city (cm) (forwards) 14 – Triple

jump out of the city (cm) (back), 15 – jump with a stand (cm) (forwards), 16 – jump with a stand town (cm) (back), 17 – push’us the support (number of times) (attackers and defenders).


61

0,00

20,00

40,00

60,00

80,00

100,001

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

16-17

17-18

Figure. 3. Model of specific physical fitness of rugby players

of 16–17 and 17–18 years: 1 – running 30 meters with the ball (s) (forwards), 2 – running at 30 m from the ball (s) (back), 3 – Big 5 minutes (m) (forwards) 4 – running 5 minutes (m) (back), 5 – shuttle run (3x10 m) (c)

(forwards) 6 – shuttle run (3x10 m) (c) (defenders) 7 – pulling out suing (number of times) (forwards) 8 – pulling out suing (number of times) (back), 9 – bench press bar (kg) (forwards),

10 – bench press bar (kg) (back), 11 – lifting bar on chest (kg) (forwards), 12 – lifting bar on chest (kg) (back), 13 – squats with a barbell on your shoulders (kg) (forwards), 14 – squats with barbell

on your shoulders (kg) (back).

0,00

20,00

40,00

60,00

80,00

100,001

2

3

4

5

6

78

9

10

11

12

13

16-17

17-18

Figure. 4. Model of technical preparedness of rugby players

16–17 and 17–18 years: 1 – transfer in the pair for 1 min (Number of times) (forwards), 2 – transfer in the pair for 1 min

(Number of times) (back) 3 – hold a 30-s (number of times) (attackers and defenders), 4 – kick the ball «candle», (m) (forwards), 5 – to kick the ball «candle»; (m) (back), 6 – catching after hitting

the ball (Number of times out of 10 attempts) (attackers and defenders), 7 – kick and catch the ball in stride (Number of times out of 10 attempts) (forwards), 8 – kick and catch the ball in stride (Number of times out of 10 attempts) (back), 9 – kick in the range from hands (m) (forwards),

10 – kick in the range from hands (m) (back), 11 – drop-kick; (m) (forwards), 12 – drop-kick; (m) (back), 13 – shot on goal (m) (back).


62

Analysis of the model characteristics of other indicators rugby players of 16–18 years and indicators of rugby players of other age categories (description of the study of other age groups are not included in this study) has allowed us to develop the table tests and benchmarks to determine the general, special and technical training of the training program for junior sports schools, specialized youth school of Olympic reserve school of higher sportsmanship (tab. 4–6).

Conclusions. The analytical model of training teams in rugby league was devised. As a result of the correlation analysis it was revealed rather low equivalence tests based on what rugby mathematical models of general physical, special and technical training, which is an effective guide to improving athletic performance in rugby league. Based on the analysis of model specifications rugby players we developed a table testing and defined benchmarks of general, special and technical training for rugby players of all ages, which can later be used in the teaching programs for junior sports schools, specialized youth school of Olympic reserve, higher school sportsmanship.

Prospects for further research. Because our studies were conducted with athletes of 16–18 (in this article the model of this age group) and subject to the proposed benchmarks of overall physical, special and technical training, it is possible to define a model for athletes of all ages in rugby league.

This study provides an opportunity to further define the competitive models of rugby league team based on the presented analytical model of training team.


63

Table 4 Control norms of body-conditioning for all age-related groups

Tests

Age Norms are for the players of lines of

attack and defence

Age

10 11 12 13 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-23

Body-conditioning

Run a 30 m from a high start (s) 5,8 5,6 5,4 5,2 F 5,0 4,8 4,6 4,5 4,4 4,3 4,2 D 4,8 4,5 4,4 4,3 4,2 4,1 4,0

Run on a 60 m from a high start (s) – – – 9,6 F 9,4 9,0 8,8 8,6 8,4 8,2 8,0 D 8,8 8,6 8,4 8,2 8,0 7,8 7,6

Run on a 100 m from a high start (s) – – – 15,0 F 14,4 13,8 13,5 13,2 13,0 12,8 12,6 D 13,8 13,2 13,0 12,8 12,5 12,2 12,0

Run on a 400 m (min, s) – – – – F 1,20,0 1,15,0 1,10,0 1,05,0 1,03,0 1,02,0 1,01,0 D 1,15,0 1,10,0 1,05,0 1,02,0 1,00,0 59,5 59,0

12 min (m) run – – – – F 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 D 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300

There is a broad jump (cen) 160 170 180 190 F 200 210 220 230 235 240 245 D 210 230 240 250 255 260 265

A triple jump is from a place (cen) – – – 550 F 600 660 680 700 720 740 760 D 640 700 720 740 760 780 800

A jump is in a mountain from a place (cen) – – – 30 F 35 40 42 45 48 50 52

D 45 50 52 55 58 60 62 Quetching is in support (number of times) 12 15 20 25 D, F 30 40 50 55 60 65 70


64

Table 5 Control norms of the special physical preparation for all age-related groups

Tests


attack and defence

Age

10 11 12 13 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-23

Special physical preparation

Run on a 30 m with a ball (s) 6,2 6,0 5,8 5,5 F 5,3 5,1 4,9 4,7 4,6 4,5 4,4 D 5,1 4,9 4,7 4,5 4,4 4,3 4,2

5 min (m) run 1100 1150 1200 1250 F 1300 1350 1400 1450 1475 1500 1525 D 1350 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1675

At shuttle run(s) 8,3 8,1 7,9 7,7 F 7,5 7,3 7,1 6,9 6,7 6,5 6,4 D 7,3 7,0 6,8 6,6 6,4 6,2 6,0

Undercutting from swing (number of times) – – – 3 F 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 D 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

The bench press of barbell (kg) – – – – F 60 75 80 90 100 110 120 D 40 60 70 80 90 95 100

Getting up of barbell on chest (kg) – – – – F 60 80 90 95 100 110 120 D 50 70 80 85 90 95 100

Squat with a barbell on shoulders – – – – F 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 D 70 90 100 110 115 120 130


65

Table 6 Control norms of technical preparation for all age-related groups

Tests


attack and defence

Age

10 11 12 13 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-23

Technical preparation

A transmission of ball is in pair after 1 min (number of times) 22 25 28 30 F 32 35 38 40 42 45 48

D 35 38 40 42 45 48 50 Take after 30 с (number of times) – – – – F, D 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

A kick of ball is a "candle" (m) – – – 20 F 22 24 26 28 30 32 35 D 25 28 30 32 35 38 40

Catching of ball (number of times) – – – 7 from 10 F, D 8 from

10 8 from

10 9 from

10 9 from

10 100% 100% 100%

A kick and catching of ball from motion (number of times) – – – 6 from

10

F 7 from 10

7 from 10

8 from 10

8 from 10

9 from 10

9 from 10 100%

D 7 from 10

8 from 10

8 from 10

9 from 10

9 from 10 100% 100%

A shot on distance from hands (m) – – – 30 F 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 D 38 40 42 45 48 50 52

"Drop-shot" (m) – – – – F 25 30 32 34 36 38 40 D 30 35 38 40 42 45 50

Shot on goal (m) – – – 20 F, D 30 35 38 40 42 45 50


66

References: 1. Martirosyan A. A. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport

bulletin], Kharkіv, 2003, vol. 6, pp. 80–82. (rus) 2. Pasko V. V., Podolyaka O. B., Martirosyan A. A., Filenko I. Yu.. Slobozans’kij nauk.-

sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2012, vol. 4, pp. 165–168. (rus) 3. Pasko V. V. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin],

Kharkіv, 2010, vol. 1, pp. 151–155. (ukr) 4. Platonov V. N. Obshchaya teoriya podgotovki sportsmenov v olimpiiskom sporte [The

general theory of training athletes in Olympic sports], Kyiv, 1997, 584 p. (rus) 5. Platonov V. N. Sistema podgotovki sportsmenov v olimpiiskom sporte [The system of

training athletes in Olympic sports], Kyiv, 2004, 808 p. (rus) 6. Podolyaka O. B. Pedagogіka, psikhologіya ta mediko-bіologіchnі problemi fіzichnogo

vikhovannya і sportu [Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sport], Kharkіv, 2003, vol. 10, pp. 56–60. (rus)

7. Podolyaka O. B., Pas’ko V. V. Dotsіl’nіst’ vikoristannya komp’yuternikh tekhnologіi u regbі [The feasibility of using computer technology in Rugby], Materіali VII vseuk. nauk.-prakt. іnternet-konf. [Materials of the VII All-Ukrainian. scientific and practical. Internet conference], Kyiv, 2010, pp. 28–29. (ukr)

8. Podolyaka O. B., Martirosyan A. A.. Problemy i perspektivy razvitiya sportivnykh igr i yedinoborstv v vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniyakh [Methodical bases of training teams regbі-7 in the universities of Ukraine], Kharkov, 2005, pp. 114–115. (rus)

9. Podolyaka O. B., Pasko V. V. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2011, vol. 4, pp. 163–168. (ukr)

10. Pasko V. V. Organization aspects of Rugby League are in Ukraine / V. V. Pasko, О. B. Podolyaka, А. А. Martyrosyan, I. U. Filenko // Materialy VIII mezinarodni naukowo-prakticka conference «Nauka I informacja – 2012» : Physical culture and sport : Przemysl. Publishihg House «Nauka i studia». – Volum 20. – Stran. 67–69.

_______________________________________________________________ Vladlena Pasko, [email protected]; Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture:

Klochkovskaya 99, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine. Оleg Podolyaka, PhD (Physical Education and Sport), Assosiate Professor;


Artur Martyrosyan, PhD (Physical Education and Sport); [email protected]; Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture: Klochkovskaya 99, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine.

__________________ Received: 14.09.2013 Published: 31.10.2013


67

UDC 796.853.23/796.056

Perebeynos V. Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture

FEATURES ATHLETIC TRAINING JUDO VETERAN

Abstract. The aim – to establish the distinctive features of athletic training

judo veterans and the fighters who realize their potential in the sport. Various aspects of their training are analyzed on the basis of the survey (questionnaire) judo veterans. The survey involved 30 athletes from ages M-1 (30 to 34 years old), M-2 (35 to 39 years), M-3 (40 to 44 years) and older age groups. Differences were found in the volume and intensity of training and competitive pressures, technical and tactical arsenal, physical fitness, motivation for sports activities, organizational conditions of preparation. Expanded the contemporary understanding of the theory and methodology of veteran judo. Practical recommendations for the preparation of judo veterans.

Keywords: judo, athletes Masters, preparation, technique, tactics, physical training.

Introduction. Annually increasing the number of people included in the

Veteran sports movement, in which Ukrainian judokas occupy the leading position. Meanwhile, the system of judoka-veterans sports training remains underexplored it concerns directly the process of training as well as organizational, legal and other conditions.

Problem of management training athletes is always relevant it doesn't matter at which age group it happens.

In recent years in various kinds of sport treat an issue of veterans’ sport, but they have not provided specific recommendations regarding the features of the construction of the training process [3; 5].

Sports longevity as an important social and cultural phenomenon in recent years has increasingly become a subject of research. It's hard to imagine the more compelling arguments about healthy way and lifestyle than visual examples of sports and professional achievements of veterans [6]. Analyzing the activities of federations and associations of veterans which exists in Ukraine and the popularity of veteran movement in the world you can talk about the need to support this movement.

Hosting the world championships, European and international tournament among veterans of different kinds of sport actualizes the problem of scientific and methodological support of their preparation. It is quite often that is used for athletes (training methodology which is being developed for a long time by scientists from different countries), inadequate for athletes Masters [1; 2].

Researches devoted to the specifics of judoka-veterans’ training, was held that not allow athletes to build their training based on reasonable methodological __________________________

©Perebeynos V., 2013


68

approaches. This leads to various negative trends, including injuries, psychological dissatisfaction and incomplete disclosure of their potential.

Goal of research: establish features of judoka-veterans sports preparation. Research tasks: 1. Identify the main trends and the specific of judoka-veterans sports

preparation. 2. Suggest the recommendations on judoka-veterans educational-training

process. Matter and methods of research. To achieve the objectives were used the

following methods: analysis and generalization of scientific-methodical literary sources, pedagogical supervision, and modeling, analysis of videos and competitive activities of wrestlers, timing, and mathematic statistics.

Results of research. Veterans’ sport, including judo, for the last 10–15 years is booming. World Cups of Masters are held, World Championships, European – the most prestigious competitions in amateur movement, organized annually by the World Federation. Thus, there is an opportunity to examine regularities of long-term system of athletes training in the widest age range. And for veteran age (as for the youth) do not divide excessively and sometimes artificially recreational and competitive components [4; 5]. At the same time for the comparatively limited circle of judoka-veterans preparing has a professional nature.

Competitions for judoka-veterans are held in the same weight classes as in the Olympic judo: 60, 66, 73, 81, 90, 100, over 100 kg (men); 48, 52, 57, 63, 70, 78, over 78 kg (women). Awards are played out in the team tournament and 10 age groups: F1/М1 (30–34 years old), F2/М2 (35–39 years old), F3/М3 (40–44 years old), F4/M4 (45–49 years old), F5/М5 (50–54 years old), F6/М6 (55–59 years old), F7/М7 (60–64 years old), F8/М8 (65–69 years old), F9/M9 (70–75 years old), F10/M10 (75 years old and elder) [7].

Scrummage duration of athletes aged 30 to 60 years is 3 minutes, older than 60 years it’s – 2.5 minutes.

From 30 to 90 years it’s almost a lifetime. For many reasons few people reaches 10–12-th groups, but there are sports centenarians who successfully performs in the elder groups.

In this paper, presents the results of the judoka-veterans survey regarding specific of their sports training and physical preparedness. Research was carried out in the form of interviews, answers of respondents were made in beforehand prepared report. The survey involved 30 athletes from the age group M-1 (from 30 to 34 years old), M-2 (from 35 to 39 years old), M-3 (from 40 to 44 years old), as well as athletes of elder age groups. Qualification specifications: 6 people have title of MSIL, 20 – MS 4 people – CMS. The vast majority of respondents (70%) were repeated winners and medalists of the Sambo and Judo European and World Championships [2; 7].

As a result of survey were revealed the following features in judoka-veterans training:


69

90% of veterans noted the reduction in training exertion in their preparation is manifested in the fewer workouts and their intensity decreased as compared to the higher stage of sportsmanship. Training, they said, pass in partial exertion mode;

23% of judoka-veterans are training less than 3 times a week. Other athletes pay attention for training on the mat considerable time 4 and more workouts per week. In competitive exertion of veterans decrease is also observed;

80% of respondents expressed for the need to support their coaching training;

80% of athletes have noted changes connected with their tactics of techniques and tactics of fight: more attention has been paid to planning their actions, the struggle for the hack, decreased tempo fight;

80% of athletes-veterans changed the technical arsenal, due to previous trauma innovations in the rules of the competition rethinking technical training from new positions, and age-related changes (Fig. 1).

80%

80%

80%

77%

90%

Decrease in training load

Training more than 3 times aweek

Forwarding by a coach

Сhanged tactics receptions

Decreasing in training load

Fig. 1. Specificity of training judoka-veterans

Main means of recovery for veterans is a bath, additional – massage, outdoor activities (walking, swimming, etc.), pharmacology and healthy food.

The main motivation mechanisms for making sports for judoka-veterans after completion of sports career is: health promotion and maintenance of working capacity – 100%, like Judo classes – 100%, communication with friends – 80% dissatisfaction with the results achieved during active sports – 10% (Fig. 2).


70

Fig. 2. Motivation for judoka-veterans making sports

Based on analysis of the technical arsenal of modern activity competition

between qualified judoka and judoka-veterans it was established techniques that are most commonly used by them. With high efficiency in fights used dashes technique Nage Waza 4 KYU orange belt, technique 5 KYU yellow belt, technique 2 KYU belt blue; technique 1 KYU brown belt (tab. 1).

Table 1

The competitive technique of active sportsmen and veterans of

Active judoka Judoka-veterans – pickup under one, both feet; – hip-roll; – hitches from the inside; – back sidestep; – counter hold from pickup; – forward sidestep; – touchdown landing under both feet.

– inside, outside back heel; – hitch from the inside; touchdown landing under both feet; – throw with foot rest in the belly; – hitch for cognominal foot from outside; – throw with hoisting up shin sitting; – twisting.

Comparison of indicators of competitive technique of winners Olympics active

athletes and veterans of judo showed that active athletes effectively use pickup throws and other more complicated in structure throws, while wrestler-veterans advantages achieve with the help of throws hitches and back heels and others more simple sleights with minimal amplitude. Based on the expediency preserving their energy potential, and considering the trauma of the spine, many judoka become increasingly perform technical steps feet.

Great influence on the conduct of training of veterans has their regime of employment. Some of them are coaches so their preparation usually takes place in the process of training of trainee. Others – labor schedule is not normalized, based on that their training are not systematically.

Sport achievements require higher performance quite large by volume intense physical exertion during the training process and competitive activities. After completion of the athletic career athletes are not always uniformly come from a state of increased physical activity, which partially leads to diseases, especially

100%

100%

80%

10%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

health

Judo classescommunication

ambition


71

cardiovascular system and other body systems. The reason for deterioration in functional status and working capacity can be a serious trauma.

In the answers to questions about physical preparedness, took part 30 people. All athletes were divided into 3 groups according to age. While united dividing into age groups was taken into account the international experience of carrying out the team ("line fight") veteran judo tournament, as a result in the first group included representatives from M-1 – M-2, the second – M 3 – M 4, the third – M-5 – M-7.

Respondents were asked to answer the following question: "What is the maximum weight in the bench press you overcome?", "How many times have you done chin-ups?", "For what time you run over a distance of 3000 m?", "What is the number of throws per 30 seconds?". The choice of such issues (motor tests) was due to the fact that many experts note the expediency of people in mature and elderly age exactly those qualities that are relatively easily amenable to education and is the foundation of health that is strength and total endurance. Besides, these tests are simple in performance, informative and traditional. The survey results are presented in tab. 2.

Table 2 Movement preparedness of judoka-veterans

Groups

(10 people in each one)

Results of tests performance (X) Benchpress

(kg) Throws for

30 s Chin-ups Running 3000 m (min)

М-1 – М-2 121,4 17,6 19,6 12,6 М-3 – М-4 110,3 15,4 13,6 13,6 М-5 – М-7 94,4 13,1 8,1 14,3

Starting from 40 years old only a few judoka choose the cross as a means of

general endurance. So, from 20 representatives of groups M 3 – M-7 only 7 people are running. In our opinion, this is due to the fact that most of the judoka has certain problems with the spine (they increase with age), and running at these pathological changes is contraindicated. Comparing of force preparedness of judoka in the transition from one age group to another showed the need for judoka speed-strength training in different age groups. This fact confirms the idea that the forceful capability rather well to training impact, both for youth and for adults. In connection with this it can be concluded that the inclusion of exercises for strength is a must for judoka-veterans’ training.

Conclusions: 1. During interviewing judoka-veterans noted reduction of training load in

their preparation that manifested in fewer workouts and lower of their intensity. Great influence on the conduction of veterans’ training has their regime of employment.

2. Judoka-veterans carry throws hitches and back heels and others more simple sleights with minimal amplitude. With high efficiency in battles throws technique is used – Nage Waza 4 KYU; 5 KYU technique, 2 KYU technique, 1 KYU


72

technique (tab. 1), due to previous trauma innovations in the rules of the competition and the development of age-related changes.

3. To a greater extent motivation to make sport for judoka veterans are: health promotion, love of judo classes, and communication with friends. Only 10% of judoka-veterans resumed judo classes because of poor performances in the past.

4. The main emphasis in the development of physical qualities veterans are doing on endurance and strength, to a lesser extent on the agility, flexibility and speed. A great importance veterans paid to exercises designed to strengthen the muscles abs and back.

Prospects for further research. A more detailed study of the problems leaving the top sports achievements of judoka-veterans, training and participation in competitions.

References: 1. Ananchenko K. V. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport

bulletin], Kharkіv, 2003, vol. 6, pp. 74–76. 2. Arzyutov G. M. Teorіya і metodika poyetapnoi pіdgotovki sportsmenіv (na materіalі

dzyudo) : dis. … doktora ped. nauk [Theory and methods of gradual training of athletes (based on judo) : diss.], Kyiv, 2001, 298 p.

3. Yermakov S. S. Teorіya ta metodika fіzichnogo vikhovannya [Theory and Methodology of Physical Education], 2010, vol. 4, pp. 11–17.

4. Putіn V. V., Shestakov V. B., Levitskiy A. R. Navchalno-praktichniy posіbnik dlya trenerіv і sportsmenіv [Training and practical guide for trainers and athletes], Moscow, 2012, p. 159.

5. Tatarchuk І. Moloda sportivna nauka Ukraini [Young sports science Ukraine], 2011, vol. 2, pp. 243–248.

6. Shakhov O. A., Melіkhov V. V., Ponarina O. S. Vchenі zapiski unіversitetu imeni P. F. Lesgafta [Scientific notes University of P.F. Lesgaft], 2010, vol. 2(60), pp. 128–131.

7. Informatsionnoye agentstvo «Dzyudo Ukrainy» [News Agency «Judo of Ukraine»], Access: http://judoinfo.kiev.ua.

_______________________________________________________________ Vladimir Perebeynos, [email protected]; Kharkiv State Academy of Physical

Culture: Klochkovskaya 99, Kharkiv, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine. __________________ Received: 30.08.2013. Published: 31.10.2013.


73

UDC 796. 332 – 057. 86 (567)

Rebaz Sleman Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture

CREATIVE INDICES OF QUALIFIED FOOTBALLERS

OF IRAQ OF DIFFERENT ROLES

Abstract. The level of main indices of the creative ability of qualified footballers of different playing roles of the professional football club «Erbil» (c. Erbil, Iraq) is determined 40 qualified players who participated in the Iraq football championship in 2012 were engaged. Seven main characteristics of the creative ability for the competitive activity of the qualified footballers were kenewed: creative thinking, inquisitiveness, originality, imagination, intuition, emotionality, creative attitude to the work. Cjmparative analysis of the qualified footballers of different playing roles were carried out. It was determined that individualization of the technique tactic preparedness of the footballers of different playing roles taking into consideration their creative ability has a dicisive meaning during the choice of the playing role, carrying out and correction of the training process.

Keywords: creative ability, different playing roles, training process in football.

Introduction. As a result of experimental research skills among individuals

has been allocated a special kind of ability – generate unusual ideas, deviate in thinking from traditional schemes, quickly resolve problem situations. This ability has been called creativity [4; 5]. Problems of creativity are widely developed in the national psychology [2; 3]. Currently, researchers are seeking integrated parameter that characterizes the creative personality. Foreign scientists also studied deeply creative ability [1; 9]. The most interesting thing in humans is appertain exactly to his ability and the need to create. At present different aspects of the problem of creativity involved in psychology, pedagogy, sociology, cybernetics and other sciences [6; 10]. Creative ability – the total capacity for creative work characterize a person as a whole, manifested in various areas of activity, is seen as a relatively independent factor of giftedness.

The role of the individual athlete is becoming one of the leading factors that ensure steady progress sportsmanship; individual creative abilities (creativity) provide conditions for finding innovative solutions in training and competition processes.

Modern development level of sporting achievement has high requirements for intellectual activity of athlete, which is an integral component of creative ability. In sports games creative decision making is very significant [8]. At the same time, the investigation of this matter in football has been neglected, which in turn reduces the efficient use of each player during the game. [7] For each game specialty and part in the whole course of the game there are situations that are solved through creative thinking, which does not allow an opponent to predict the final outcome, and thus makes it possible to gain an advantage over opponents.

__________________________ ©Rebaz Sleman, 2013


74

Connection of work with academic programs, plans, themes. Scientific research done on the topic of the Consolidated Plan of scientific research in the field of Physical Education and Sports for 2011–2015 MES of Ukraine on the topic 2.3 "Scientific and methodological foundations of improving training athletes in football, taking into account features of competitive activity", according to the list of priority thematic areas of research and development for 2013–2015 years Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture under the theme: "Scientific and methodological foundations of the training process and competitive activities", and according the Initiative theme of the research of the Department of football and hockey of Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture for 2011–2015 "Optimizing of training process for players of varying qualification".

Goal of research: to determine the manifestation level of the main indicators of creativity and conduct a comparative analysis of qualified Iraq football players playing different roles (goalkeepers, fullbacks, midfielders, forwards) professional football club "Erbil" of Erbil city.

Material and methods of the research. The research involved 40 qualified football players of professional football club "Erbil" (Erbil, Iraq) of different playing roles: 13 fullbacks, 14 midfielders, 8 forwards, 5 goalkeepers who participated in the Iraq football championship in 2012. Creative abilities of football players were determined with help of ascertaining experiment that has a diagnostic character. Testing was carried out using a computer program, which is based on method of N.F.Vishnyakova [4; 5]. Test "Creativity" adapted for specific sports activities and describes the creative potential of individual. Evaluation of creative abilities performed at three levels with 10 point scale proposed by V. A. Polyakov:

– high – 7,5–10 points; – average – 5,5–7,5 points; – low – 1–5,5 points. We studied seven basic parameters (characteristics) of creativity, the most

important for competitive activities of qualified football players are: creative thinking, curiosity, originality, imagination, intuition, emotion, creative attitude to work.

Results of research and. The evaluation results of creative abilities of qualified Iraqi football players of different playing roles are given in tab. 1.

Table 1 The evaluation indicators of creative abilities of qualified football players

of a professional football club "Erbil" of different playing roles (n=40), points

Role creative thinking curiosity originality imagination intuition emotion

creative attitude to work

Xm Fullbacks, n=13 6,83±0,13 6,33±0,13 6,33±0,17 5,67±0,45 6,83±0,13 6,17±0,20 4,17±0,24 Midfielders, n=14 6,50±0,17 4,33±0,15 5,50±0,10 5,83±0,12 5,67±0,16 6,83±0,10 4,50±0,11 Forwards, n=8 5,40±0,31 4,80±0,30 6,00±0,21 4,80±0,06 6,20±0,26 6,00±0,28 3,80±0,26 Goalkeepers, n=5 5,00±0,52 5,00±0,00 6,50±0,48 5,00±0,00 4,50±0,16 4,50±0,18 2,5±0,12 Statistical characteristics 5,93±0,13 5,12±0,04 6,08±0,13 5,33±0,08 5,80±0,15 5,88±0,15 3,74±0,14


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Professional fullbacks of the team "Erbil" (tab. 2) show significantly better results in creative thinking than forwards (t=4,33; p <0.001) and goalkeepers (t=3,38; p <0.01). Indicators of midfielders excel indicators to forwards (t=3,14; p <0.01) and goalkeepers (t=2,72; p <0.05).

Table 2

Matrix of reliability indicators of characteristics differences "creative thinking" of qualified football players of professional football

club "Erbil" different roles (n=40) Roles Fullbacks Midfielders Forwards Goalkeepers

t р t р t р t р Fullbacks, n=13 1,5 >0,05 4,33 <0,001 3,38 <0,01 Midfielders, n=14 – – 3,14 <0,01 2,72 <0,05 Forwards, n=8 – – – – 0,66 >0,05 Goalkeepers, n=5 – – – – – –

As we can see in the tab. 3, the professional fullbacks of the team that was

studied, are more curious than midfielders (t=10,00; p<0.001), forwards (t=4,63; p<0.001) and goalkeepers (t=9,50; p<0.001) and midfielders yield (t=4,78; p<0.001) in this criteria to goalkeepers.

Table 3

Matrix of reliability indicators of characteristics differences "curiosity" of qualified football players of professional football club "Erbil" different roles

(n=40) Roles Fullbacks Midfielders Forwards Goalkeepers

t р t р t р t р Fullbacks, n=13 10,00 <0,001 4,63 <0,001 9,50 <0,001 Midfielders, n=14 – – 1,42 >0,05 4,78 <0,001 Forwards, n=8 – – – – 0,66 >0,05 Goalkeepers, n=5 – – – – – –

Midfield players of the team "Erbil" (midfielders) are less original than

fullbacks (t=4,15; p <0.001) and forwards (t=2,27; p <0.05) (tab. 4).

Table 4 Matrix of reliability indicators of characteristics differences "originality"

of qualified football players of professional football club "Erbil" different roles (n=40)

Roles Fullbacks Midfielders Forwards Goalkeepers t р t р t р t р

Fullbacks, n=13 4,15 <0,001 1,26 >0,05 0,33 >0,05 Midfielders, n=14 – – 2,27 <0,05 2,08 >0,05 Forwards, n=8 – – – – 0,96 >0,05 Goalkeepers, n=5 – – – – – –


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Goaltenders of the team (goalkeepers) in "imagination" yield to midfielders (t=6,91; p <0.001) and fullbacks (t=4,78; p <0.001), but excel forwards (t=3,33; p<0,01). Fullbacks and midfielders are significantly higher (p<0.001) results in this indicator than the forward (tab. 5).

Table 5 Matrix of reliability indicators of characteristics differences

"imagination" of qualified football players of professional football club "Erbil" different roles (n=40)


Fullbacks, n=13 0,94 >0,05 5,80 <0,001 4,78 <0,001 Midfielders, n=14 – – 7,92 <0,001 6,91 <0,001 Forwards, n=8 – – – – 3,33 <0,01 Goalkeepers, n=5 – – – – – –

We also determined (tab. 6), that Iraqi fullbacks of this team in "intuition" far

superior midfielders (t=5,80; p<0.001), forwards (t=2,25; p<0.05) and goalkeepers (t=10.59, p<0.001). At the same time goalkeepers yield to midfielders (t=4,87; p<0.001) and forwards (t=5,66; p<0.001).

Table 6 Matrix of reliability indicators of characteristics differences "intuition" of

qualified football players of professional football club "Erbil" different roles (n=40)


Fullbacks, n=13 5,80 <0,001 2,25 <0,05 10,59 <0,001 Midfielders, n=14 – – 1,76 >0,05 4,87 <0,001 Forwards, n=8 – – – – 5,66 <0,001 Goalkeepers, n=5 – – – – – –

Emotionality of qualified football players of the team "Erbil" of Erbil city

varies depending on the playing role. Thus, among the players of different roles qualified goalkeepers have the lowest indicators (tab. 7). They are significantly yield to fullbacks (t=3,21; p <0.01), midfielders (t=4,75; p <0.001) and forwards (t=2,72; p<0.05). At the same time, fullbacks are less emotional than midfielders (t=3,00; p<0.01), who has high indicators.

Table 7 Matrix of reliability indicators of characteristics differences "emotion" of

qualified football players of professional football club "Erbil" different roles (n=40)


Fullbacks, n=13 3,00 <0,01 0,51 >0,05 3,21 <0,01 Midfielders, n=14 – – 2,96 <0,01 4,75 <0,001 Forwards, n=8 – – – – 2,72 <0,05 Goalkeepers, n=5 – – – – – –


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Goalkeepers of the team "Erbil" (tab. 8) far behind the fullbacks (t=6,95; p<0.001), midfielders (t=14,28; p <0.001) and forwards (t=5,00; p <0.001) on indicators creative attitude to work. Midfielders have more creative approach to their work than the forward players (t=2,69; p <0.05), since they determine the combinatorial play of the team.

Table 8

Matrix of reliability indicators of characteristics differences "creative attitude to work" of qualified football players of professional football club

"Erbil" different roles (n=40) Roles Fullbacks Midfielders Forwards Goalkeepers

t р t р t р t р Fullbacks, n=13 1,38 >0,05 1,12 >0,05 6,95 <0,001 Midfielders, n=14 – – 2,69 <0,05 14,28 <0,001 Forwards, n=8 – – – – 5,00 <0,001 Goalkeepers, n=5 – – – – – –

Conclusions: 1. Players playing of different roles of professional football club "Erbil" have

the following medium group indicators (in points): creative thinking – 5,93±0,13; curiosity – 5,12±0,04; originality – 6,08±0,13, imagination – 5,33±0,08; intuition – 5,80±0,15; emotion – 5,88±0,15; creative attitude to work – 3,74±0,14.

2. The most curious in the team are fullbacks, and midfielders are the least original. Fullbacks have the best level of intuition. The least emotional are goalkeepers and goalkeepers have the lowest level of creative attitude to work.

3. Requirements that are applied to players in competitive sports are oriented, usually on consideration of factors such as creative thinking, originality, creative attitude to work, curiosity, referring to the technical and tactical skills. In this case, it can be argued that the indicator of the creativity of football players also reflects the level of technical and tactical skills. Therefore, the indicator of football player’s creativity and its certain factors is an important indicator of skills in football in the particular team as well as in separate lines of team.

4. Obtained in the data is largely agreed with the data of the authors who worked with this problem. The existing differences, in our opinion related to the studied contingent, the time of the research challenges facing researchers and others.

Further researches. It is planned to explore the creative abilities of highly qualified professional football players of different roles that take part in the championship of Ukraine on football for comparative analysis and correction of the training process of professional football club "Erbil".

References: 1. Anastazi A. Psikhologicheskoye testirovaniye [Psychological Testing], Moscow, 1982,

vol. 2. (rus) 2. Basenko Ye. V., Gradusov V. A. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi

science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2006, vol. 10, pp. 84–85. (rus)


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3. Bogoyavlenskaya D. B. Intellektualnaya aktivnost kak problema tvorchestva [Intellectual activity as a problem of creativity], Kyiv, 1972. (rus)

4. Vishnyakova N. F. Kreativnaya psikhodiagnostika. Psikhologiya tvorcheskogo obucheniya [Creative psychodiagnostics. Psychology of Creative Learning], Minsk, 1995. (rus)

5. Vishnyakova N. F. Psikhologicheskiye osnovy razvitiya kreativnosti v professionalnoy akmeologii : dis. … doktora psikhol. nauk [The psychological basis for the development of creativity in professional Acmeology : Diss. Dr. of Science (Psychol.)], Moskva, 1996, 394 p. (rus)

6. Depenchuk M. V. Rolevoy analiz nekotorykh berlinskikh par v svyazi s protsessom sotsiokulturnoy adaptatsii : tezisy [Role-based analysis of some of Berlin's pairs in relation to the process of socio-cultural adaptation : theses], SPb, 2000, pp. 240–241. (rus)

7. Zhurіd S. M. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2011, vol. 2, pp. 125–130. (rus)

8. Polyakov V. A. Modelirovaniye psikhologicheskoy sistemy. Formirovaniye kreativnoy lichnosti v akmeologii [Modeling the psychological system. Formation of the creative person in the Acmeology], Minsk, 2000, 124 p. (rus)

9. Rubinshteyn S. L. Problemy obshchey psikhologii [Problems of General Psychology], Moscow, 1973. (rus)

10. Sannikova O. P. Voprosy psikhologii [Questions of psychology], 1982, vol. 2, pp. 109–115. (rus)

_______________________________________________________________ Rebaz Sleman, [email protected]; Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture:

Klochkovskaya 99, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine . __________________ Received: 13.09.2013. Published: 31.10.2013.


79

UDC 611.9/796

Sac A.E. Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture

ANATOMO- BIOMECHANICAL BASIS OF HUMAN BODY

OF VERTICAL AND SPORTS Abstract. On the basis of their literature and own data analysis anatomical

reconstructions of biomechanical human body designed to provide vertical position. The role of reconstruction of the skeleton and skeletal muscles to achieve these goals. Among such changes are necessary biomechanically efficient shaping of the skeleton aimed at adapting it to the perception of gravity, the acquisition of structural features that are required in a number of taxonomic indicators of bipedalism. The most important antigravity system of the body is upright-walking human skeletal muscle. A special role in maintaining the vertical position of the spine play paravertebral muscles that provide stability spine and stand up to functional unity with other muscles. Antigravity structures is also a number of muscles that define the line segments of the human body to vertical loads. All of these muscles require special attention due to chronic congestion, especially in sports.

Keywords: The human body, providing structural vertical position. Introduction. One important factor in the interaction between man and the

environment is the ability to maintain balance in the upright position. Verticalization of a child – a long process consisting of a sequence of phases, allowing to overcome the force of gravity, beginning with lifting of the head, and then – the appearance of the support arms (16). The condition of the body and the result is the formation of verticalizing curves of the spine. When a child begins to hold the head, formed cervical lordosis, begins to sit – thoracic kyphosis, and when it begins to stand and walk – lumbar lordosis. All the curves of the spine are available to year, but the development of the spine continues to the end of the second decade of life and even later [2; 8; 21].

The vertical position of the body as a bio-mechanical system is characterized by extreme instability due to the small area of the support [12], which with each year of the child is reduced [2].

Integrative muscle tone responsible for positional activity is created to control the mechanism of the central nervous system. While maintaining the posture in the area of balance is inevitable fluctuations of the body: the absolute positions, which did some of the changes of joint angles, and the corresponding lengths and muscle strains, would not occur [1]. The balance of the body, certainly contributes to visual information about their surroundings and are a major factor in proprioception and information from the vestibular receptors [8]. That is, the issue of regulation of statics and dynamics of the body is given special attention by researchers [4; 10; 11].

__________________________ ©Sac A. E., 2013


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But reliable adaptation to bipedal locomotion requires compliance of all systems of the body and, above all, of the musculoskeletal system, the forces of gravity. This was achieved by structural reorganization of all departments of the stages in the phylogenetic and ontogenetic.

Purpose – on the basis of the literature and our own data to examine the role of the skeleton and skeletal muscles in the human body verticalization in ontogeny and in physical overload.

Results. Analysis of the literature and our own data shows that the sustainability of the vertical position of the body in philo- and in ontogeny is a complex task. In the evolution the inclusion of mechanisms for these processes are activated in stages, when freed the upper limbs, formed a new operating- system executive "brain – hand" has expanded the world of body – driven interactions with the environment [9].

High verticalizing role in the body belongs to the bones and joints, which is modified with the thrust of skeletal muscle [4; 6; 8; 14]. On the part of the skeleton adaptation to axial forces the change the position of the head, spine, shoulders, pelvis, bones free upper and lower limbs is demanded.

At the level of the spine adapt to axial forces required modeling of the structure of vertebrae, forming curves of the spine and retention of humans 'tune' it bends through a system of ligaments, membranes, the intervertebral disc, paravertebral muscles [8; 14].

The longitudinal axis of the pelvis changed position from horizontal to vertical. In the angle of the femur decreased anteflecion, increased angle retroflections, as a result there was a "twisting" of the tibia and the foot, which helped to preserve the vertical position and movement [3; 12; 15]. The secondary muscles that can produce the movement zone of the lower limbs do not develop due to the fact that the pelvis is associated with the sacrum sacroiliac joint – tight, sedentary, but the high level of development reached the buttock muscles to ensure retention of the body in the vertical, of which one of the the most significant for vertical standing – the gluteus average, for bipedal locomotion – the gluteus maximus. In the free development of high lower limb muscles were leading muscle-insteps and hip extensor muscles hip flexors and lower leg muscles that hold the arches of the foot. On the foot of a high-gain muscle, causing the muscle-supiniruet and muscles, hip extensor and flexor tibia, as well as muscle strengthening and holding the arches of the foot.

In the process of development nature provides a biomechanically efficient shaping of the skeleton, adapting it to the perception of gravity, which is indispensable to the normal state and the movement [12; 17; 18]. It took not only form a functional curves of the spine column, but also change the position of the blades of the sagittal plane of the front, S- shaped bend the collarbone to raise the center of gravity of the body, change the position of the sacrum. Thus, the sacrum, direct neonatal under axial load is rejected base anteriorly, forming promontorium [2], and the curves of the spine contribute to the stabilization of vertical posture of the body, giving it the reliability and stability.


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In addition, it was necessary to raise the center of the foot over the support to form arches, make tibialization foot (ie, to strengthen its medial border) and radialisation hand (ie to strengthen its lateral margin), to extend the distal phalanx of the great toe, to provide torsional long bones and achieve a number of other reconstructions of the skeleton, which are among the taxonomic indicators of bipedal locomotion [17; 18]. Saving the vertical position, posture is associated primarily with the work of skeletal muscle [1; 5; 7; 12; 13; 15].

In the ontogeny muscles have come a long way to adapt to the conditions of bipedal locomotion. In phylogenesis and human ontogenesis the most "young" are muscle-insteps on the legs and extensor muscles – on the trunk.

In this case the trunk extensor muscles are stronger than the flexors. On the upper limb flexors stronger than the extensors, muscle-pronator stronger than muscle-insteps, adductors stronger than abductors. On the lower limbs, in contrast, extensors stronger than flexors, muscle-insteps stronger than muscle-pronator and adductors are stronger than abductors. As a result, during prolonged physical activity, especially among representatives of a number of sports specialization, the segments of the upper limb are set in flexion and pronation, of the lower limb − in extension and supination. An important role in maintaining the head in the vertical, of which is up to 7% by weight, belong to the muscles. These muscles are constantly overloaded by the belt and the lower oblique head and neck, upper trapezium muscle portions and a pair of muscles sternocleidomastoideum. In sports, all these antigravity muscles, must be constantly monitored by athlete, coach, sports therapist.

All the muscles that hold the spine and extremities segments against the forces of gravity are antigravity. In sport, these muscles also need to be constantly monitored athlete, coach, sports therapist. A special role in maintaining the vertical position of the spine is performed paravertebral muscles. Their feature is an organic connection with the spine. As a result, these muscles are not only functional, but a structural element of the spine, without which it would be minimal strength [5; 8; 13; 15]. Paravertebral muscles functionally like stretch marks or rigging of ship’s mast providing stability of the spine [13]. They work by special laws: thus, deep paravertebral muscles are relaxed when their attachment points come closer and tense when the points are removed; when tilted to the left the muscles tense on the right of the vertebral axis, and the muscles relax, located on the left, and when tilted to the right − on the contrary. When standing paravertebral muscles perform holding function and have consistently relax when bending over 10–15 degrees [4; 13]. To ensure traffic around a particular axis of rotation of the joint requires reciprocal interaction of muscles [22], and for performing common functions of muscles are united in pairs, group, spirals [8; 14]. Of the trunk muscles and the spine the keep muscles hold also muscles, moving from other areas of the body (trunkopetal muscles), muscles, moving their units on a limb (trunkofugal) and own autochthon muscles [8; 12].

Actively participating in the mechanisms of protection of the spine, paravertebral muscles act in functional unity with the muscles of the chest, pelvis and muscles that form the abdominal muscles. By participating in the breath, hold the


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internal organs and the abdominal muscles are also held in a vertical spine, and reduce the load on the lumbar spine by about 30 % [8,13]. As a result of abdominal muscles acts as a powerful antigravity system. In this system, the interaction of muscles is also difficult, and follows the phases of breathing: during inhalation the diaphragm tightens its dome moves down, and the lines the abdominal muscles relax, when you exhale − on the contrary. That is, these muscles act as functional antagonists that changing the pressure in the cavities of the body, provide flow and, especially, the outflow (against gravity) of blood in a bipedal posture and bipedal locomotion.

As a result of constant overload antrigravitation muscles accumulate traces of congestion of which base is a chronic shortage of relaxation [6; 10; 14; 23]. These muscles are known athletes and coaches [9, 23]. An effective method of restoring the overloaded muscles, including those in a autorelaxation is postisometric relaxation – relaxation of the muscles in the isometric mode [5; 6; 19; 20].

Under the influence of the muscle traction these reconstructions are the most intense in the early years of a child's life according to the requirements of axial loads [2]. The high consistency of the skeletal muscles – the basis of a healthy human locomotion. The same muscle coordination is a prerequisite readaptation in the presence of health problems.

Conclusions. 1. In the process of development the nature has provided a biomechanically

efficient shaping of the human skeleton, which is able to adapt to the perception of gravity.

2. To preserve the straight position of the body the most important are antigravity systems of the body, acquired in the evolution to counteract the forces of gravity. It is, first of all, the back muscles and limbs, which create a powerful extensor thrust.

3. Antigravity muscles are chronically overloaded, which requires knowledge of the localization of these muscles for the timely diagnosis of their condition and recovery, especially in athletes.

Prospects for further research – to trace the topography of the antigravity muscles and muscle imbalances especially for timely diagnosis and repair.

References: 1. Bernshteyn N. A. Obshchaya biomekhanika. Osnovy ucheniya o dvizheniyakh

cheloveka [General biomechanics. Fundamentals of human movements], Moscow, 1926. (rus) 2. Gafarov Kh. Z. Lecheniye deformatsiy stop u detey [Treatment of foot deformities of

children], Kazan, 1990, 176 p. (rus) 3. Ivanichev G. A. Manualnaya terapiya. Rukovodstvo. Atlas [Manual therapy. Manual.

Atlas], Kazan, 1997, p. 448. (rus) 4. Kadyrova L. A., Popelyanskiy Ya. Yu., Sak N. N. Manualnaya meditsina [Manual

medicine], 1991, № 1, p. 5–7. (rus) 5. Kashuba V. A. Biomekhanika osanki [Biomechanics of posture], Kyiv, 2003, 280 p.

(rus)


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6. Kozyavkin V. I., Sak N. N., Kachmar O. A., Babadagly M. A. . Osnovy reabilitatsii dvigatelnykh narusheniy po metodu Kozyavkina [Fundamentals of rehabilitation of motor disorders by the method of Kozijavkin], Lvov, 2007, 192 p. (rus)

7. Laputin A. N. Prakticheskaya biomekhanika [The practical biomechanics], Kyiv, 2000, 298 p. (rus)

8. Nikolayev L. P. Rukovodstvo po biomekhanike v primenenii k ortopedii, travmatologii i protezirovaniyu [Manual biomechanics applied to orthopedics, traumatology and prosthetics], Kyiv, 1947, vol. 1, 315 p. (rus)

9. Popelyanskiy Ya. Yu. Ortopedicheskaya nevrologiya [Orthopaedic neurology], Kazan, 1997, 488 p. (rus)

10. Sak N. M., Simenach B. І., Sak A. Ye. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2009, vol. 4, p. 205–208. (rus)

11. Sak N. N., Sak A. Ye. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2002, vol. 5, p. 146–150. (rus)

12. Khrisanfova Ye. N. Evolyutsionnaya morfologiya skeleta cheloveka [Evolutionary morphology of the human skeleton], Moscow, 1978, 153 p. (rus)

13. Yurovskaya V. Z. Morfologiya cheloveka [The morphology of human], Moscow, 1983, p. 320. (rus)

14. Lewit K. Postizometricka relaxace // Cas. Lek. ces. – 1980. – Vol. 119, № 15–16. – S. 450–455.

15. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (Gray's Anatomy) (Expert Consult Title: Online + Print) (Hardcover) .– Publisher : Churchill Livingstone, 2008. – 1576 p.

16. Janda V. On the concept of postural muscles and posture / V. Janda // The Australian J. of Physiotherapy. – 1983. – Vol. 29. – P. 83.

17. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (Gray's Anatomy) (Expert Consult Title: Online + Print) (Hardcover). – Publisher : Churchill Livingstone. –2008. – 1576 p.

18. Scherrington C. S. On reciprocal innervation of antagonistic muscles. Third note / C. S. Scherrington // Proc. Roy. Soc. – 1897, 60. – P. 414.

19. Weineck J. Sportbiologie / J. Weineck. – Balingen : Perimed-spitta. Med. Verl. Ges. – 1996. – 631 s.

_______________________________________________________________ Andrey Sak, Ph. D. (Biology); [email protected]; Kharkiv State Academy of Physical

Culture: Klochkovskaya 99, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine. __________________ Received: 14.09.2013. Published: 31.10.2013.


84

UDC 577.353

Samoilov N., Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE WORKING MUSCLES

Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of the structural support of increasing muscle function during prolonged exercise. Found that with a long run for 50 and 100 days at the running speed of 20 and 30 m·min-1, there was an increase of volume fractions ultrastructure, which is interpreted as the existence of correspondence between the intensity of muscle function and the amount of material components, providing their work. This arises in view of ensuring the reliability of long-term physical activity.

Keywords: reliability, ultrastructural соmponents of muscle, morphological formation of processes, destruction of organelles.

Introduction. The problem of reliability in sports is not new, however, together with a resolving of number of issues, the development of theory and practical recommendations emergence of new unresolved aspects. The root cause of the need to expand and deepen the research problems of reliability performances of athletes are violent transformation in the sport, i.e. its development. That is why what has been identified and defined as dominant athletes in ensuring reliability, even a few years ago, outdated, i.e. training and especially competitive conditions and most importantly, the requirements for athletes became very complicated.

The reliability problem of sports activities in the last decade has become one of the most important in the practice of sport. Any coach, exposing the athlete to competition, hoping he will perform stably, show good results during all days of the competition, despite the presence of confounding, complicating and creating extreme situation components. However, hope of coach on the success of athlete’s participation in the competition should be based on knowledge and skillful use of the factors determining the reliability performances of his pupil.

It should be taken into account that in recent years become far more complex system of planning training loads (including two-and three training sessions a day); changed the content of the transition period (in which a very small extent reduced both physical and mental loadings); extremely intensified precompetitive preparation of athletes (with the introduction of polar microcycles new methods of enhancing muscle work).

Furthermore, the improvement of sports equipment, materials and even the emergence of new kinds of sport puts on the agenda a comprehensive study reliability issues in sport that determines its relevance.

__________________________ ©Samoilov N., 2013


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Since 70-ies of the last century, the problem of reliability of sports activity is studied mostly in relation to specific sports and to a lesser extent as a generalized. Thus, analyzes of the components of mental reliability of skiers [1], gymnasts [6; 8], boxers [7; 14], rifle shooters [9; 10], fighters [13], jumpers in water [15], etc.

In these and many other works, researchers focus attention on role of physiological and psychological factors in ensuring the reliability demonstration athletes achieved in training results in particular sport and opportunities for their achievements in the difficult conditions of the competition.

In a more generalized form of the problem of reliability in sports first analyzed in the dissertation of Yu. M. Bludova [4], and then in the monograph V. A. Plahtienko [12]. In these studies, analyzes the physiological parameters and quality of individual highly specialized athletes necessary for reliable performance for their important competitions. These authors identified four main factors determining the reliability of an athlete: biomechanical, biomedical, psychological, moral and political.

In quoted and several other studies of the last decade, scientists focus attention on psychological, physiological, and especially technical and tactical components reliability of athletes, while giving less importance to biomedical factors [2; 3; 5; 17]. Besides as part of biological factors are the following subfactors: health condition, capacity of the CNS, analyzers and energy systems and a number of biochemical parameters (acid-base balance, the concentration of lactic acid and urea in the blood).

Without belittling the importance of these components to ensure reliability of muscular effort of athletes, it should be noted that the material basis of their skeletal muscle are major contractile (myofibrils), energy supplying (mitochondria) and regulatory (endoplasmic reticulum) elements.

Physiological studies do allow revealing the conditions of regulation and activation functions of the working muscles. However, to keep this activity in time corresponding to the increasing need of muscle function to their structural insurance. In this connection F. Z. Meyerson thoroughly justified and shown that for "the implementation of long-term adaptation (as reliability factor) to strengthen the influence of environmental factors (and including muscle contraction) the need to increase the number of working elements [11]. In other words, the increasing in the load on the muscles must be accompanied by their growing quantity, because even at maximum mobilization athlete to demonstrate during the competition results achieved in training it is impossible without the formation in sarcoplasm of muscles optimal for an increasing function of the number of contractile elements.

Currently, structural maintenance of reliability of prolonged work of muscles of athletes is the least known aspect of reliability theory in sport. Remain poorly studied or not studied issues to ensure adequate structural strength and frequency of stimulation of muscle contraction; mechanisms for enhancing material (morphological) base of working muscles; conditions and factors that cause the selective formation of the structures of primary importance for the full function of the muscles; conditions of death (and, consequently, reduction of reliability) of the structural components of muscles function when excessive voltages and several other.


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That is why the study of the material base or structural reliability under extreme conditions of muscles will contribute to the reliability theory in sports, which are addressed in this work.

In this connection this paper set the goal – to establish the structural features ensure increasing muscle function at different duration of physical activities.

Matter and methods of research. The study was conducted on white laboratory rats of Wistar 3 months of age. Animals were housed in the vivarium conditions. Deriving from the experiment carried out by decapitation.

Morphological studies of exposed tissue common extensor fingers. Tissue pieces 1x1 mm were fixed for 1–4 hours in 1–2% buffered glutaraldehyde solution (pH=7,3–7,4). This was followed by dehydration by H. H. Molenhauer (1964) and fill in the resin [16]. After producing of ultrathin sections followed double contrasting to E. R. Reynolds [18]. Preparations were analyzed in a transmission electron microscope computer-100BR at an accelerating voltage 25–95 kV.

Later carried stereological analysis of volume fractions of myofibrils – Vvmf and mitochondria Vvmh, thus Vv was expressed as a percentage.

Physical activity modeled by animals run in a horizontal treadmill. Dosage performed physical activities carried out by reference to the duration of running and its speed. The experiment involved 120 animals divided into 12 groups.

Four groups (n=40) ran during 50 days for 15 minutes a day, and each of them with its own speed – 20-30-40-50 m∙min-1. The following four groups (n=40) ran for 15 minutes a day during 100 days with the same speed as the previous groups. And the latest four groups (n=40) ran 150 days for 15 minutes every day with the same speed.

The control group consisted of 40 rats. Total number of tested animals – 180 units.

Results of research. Stereological analysis of ultra structural components of skeletal muscle of animals that perform different in duration and intensity of physical activity, allows noting that the changes are adequate stimulus applied. Thus, in the Table. 1 presents data on changes in the volume fractions of contractile (myofibrils), energy producing (mitochondria) and regulatory (sarcoplasmic reticulum) elements of muscles.

Running with the same duration (50 days) the number of investigated ultra structure per unit volume of muscle fibers varied considerably depending on the running speed, i.e. the intensity of physical activity. Moreover, the greater the speed of running the more per unit volume of muscle fibers was detected as myofibrils and mitochondria. However, it was only at speed of 20 and 30 m∙min-1, and starting with the running speed of 40 m and 50 m∙min-1 volume fraction of these organelles decreased despite continued activation function.

Increasing the duration of running of animals to 100 days resulted in an even smaller increase in ultra structure. And the speed of running again mattered in enhancing their morphoformation. Refers to the fact that at a speed of 20 m∙min-1, for example, Vvmf was 84.62% at 30 m∙min-1 – 86.72%, and even at 40 m∙min-1 – 85.32% and at 50 m∙min-1 – 84.19%. Accordingly, the volume fractions of mitochondria also changed. At the same speed of running they were: 7.16%, 8.02%, 7.74% and 7.41%.


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Table 1 Indicators of the volume fractions of myofibrils, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of rats at different speed

and duration of running in a treadmill (in %, n=120, Xm)

Ultrastructure (Vv) Running speed (m·min-1)

20 30 40 50 C E C E C E C E

Running duration – 50 days MF 83,01±5,02 84,62±6,21 83,19±6,33 86,72±5,42 83,25±6,18* 85,32±5,64 83,31±6,14 84,19±5,51 МCH 7,02±0,60 7,16±0,52 7,08±0,53 8,02±0,76 7,11±0,68 7,74±0,70 7,14±0,66 7,41±0,70 SPR 6,22±0,41 6,51±0,50 6,27±0,47 6,88±0,63 6,30±0,54 6,57±0,66 6,32±0,53 6,12±0,41

Running duration – 100 days MF 83,11±6,26 87,24±6,31 83,18±7,03* 88,28±6,45 83,28±6,34 87,51±6,38 83,32±4,14 86,40±4,32 МCH 8,61±0,66 8,69±0,73 8,68±0,61 8,84±0,73* 8,69±0,42 8,72±0,52 8,71±0,55 8,67±0,60 SPR 6,32±0,40 6,94±0,37 6,37±0,38 7,25±0,56 6,40±0,49 7,18±0,62 6,43±0,52 7,02±0,62

Running duration – 150 days MF 83,22±7,14 86,57±6,42 83,28±6,30 86,73±5,26 83,31±5,11 85,60±4,44 83,33±4,08 85,02±5,61 МCH 6,01±0,42 6,27±0,34 6,11±0,68 6,43±0,45 6,16±0,48 6,30±0,41 6,14±0,37 6,18±0,27 SPR 6,02±0,50 6,31±0,42 6,10±0,43 6,48±0,52 6,12±0,40 6,32±0,50 6,13±0,37 6,22±0,53

Note. * – Data is not reliable. Table 2

Number of destructive processes (DP) in the general extensor digitorum of rats at different speed and duration of running (in %, n=180,Xm)

Running duration, days Running speed (m·min-1)

20 30 40 50 C E C E C E C E

50 2,41±0,25 4,12±0,27 2,48±0,19 4,86±0,33 2,65±0,20 6,73±0,52 2,70±0,18 8,56±0,70 100 2,80±0,24 4,73±0,18 2,93±0,29 5,22±0,45 3,12±0,24 7,65±0,53 3,24±0,36 8,88±0,63 150 3,02±0,31 6,52±0,41 3,47±0,26 8,24±0,60 3,82±0,27 9,11±0,73 3,94±0,24 9,68±0,72


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The data obtained can be explained by the fact that an increase in functional load on the muscles activated the structural genes that encoded information about specific proteins belonging to investigate ultra structure. And in the future by the transcription and translation provided by the formation of these proteins ultra structures performing reduction, energy production and regulation of ion transport.

The obtained data are quite combined with the concepts of F. Z. Meyerson (1981) on the mechanism through which adjusts the quantitative parameters of activity of the genetic apparatus, the rate of transcription, as indicated by him as "the relationship between the function and the genetic apparatus" [11, p. 19]. This author obtained evidence that a number of mammalian organs function performed by a unit mass of organ (as indicated by them as "the intensity of functioning of the structures") regulates the activity of the genetic apparatus. And the increase in activity of the latter determines the synthesis of the corresponding proteins, of which subsequently formed cell ultra structure [11, p. 26]. In other words, every function should be structured to be able to provide the optimal number of employees of its implementation structures. That is why the activated function causes an increase in the genetic apparatus of cells that synthesize the building blocks (proteins), the ultra structure of which are built to ensure an increasing function.

However, as follows from our experiment, it takes up to a certain limit. In our case, starting with the running speed of 40 m∙min-1 increase in the volume fractions of investigate ultra structure began to decrease. Compared with the control volume unit in their muscle tissue was greater at reduced speed of formation ultra structures.

Increasing the duration of running up to 100 days (intensification of muscle function) caused activation formation ultra structure, although it is also only when the running speed of 20 and 30 m∙min-1, i.e. increase the running speed of rats of 40 and 50 m∙min-1 was not accompanied linear increase in morphoformation processes.

While running during for 150 days, even at speeds of running of 20 and 30 m∙min-1 volume fraction investigate ultra structure were less than the 50 – and 100–days run. And increase the running speed of 40 m and 50 m∙min-1 was accompanied by a decrease in the number of ultra structures per unit volume of muscle fibers.

Particular importance in regulating the functions of the muscle fibers is components of the vacuolar system: the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, intracellular membranes. These structures (as well as mitochondria) are constructed from more short-lived proteins and therefore are updated faster than myofibrillar proteins [11, P. 29]. Outstripping the increase in mass of the ultra structures in cells plays a crucial role, i.e. they are responsible for the removal of calcium ions from the sarcolemma arriving there at every act of excitation, resynthesis of ATP, i.e. for the link that limits the function of muscle contraction.

With regard to our data, the increase Vvspr running during 50 and 100 days. And their growth is due to increasing muscle function when the running speed of 20 m∙min-1 up to 30 m∙min-1. But their quantitative growth also begins to significantly decrease when the running speed of 40 m and 50 m∙min-1. Obviously, when the running speed of 20 and 30 m∙min-1 is the level of muscle function when the available


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quantity ultra structures still able to provide a sustainable long-term regulation of their work in time. In other words, these are the criteria that determine the reliability of muscle function, even in difficult conditions (running everyday for three months).

With increased duration of rats running up to 150 days the speed of formation ultra structures further decreased, namely differences between groups who fled at different speeds were as follows. Vvmf decreased from 86.57% at the running speed of 20 m∙min-1 to 85.02% at the running speed of 50 m∙min-1. Accordingly, Vvmch – from 6.27% to 6.18%, i.e. increase was observed ultra structures. At the same time, for example, with a maximum running speed of 50 m∙min-1 and its duration was 100 days Vvmf 86.40% and Vvmch – 8.67%, while increasing the duration of the running up to 150 days, similar figures were 85, 02% and 6.18%. This means that an increase in the functional activity of the muscles stimulates the genetic apparatus and morphoformation ultra structures up to a certain quantitative limit, above which the structural software functions deteriorates. And it should be interpreted as a condition and the cause of reduced reliability of muscle.

Even more compelling is reducing the formation of cell ultra structures vacuolar system: EPR, Golgi complex, and intracellular membranes.

This refers to the fact that the reduction of these components in a unit volume of muscle means braking speed output of sarcoplasmic calcium ions, energy supply reductions of myofibrils, mitochondria and the regulation of the rate of muscle relaxation [19]. Reducing the amount of material components leads to a sharp deterioration in muscle function and downfall reliability of their work, especially during heavy exertions.

In circumstances where the amount of energy-producing and regulating muscle contraction elements decreases, you can see increasing number of destructive processes. Tab. 2 presents data on changes in the amount of destructive processes in general extensor digitorum rats in the process of experiment described above.

The data obtained indicate that when the duration of running is 50 days number of destructive processes ranged from 4.12% at the running speed of 20 m∙min-1 to 8.56% at the running speed of 50 m∙min-1. Increasing the duration of running up to 100 days resulted in an increase in cell ultra structure damage (from 4.73% to 8.88%, while the corresponding running speeds). Although the largest number of destructive processes (and hence braking repair damaged ultra structures) was observed at 150-day run. Under these conditions even at low running speed – 20 m∙min-1, the amount of destructive processes reached to 6.52%, and at a speed of 50 m∙min-1 – 9.68%.

Braking regeneration of damaged ultra structure reducing their number per unit volume of tissue growth in the number of destructive processes all facts are testifying to transcendent physical exertion for experimental animals. In such conditions, the duration and intensity of physical activity in the muscle fibers sharply worsening conditions for their normal functioning, i.e. the volume of material components and the quality of their structural organization did not provide an increasing function. And the last should be understood as an objective evidence of deterioration and recovery of muscles, falling level of reliability and, of course, the implementation of the


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required volume and duration of functioning. In other words, when the structural provision increasing function does not correspond to its quantity, stability is violated perform specific movements and the amount of work, especially after prolonged use. And these are the criteria that determine a reliable implementation of physical activity for a long time.

Conclusions: 1. Found that under conditions of increased muscle function, when the

duration of treadmill running of rats for 50 and 100 days and increasing its speed from 20 to 30 m∙min-1, of muscle fibers, seen an increase of the volume fractions of contractile performance (myofibrils), energy producing (mitochondria) and regulatory (sarcotubules) ultra structures. Under these conditions, the formation of new organelles and restore a small number were collapsing at a level corresponding to the amount executed muscle function, i.e. their reliability is sufficient to perform the desired physical exertion.

2. Increases the duration of rats running up to 150 days, with increasing running speed up to 40 m and 50 m∙min-1 inhibited the morphological formation processes, the decline in unit volume of muscle fiber number of working material components and the growing number of destructive zones. Intensity decreased functioning of the structures.

3. Compliance with the number of structural components of muscle fibers observed in rats running for 50 and 100 days, should be understood as a confirmation of the optimal balance between the structure of muscles and their function, i.e. there is a corresponding function performed their structural support. This state should be considered as a condition of stable and reliable operation of muscles long period of time.

Reducing the amount is determined ultra structures with increasing speed and duration of running interpreted as mismatch of providing the required structural muscle function, worsening of their regulation and reduction of energy supply. The condition is worsening conditions for muscle function in extreme conditions, reducing the reliability of their work and the possibility of the physical exertion required.

Prospect of further researches can be searching for ways and methods of improving the reliability of muscle and identify the optimal conditions to ensure their increasing structural features.

References: 1. Aksentyev A. V., Bludov Yu. M., Plakhtiyenko V. A. Lyzhnyy sport [Ski Sport], vol. 2,

Moscow, 1976, pp. 13–16. (rus) 2. Batrova O. F. Povysheniye sorevnovatelnoy nadezhnosti figuristov na osnove ucheta ikh

lichnostnykh kharakteristik : avtoref. … kand. ped. nauk [Improving of competitive reliability of skaters by taking into account their personal characteristics : Authors thesis], Malakhovka, 1992, 24 s. (rus)

3. Bleyer A. N., Igumenova N. A. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 1999, vol. 2, pp. 53–54. (rus)

4. Bludov Yu. M. Eksperimentalnoye issledovaniye nadezhnosti nekotorykh psikhofiziologicheskikh kachestv vysokokvalifitsirovannykh sportsmenov v ekstremalnykh


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usloviyakh otvetstvennykh sorevnovaniy : avtoref. … kand. ped. nauk [Experimental study of the reliability of some of the psycho-physiological characteristics of highly skilled sportsmen in extreme conditions responsible competition : Authors thesis] Moscow, 1973, 18 p. (rus)

5. Voronov A. I. Metodika povysheniya nadezhnosti tekhniko-takticheskikh deystviy v sportivnoy borbe : avtoref. … kand. ped. nauk [Methods to improve reliability of technical and tactical actions in wrestling : Authors thesis], Moscow, 1990, 24 s. (rus)

6. Grigoryants I. A., Kolyukhov V. G., Mikhaylova E. I. Psikhologicheskiye faktory nadezhnosti v deyatelnosti sportsmena [Psychological factors in the reliability of an athlete], Moscow, 1977, vol. 1, pp. 20–22. (rus)

7. Dmitriyev A. V. Psikhologicheskiye faktory nadezhnosti deyatelnosti sportsmena [Psychological factors of reliability of an athlete], Moscow, 1977, pp. 17–21. (rus)

8. Kozlov Ye. G., Kolyukhov V. G. Psikhofiziologicheskiye faktory sorevnovatelnoy nadezhnosti v sportivnoy gimnastike [Physiological factors of competitive reliability in gymnastics], Malakhovka, 1977, 121 s. (rus)

9. Kudryashov Yu. G. Issledovaniye faktorov, opredelyayushchikh nadezhnost vypolneniya vystrela v sportivnoy strelbe iz vintovki : avtoref. … kand. ped. nauk [Investigation of the factors that determine the reliability of the shots in the sports rifle shooting : Authors thesis], Moscow, 1978, 21 p. (rus)

10. Kudryashov Yu. G., Korkh A. Ya., Rodionov A. V. Psikhologicheskiye faktory nadezhnosti deyatelnosti sportsmena [Psychological factors of reliability of an athlete] Moscow, 1977, vol. 1, pp. 23–28. (rus)

11. Meyerson F. Z. Adaptatsiya, stress i profilaktika [Adaptation, and stress prevention], Moscow, 1981, 278 p. (rus)

12. Plakhtiyenko V. A., Bludov Yu. M. Nadezhnost v sporte [Reliability in Sports], Moscow, 1983, 176 p. (rus)

13. Novikov A. A., Volkov N. K., Sirotin O. A., Khudadov N. A. Psikhologicheskiye faktory nadezhnosti deyatelnosti sportsmena [Psychological factors of reliability of an athlete], Moscow, 1977, vol. 1, pp. 35–37. (rus)

14. Sokolov V. S. Nekotoryye aspekty nadezhnosti bokserov vysokogo klassa i pedagogicheskiye metody yeye sovershenstvovaniya : avtoref. … kand. ped. nauk [Some aspects of the reliability of high-class boxers and pedagogical methods to improve : Authors thesis], Moscow, 1977, 19 p. (rus)

15. Tishina L. N. Psikhologicheskiye faktory nadezhnosti deyatelnosti sportsmena [Psychological factors of reliability of an athlete], Moscow, 1977, pp. 44–48. (rus)

16. Molenhauer H. H. Plastic anbedsping mixtures for ise in electron micriskopy / H. H. Molenhauer // Stein Technology. – 1964. – № 39. – Р. 111–114.

17. Nakanishi N., Long working hours and risk for hypertension in Japanese male white color workers / N. Nakanishi, H. Joshida, K. Nagano // Epidemiol. – Community-Health. – 2001 (5). – P. 316–322.

18. Reynolds E. S. The ise of lesd citrate at high pH as an electronaparaqie stai in electronmicroscopy / E. S. Reynolds // Journal of Biology. – 1963. – № 17. – Р. 208–212.

19. Schwartz A. In : Cardiac Hypertrophy / A. Schwartz; Ed. N. R. Alpert. – New York : Academic Press, 1971. – P. 511.

_______________________________________________________________ Nikolay Samoilov, Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor; [email protected];

Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture: Klochkovskaya 99, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine. __________________ Received: 14.09.2013. Published: 31.10.2013.


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UDC 796.015.132-057.875"465.15/.17"

Semenova N. Lviv Medical College at Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University Mahliovanyi A., Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University

DYNAMICS OF PHYSICAL PREPAREDNESS INDICES AMONG

15–17 YEARS OLD FEMALE STUDENTS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF IMPLANTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY REGIMEN

Abstract. The article is devoted to the research of physical preparedness

problems among 15–17 years old female students. Pedagogical experiment results, where dynamics of physical preparedness among 15–17 years old female students at higher educational establishments of I–II levels of accreditation under the influence of implanted physical activity regimen has been researched, have been shown. Accurate changes during 1500 m running test exercise as well as at muscle-strengthening exercises have been determined that prove the efficiency of applied physical activity.

Keywords: movement qualities, physical preparedness level, female students, competence level.

Statement of problem and analysis of recent research and publications.

Physical training – an important part of the process of physical education students of universities. Determining the physical preparedness level, such as a statement of the development of physical skills of students is an essential part of the pedagogical outsight in physical education. Getting these results facilitates the optimization of physical education process at the university. Construction of physical education classes, selection of appropriate methods, tools, methods, positioning an emphasis on practical classes, theoretical and methodological training of students and individual work of how theoretical material and practical should take into account not only the somatic health status and students’ belonging to the main or special medical groups, and with into account of the level of physical preparedness, mean the level of physical qualities.

Question of enhance physical preparedness level of students remains relevant over the years as, in fact, enhance of somatic health level, increasing the extent of motor activity of students and other population groups [4; 8; 10]. Scientists argue (L.M. Gorbunov, 2008; V.I. Romanova, 2010; R.P. Karpyuk, Yu.V. Petrishin, 2012) that the level of physical qualities, respectively and level of physical preparedness depends on the extent of motor activity [3; 5; 9]. Researches of Ukrainian and foreign scientists (А. V. Maglovaniy, 2009, 2012; G. L. Apanasenko, 2005, 2012; D. Umiastowska, 2005; M. Makris, 2007; L. B. Malanyuk, 2010; А. Drożdżal, 2010) confirm the importance of motor activity for health and physical condition of the population [1; 2; 6; 7; 11–13].

__________________________ ©Semenova N., Mahliovanyi A., 2013


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Connection of research with scientific programs, plans, themes. Scientific research done on the topic of the Consolidated Plan of scientific research in the field of Physical Education and Sports Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine for 2011–2015 on the topic 3.1 «Improving program-normative foundations of physical education in educational institutions», state registration number 0111U001733.

Goal of research: determine the dynamics of indicators of physical preparedness of students 15–17 years under the influence of an initiated regime of motor activity.

To achieve this goal such tasks were assigned: 1. Determine indicators of development of movement qualities level and

analyze the dynamics of physical preparedness of female students over a two-year study.

2. Establish influence of initiated regime of motor activity on the physical preparedness level of female students.

To complete the goals and tasks of the work we used the following methods and techniques of research: Analysis and synthesis of scientific-methods literature, testing the level development of movement qualities, methods of mathematical statistics.

In pedagogical experiment during 2011–2013, participated female students aged 15–17 of Danylo Halytskyi Lviv College of Medicine LNMU. Participants of experiment were divided into two groups, experimental (n=27) and control (n=29).

Students of CG participated during two academic years under the general program of physical training, students of the experimental group, except visits to the mandatory physical training, performed designed and proposed by us motor mode according to their level of physical health. To determine the level of movement qualities of female students during the study were used approximate training standards, which are incorporated in the general curriculum of physical training for comprehensive educational institutions for 10–11 forms. According to the curriculum for higher educational institutions of Ukraine I–II levels of accreditation, students who entered higher education institution and have basic secondary education studying for curriculum of physical culture (10, 11 forms). Determining the level of development of movement qualities was conducted in four stages at the beginning and ending of each school year.

Results of researches and its discussing. The results of the first, initial, stage revealed a low level of physical preparedness. Data analysis of physical preparedness of students in both groups showed that in such exercises as standing long jump and jumping rope, the results in the control group were higher than the indicators obtained in the experimental group. Female students of EG showed better results in the performance of other control standards. In exercise in determining the flexibility level of female students both groups showed almost identical results, namely female students of EG – 10,33±1,03 cm and CG – 9,93±0,73 cm. So initially significant differences between the groups had not been established (tab. 1).


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Table 1 Indicators of physical preparedness of female students initially, X±m Testing exercise EG (n=27) CG (n=29) D

30 m (s) 5,45±0,06 5,53±0,08 >0,05 100 m (s) 17,63±0,24 17,93±0,23 >0,05 1500 m (min) 09:08,1±00:05,3 09:10,1±00:09,1 >0,05 4х9 m (s) 11,24±0,13 11,35±0,12 >0,05 Standing long jump (cm) 156,22±3,05 157,03±2,57 >0,05 Lifting body (reps) 31,37±1,35 30,83±1,13 >0,05 Hand bending unbending(reps) 11,15±0,80 10,24±0,65 >0,05 Body bending (cm) 10,33±1,03 9,93±0,73 >0,05 Rope jumping (reps) 57,19±2,99 59,17±2,33 >0,05 In Stage II of the pedagogical experiment, the end of the first year of study at

universities, there were significant changes in exercise "lifting body from initial supine position". Number of lifting body significantly increased at female students of EG in connection with the results of Stage I and female students of CG at Stage II. Also there were significantly changing in the indicators of both groups in the exercise "bending and unbending hands in the front lying support initial position ". Analysis of the results of all other tests showed that among female students of EG during the 1st year of study tended to increase the level of physical preparedness. Indicators obtained from female students of CG also was seen a negligible improvement of the results.

Describing the changes that occurred during the study with indicators of physical preparedness, it is necessary to consider the dynamics of the results for each test. Thus, in the exercise "running at 30 m" and the running at 100 m at female students of EG at every stage results gradually decreased, but significant differences for the whole period of the pedagogical experiment had not been established. For female students of CG indicators of time in running at 100 m as in running at 30 m to the end of 1st year of study somewhat decreased and at the beginning of the next academic year were unreliable higher than the previous results and at the end of second year of study were decreased again. Comparing of the results between the groups during the pedagogical experiment significant differences were not found (d>0,05).

Improving results in exercise "shuttle run" (4х9 m) traced during the whole time of research in experimental as well as in control groups, but the changes were negligible. There is no significant differences of the results between the groups were also not found.

Analysis of the results obtained in the exercise «standing long jump», revealed a slight increase in the length of the jump at female students of CG. Female students in the experimental group results in the standing long jump on IV stage, which equal to 167,67±2,92 cm, was significantly higher than the indicator obtained at the beginning of research.

In the exercise "lifting body from initial supine position" that characterizes the development of a set of physical qualities such as speed-strength, strength endurance,


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female students of EG from II stage of the research showed significantly higher indicators. So if at the beginning of research body lifting girls performed 31,37±1,35 reps, then on completion of first year of study – 35,89±1,56 reps. Compare the result with the indicators of CG (32,00±0,99 reps) at this stage revealed reliable differences (d <0.05) between groups. During these stages results in both groups gradually increased and by the end of research the indicators obtained of female students of EG at exercise "lifting body from initial supine position" with a high degree of confidence (d <0.00005) was higher than the initial value. Also found significant differences between the indicators of female students of EG and CG in IV stage. Although the result of the last stage in CG significantly (d <0.05) differed from the initial value (tab. 2).

Table 2

Dynamics of movement qualities,X±m

Tests І stage ІV stage EG CG EG CG

30 m (s) 5,45±0,06 5,53±0,08 5,30±0,057 5,38±0,08 100 m (s) 17,63±0,24 17,93±0,23 17,22±0,197 17,66±0,22 1500 m (min) 09:08,1±00:05,3 09:10,1±00:09,1 08:38,2±00:05,8*,** 08:59,6±00:08,5 4х9 m (s) 11,24±0,134 11,35±0,12 10,98±0,121 11,09±0,11 Standing long jump (cm) 156,22±3,05 157,03±2,57 167,67±2,92* 162,34±2,31

Lifting body from initial supine position (reps)

31,37±1,35 30,83±1,13 40,44±1,53*,** 33,86±0,98*

Bending and unbending hands in the front lying support initial position (reps)

11,15±0,80 10,24±0,65 18,63±0,78*,** 14,62±0,53**

Body bending (cm) 10,33±1,03 9,93±0,73 13,69±1,08** 11,72±0,66 Rope jumping (reps) 57,19±2,99 59,17±2,33 65,70±3,13** 65,07±2,32

Note. * – reliable differences in group; **– reliable differences among groups. Results in the exercise which characterizes the level of strength of the upper

shoulder girdle and body significantly changed both the female students of EG and female students of CG. Thus, during exercise "bending and unbending hands in the front lying support initial position", the results obtained at female students of EG and CG, there were not significant differences among them for stage I and II. In the second year of study indicators in this exercise at female students of EG was significantly (d <0.001) increased to 18,63±0,78 reps. At female students CG from 10,24±0,65 reps in stage I, this indicator increased to 14,62±0,53 reps (d <0.001) in the fourth stage (Fig. 1).


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11,1510,24

13,48 12,38

15,44

11,83

18,63

14,62

02468

101214161820

I stage II stage III stage IV stage

EGCG

reps

Fig. 1. Dynamics of results in exercise «bending and unbending hands in

the front lying support initial position» Analysis of the results of measuring of flexibility from initial sitting position

showed that the female students of EG for two years of pedagogical experiment gradually increased importance of physical quality. And at the end of the pedagogical experiment, the stage IV is set probable differences with the initial value of the group. At female students of CG flexibility in the first year of study has grown, stage III showed a slight decrease and in the stage IV indicator again slightly increased. Comparing results of different stages among female students of EG and CG significant differences were not found.

At jumping rope between the indicators of female students of EG and CG at baseline significant differences were not observed. The results obtained at female students of CG during a two-year of pedagogical experiment, showed a positive tendency in this indicator. At of EG female students is gradually increasing, the indicator of jumping rope before stage IV was significantly increased to 65,70±3,13 reps.

Analysis of the results of the test of endurance (running 1500 m) showed that at the beginning of the experiment pedagogical of this the level of development quality of female students in both groups was almost identical (d>0.05). Thus, at the beginning of pedagogical experiment female students of EG overcome the distance in 1500 m at 09:08,1±00:05,3 min, and female students of СG 09:10,1±00:09,1 min. Gradual, phased improvement of result in running for 1500 m at female students of EG has revealed reliable changes indicator of endurance to 08:38,2±00:05,8 min on IV stage. In the indicator of endurance among female students of CG for two years of study no significant changes were found (Fig. 2).


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500505510515520525530535540545550555

I stage II stage III stage IV stage

EGCG

s

Fig. 2. Dynamics of indicators in running for 1500 m According to the tentative educational standards of curriculum level of making

exercise is divided into levels of competence, "low", "average", "satisfactory" and "high".

At the beginning of research female students of both groups showed "high" level only in one exercise – running at 30 m. In this exercise competence remained unchanged until the end of the pedagogical experiment. In the exercise "bending body forward from initial sitting position", which determines the level of flexibility, and endurance running – 1500 m level of competence was "low." At the end of two years experiment in exercise on flexibility was found "satisfactory" level of competence in both groups. In running at 1500 m female students of CG in stage IV showed "low" level of competence, as in the beginning. Results obtained among female students of EG under the influence of developed and implemented regime of motor activity have fitted "average" level of competence.

Time in the running at 100 m female students of both groups at the beginning of the experiment corresponded to "average" level of competence. A slight improvement of indicators in this exercise in both groups led to improvement of the competence to "satisfactory" in both groups.

Results in the exercise to determine the agility were low at the beginning of the experiment in both groups. During the research there was a tendency to improvement of indicators, but significant changes has not been established. It should be noted that the state regulatory test program of agility using exercises "shuttle run" is not provided. Therefore, to establish the level of competence of movement quality was impossible.

Long jump at every stage of research in EG and CG corresponded to "average" level of competence, though in experimental group there were reliable differences between the results of I and VI stages.

The results obtained at all stages in both groups in the exercise lifting the body from the initial supine position corresponded to "average" level of competence. In CG were found reliable differences between the results of I and IV stages, and in EG significant differences of results were observed since the II stage.


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In exercise "bending and unbending hands in the front lying support initial position" on the I stage female students of both groups showed "average" level of competence. During the research results of female students of EG increased and corresponded to "high" level of competence. Indicators of female students of CG for two years study was significantly increased and corresponded to "satisfactory" level of competence (tab. 3).

Table 3

Comparative characteristics of indicators of the development of movement qualities and level of competence female students of EG and CG on stage

Tests on movement qualities EG CG t d Level of

competence Endurance (running 1500 m, s) 08:38,2±00:05,8 08:59,6±00:08,5 2,08 <0,05 Average

Low

Speed (running 30 m, s) 5,30±0,06 5,38±0,08 0,80 >0,05 High High

Speed-strength (standing long jump, cm) 167,67±2,92 162,34±2,31 1,43 >0,05 Average

Average Speed-strength (running 100 m, s) 17,22±0,20 17,66±0,22 1,48 >0,05 Satisfactory

Satisfactory Speed-strength (lifting body from initial supine position, reps)

40,44±1,53 33,86±0,98 3,62 <0,001 Average Average

Strength (bending and unbending hands in the front lying support initial position, reps)

18,63±0,78 14,62±0,53 4,25 <0,0001 High

Satisfactory

Flexibility (bending body forward from initial sitting position, cm)

13,69±1,08 11,72±0,66 1,56 >0,05 Satisfactory Satisfactory

Speed-strength (jumping rope, reps) 65,70±3,13 65,07±2,32 0,16 >0,05 Satisfactory

Satisfactory In the exercise "jumping rope" results of female students of EG gradually

increased and from "average" level of competence at the beginning of research moved to "satisfactory" level of competence by the end of the experiment. The result of this exercise, obtained from female students of CG as well as of EG, from "average" level of competence moved by the end of the pedagogical experiment to "satisfactory" level of competence.

Conclusions: 1. During the pedagogical experiment it was found a significant improvement

in physical preparedness of female students of EG. An essential growth results in endurance exercise and exercises of strength character among of female students of the experimental group. In the control group, significant improvement in the test results of the development of movement qualities were not found, with the exception of exercise "lifting body from initial supine position".

2. It is proved that the of the experimental group female students under the influence of developed and implemented regime of motor activity occurred authentic changes and improvements indicators that determine the effectiveness of the applied regime of motor activity.


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Prospects for further researches are in the development of tests to determine the level of the development of movement qualities for students from universities I and II levels of accreditation.

References: 1. Apanasenko G. L. Izbrannyye stati o zdorovye [Selected articles about health], Kiyev,

2005, 48 p. 2. Apanasenko G. L., Popova L. A., Maglovaniy A. V. Sanalogiya. Osnovy upravleniya

zdorovyem [Sanalogiya. Fundamentals of Health Management], LAMBERT (Germaniya), 2012, 404 p. (rus)

3. Gorbunov L. Fіzichne vikhovannya, sport і kultura zdorov’ya u suchasnomu suspіlstvі [Physical education, sport and health culture in modern society], Lutsk, 2008, vol. 2, pp. 57–59, Access: http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/fvs/2008_2/1/Gorbunov.pdf. (ukr)

4. Davidenko Ye. V., Trachuk S. V. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2009, pp. 93–96. (rus)

5. Karpyuk R. P., Petrishin Yu. V. Sportivna nauka Ukraini [Sports Science of Ukraine], 2012, vol. 7(51), pp. 46–50, Access : http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/e-journals/SNU/2012_7/Kar_8.pdf. (ukr)

6. Maglovaniy A. V., Ribak V. P., Novitskiy O. І. Moloda sportivna nauka Ukraini [Young sports science of Ukraine], Lvov, 2009, vol. 13, iss. 2, pp. 144–148. (ukr)

7. Malanyuk L. B. Obgruntuvannya rezhimіv rukhovoi aktivnostі cholovіkіv 18–25 rokіv z rіznim rіvnem fіzichnogo zdorov’ya : avtoref. dis. … kand. nauk [Justification modes locomotor activity Men 18-25 years with different levels of physical health : Authors theses], Lvіv, 2010, 20 p. (ukr)

8. Pilipey L. P., Ostapenko V. V. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2007, vol. 12, pp. 28–31. (ukr)

9. Romanova V. І. Dinamіka fіzichnoi pіdgotovlenostі studentok starshikh kursіv vishchikh navchalnikh zakladіv na osnovі rіznikh rezhimіv rukhovoI aktivnostі : avtoref. dis. … kand. Nauk [Dynamics of physical fitness of students of senior courses of higher education on the basis of different modes of physical activity : Authors theses], Kharkіv, 2010, 20 p. (ukr)

10. Tomenko O. A., Lazorenko S. A. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2010, vol. 2, pp. 17–20. (ukr)

11. Drożdżal А. Sposoby spędzania czasu wolnego dzieci i młodzieży szkół wałeckich (doniesienie z badań) / А. Drożdżal // Aktywność ruchowa ludzi w różnym wieku. Wydawnictwo Promocyjne «Albatros». – Szczecin, 2010. – S. 69–78.

12. Makris M. Rozwój fizyczny i sprawność motoryczna studentów pierwszego roku szczecińskich uczelni / M. Makris // Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego nr 486. Prace Instytutu Kultury Fizycznej nr 24. – Szczecin, 2007. – S. 34–42.

13. Umiastowska D. Оpinie studentów wychowania fizycznego i fizjoterapii o podejmowaniu udziału w różnych formach aktywności ruchowej (doniesienie z badań) / D. Umiastowska, E. Szczepanowska // Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego nr 424. Prace Instytutu Kultury Fizycznej nr 22. – Szczecin, 2005. – S. 109–119.

_______________________________________________________________ Nataliya Semenova, [email protected]; Lviv Medical College at Danylo Halytskyi Lviv

National Medical University: Sudova 7, L’viv, 79016, Ukraine . Anatoliy Mahliovanyi, Doctor of Science (Biology), Professor; mavrpror@gmail .com;

Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University: Pekars’ka 69, L’viv, 79010, Ukraine . __________________ Received: 14.09.2013 Published: 31.10.2013


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UDC 796.323.2

Serhiyenko L., Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Professor Nicholas Interregional Institute of Human Development University «Open International University of Human Development «Ukraine»

TESTS OF SPECIAL TRAINING OF BASKETBALL-PLAYERS

Abstract. The article is devoted to the generalization of experience in control

of special training of qualified basketball-players. The morphologic measurements and tests which are used in pedagogical control, the technology of testing which are used in foreign countries are offered. The morphologic control of special training of basketball-players is described.

Key words: measurements, tests, abilities, basketball-players. Introduction. Measurement and testing in sport – an important component of

the process control athlete training. This allows you to: – individualize the process of preparation of athletes; – to evaluate the effectiveness of various training programs; – control the execution of adaptive processes of an athlete; – predict predisposition to a particular sport. Basketball – a sport with non-standard movements and the work of variable

power. Typical activity for a basketball player is the considerable length of the body, relatively narrow chest, disproportionate weight (slightly below) of the body length and girth of the chest. Skilled basketball players need to have a significant development of the coordination abilities (especially, space-time parameters of movement and accuracy), power abilities (especially the development of high-speed power), speed abilities (especially the development of start speed), anaerobic and aerobic capacity, flexibility in the joints (especially the spine). General works on special measurements and the use of special tests to assess the preparedness of special skilled athletes in various sports is very small. Therefore, generalization of the results of scientific research (especially inaccessible foreign publications) as well as payment for work, in our opinion, is the actual problem.

Metrological problems of test measurements described by us earlier [7]. Partial evaluation of morphological characteristics and motor abilities of basketball players is given by us [8] while considering concerns of sports selection. Of foreign publications one can call fundamental works C. J. Gora [16], G. G. Haff, C. Dumke [14], T. Miller [15], published by Human Kinetics (USA). However, the information given in summary form, requires clarification of technology of performance tests and organize the material available to the practical coach.

Therefore the purpose of the study: a generalization of the experience of control of specially players preparedness.

__________________________ ©Serhiyenko L., 2013


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Research methods. Analysis and synthesis of domestic and foreign literature. The use of systems analysis in the presentation of the material. Generalization of teaching experience of coaches in basketball.

The results of the study. We present the model of morphological characteristics of indicators and evaluation techniques of development of motor abilities of basketball players of different skills.

Model characteristics of morphological characters. Used are the conventional methods for the determination of morphological characters described EG Martirosov [3] and RD Aleksanyants et al. [9]. There is a question that emerge? For male basketball, players the basic morphological parameters and model characteristics are shown in tab. 1 and 2.

Table 1

Morphological parameters of highly skilled basketball players [5]

Morphological parameters Average Body length, cm 198 Body weight, kg 93

Hand, see 222 Muscle mass,% 52

Fat mass,% 12,8 In female basketball players, for example, the average length of the body at the

Olympics 2000 Team Russia was 185.9 cm, USA – 184.3 cm, France and Poland – 184.2 cm, Australia – 180.6 cm in the average body length the central players in the national team of the USSR – Russia from 1985 to 2002 ranged from 190.1 to 199.6 cm [2]. The average length of a body of professional U.S. players are given in tab. 3.

Table 2

Modeling the morphological characteristics of basketball players

aged 17–18 of different game role [4] Morphological

parameters Role Play basketball

quarterback wing central Body length, cm 183,0 192,0 202,0 Body weight, kg 72,0 92,0 100,0 Hand, see 201,0 218,0 225,0

Table 3 The average body length of

U.S. professional basketball players, cm [8]

Role Play basketball Man Woman

quarterback 189,0 173,7 wing 201,2 182,9

central 207,3 189,0

Quantitative characteristics of the most highly-informative morphological

parameters of basketball players according to A. Stapff [17] are shown in Table. 4.


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Table 4 Anthropometric measures ( SX ) basketball players – participating in the

championship of the world in 1994

Sports specialization number Age, years Body

length, cm

Body weight,

kg

The sum of thickness of seven skin-folds of fat,

mm* quarterback 47 24,1±3,2 189,0±6,4 82,6±8,2 88,0±21,1

wing 57 25,1±3,8 181,2±5,9 73,3±5,1 75,8±20,3 central 64 25,4±3,3 171,9±6,1 66,1±6,2 76,6±22,4

Note. * The amount of the thickness of skin-folds of fat: triceps and biceps hands under the shoulder blade, on the lower back, abdomen, thigh, lower leg (calf).

Let us consider the testing technology development of motor abilities of

basketball players. Evaluation of the coordination abilities. The development of special

coordination abilities (COP) of basketball players may be determined by tests, which suggest different ways of movement, keeping the ball in different ways and in different directions, tests, which define the target accuracy in throwing the ball. We describe the technique of the individual tests.

Running with the change of the method of movement. The purpose of the test – to determine the development of the ability to co-ordination of movements in the rebuilding of motor activity. The test is described in R. F. Kirby [13]. The test is offered running on the basketball court in different ways. On one half of the site 4 racks are placed on the four corners (see Figure 1). Covering the distance is offered in different ways: after the start from point A to point B – run by attached sideways steps forward from point B to point D – running backwards from D to A – face forward, from A to C – backwards, from C As to – face forward, and from B to finish (point A) –sideways attached steps forward. By moving sideways are not allowed to cross the steps. Time is fixed while covering distance.

Slalom run with the ball. The purpose of the test – to determine the development of the capacity for differentiation of spatial and temporal parameters of movement of basketball players of all ages and athletic training. Previously described H. Bube et al. [1]. At a distance of 20 m played apart 9 flags, but there are two flags are at the start and the finish points. The alignment of the flags shown in Fig. 2. (one need to pay attention on that 7 and 8 flags are not exactly in a straight line). Test participants are invited to perform as quickly as possible dribble with one hand on the route, marked in Fig. 2. After the race continues to dribble with the other hand and returns to the starting position. Recorded the total time (up to 0.1 s) of passing.


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Fig. 1. Running with the change of the method of movement

Remote throws of ball on speed and accuracy. The purpose of the test – a

comprehensive assessment of spatial and temporal scales and precision movements of players. Described earlier by us [6]. On one side of the basketball court one marks out five points (Fig. 3). Member of testing starts from the front of the line and turns as fast as possible trying to get the ball into the ring. After performing test runs of the fifth shot over the front line, and returning to the start, he completed five shots in the basket. After the tenth shot run over penalty area and finishes. The time of the test and the number of hits the ball home in the ring. An integral component of the test speed and accuracy of throws (ICTSt) is given by:

A0,111TTICTSt

,

where TT – test execution time, with, A – accuracy of hitting the ball in the ring.

A somewhat different version of the test used in the U.S. [12]. Basketball court markings shown in Fig. 4. Depending on the age the distance selected for throwing the ball: young basketball players aged 10–12 – 9 feet, 13–15 years – 12 feet, 16 years and older – 15 feet. At the signal tested player should as quickly as possible to throw the ball out of 5 points (A, B, C, D, E). After each throw, the ball is taken and in accordance with the rules one performs dribbling, participant of testing goes to the next point and throws it into the ring. Preparing to throw the ball shall be not more than 5 seconds. The result is an overall test scoring and timing of the 5 throws the ball. For each hit a basket are awarded 2 points for each fail hit touch the ball to the arc of the ring 1 point, in all other cases – 0 points.

Evaluation of the power capabilities. For a basketball players is important to develop absolute muscular strength (particularly submaximal force of the upper and


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lower parts of the body) and explosive strength of the legs. Lets consider testing technologies of power abilities.

Fig. 2. The equipment and the route of the race slalom races with the

conduct of a basketball

Fig. 3. Layout of the test points for distance throws a basketball on the

speed and accuracy


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Evaluation of sub-maximal force in the test "bench press". The purpose of the test – assessment of muscle strength of hands and shoulders. Barbell is used for the test which lies on the racks. Member of testing rests on the bench the entire foot is on the floor. Hands are on the barbell. Grip width corresponds to the width of shoulders. With the help of an assistant tested one removes the bar and lowers it slowly until it touches the chest. After that, the bench press is performed to full extension of arms (Fig. 5). Result (in kg) is ranked if a basketball player can raise the bar three times in a row. Standard data of the test performed bys of highly skilled basketball players are shown in tab. 5. This assessment can be corrected to one kilogram of the athlete's body weight.

Fig. 4. Marking points (in feet) for fast remote throws by basketball

players of various ages (American version)

Table 5 Assessment standards in the test "bench press" at the maximum repetition

three times (FMF) for skilled players, kg [17]

Statistical values Women Men Adults Juniors Juniors

SX 50,7±5,3 44,7±6,0 79,6±13,4 minimum 34,0 27,5 45,0 maximum 62,5 57,5 102,5 Evaluation of sub-maximal force in the test "barbell squats on shoulders". The

purpose of the test – assessment of muscle strength of the legs. For the test barbell is used, which is on special racks (Fig. 6). Rack is to prevent falling to the ground barbell, reduce the possibility of injury and the athlete does not require assistants. Test is performed in the following sequence. An athlete takes a bar on the shoulders, arms, hold the barbell by grip slightly wider than the shoulder width. Feet are


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shoulder width apart, toes pointing outwards. Without lifting heels off the floor, one makes a slow squat to the level of the horizontal position of the hips to the floor. The athlete should avoid bending the back, sudden movements, bringing together knees. Determined the weight of the barbell (in kg), which the athlete can lift in one attempt three times in a row (ZMP).

Fig. 5. Bench barbell press:

a – a preliminary position, lying on the back; b – a starting position; c – flexion of hands; d – extension of hands; e – final position

Evaluation of development of explosive strength during the test "jump up from

their seats". Due to the fact that in basketball it is possible to perform different types of jumps, it is proposed to determine the speed power of legs of basketball players in two versions.

Fig. 6. Props to perform squats with a barbell on your shoulders


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First version. Offered the opportunity to jump up after one step. For evaluation of this test is marking on the wall. Member of testing smears fingertips by chalk magnesia sideways to the wall on which the marking is made, feet shoulder-width apart, arms down. Initially, the player raises his hand on the wall noting its original position. After this preliminary motion he does: retreat one step back, then takes a step forward and a sharp swing arms, makes the jump from two feet up, trying to touch as high as marking the tips of fingers (fig. 7). Determining of the difference of the initial and final levels evaluates the result of the jump. Standard data for the basketball players of different gender and age are given in table. 6.

Second version. It is offered the opportunity to jump up from stand position without swing of hands. To evaluate the results in the test must one have special device to hold tape (Fig. 8). The device is between the legs, the tape under tension behind. Fixed baseline stretched tape. After that, the jump up is performed without flapping hands. On the ribbon is fixed by end position elongated tape. By the difference between the final and baseline estimated results of jump up. An attempt is scored when the tested player does not jump out of the circle with a diameter of one meter.

Fig. 7. Jump up from standing position after a single step

Table 6

Statutory assessment test "high standing jump" after one step by qualified players, cm [19]

Age Women Men Juniors 50 70 Adults 55 75

Evaluation of the high-speed capabilities. Basketball players need to develop

high –speed capabilities. The game requires fast movement in a straight line and the change in direction of movement. We describe technology to perform a single test.

Sprinting at a distance of 20 m. Purpose of the test – evaluation of the acceleration speed and distance speed in the women's short track. Basketball players


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are invited to perform sprint in a straight line for a distance of 20 m Running starts with a high start and time is fixed (up to 0.01) and 5.10 cover the distance of 20 m (at a distance set intermediate and finishing gate are set). Assessment standards in speed running this test for skilled basketball players are shown in Table. 7.

Fig. 8. Tape retaining device for determining the height of a standing jump

up: 1 – Time (belt), 2 – wire or monofilament thread (diameter 0.8-0.9 mm, 2.9-3.0 m), 3 –

measuring tape, 4 – Plate 5 – slot, 6 – fixing screw 7 – moving retainer

Table 7 Run-time evaluation of standards in the test "sprint test at a distance of 20

meters" from the Australian skilled players, seconds [16]

Gender, qualification n

Distance, м 5 10 20

SX max–min SX max–min SX max–min Females

National team 110 1,20±0,08 0,96–1,40 – – 3,48±0,21 3,04–4,34 League of capital 7 1,21±0,07 1,12–1,28 2,05–0,11 1,92–2,21 3,55±0,21 3,32–3,87

Males State League 28 1,06±0,06 1,00–1,18 1,79–0,07 1,68–1,95 3,05±0,4 2,86–3,26

League of capital 13 1,02±0,04 0,97–1,10 1,74–0,05 1,66–1,83 3,00±0,09 2,88–3,16 Evaluation of the anaerobic capacity. Basketball is characterized by a

considerable amount of work carried out by anaerobic acticity. Here are some tests to evaluate the development of anaerobic abilities of basketball players at various levels of training and gender.

10 –second test on a cycle ergometer. The purpose of the test – evaluation of anaerobic abilities. As R. D. Telford considers et al. [18], who described the technique of the test, it can be used by teacher is control of other team sports. In the test one need to perform with maximum intensity of the bicycle ergometer of exercise


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test duration of 10 seconds. Start is done by the command "three, two, one, start". After the 10- second activity the command is given to "stop", but the test is not terminated but continues to work with less intensity to the phasing out of the bicycle exercise. The display locks the work (in watts or joules). Subsequently, it is advisable to count on the power of one kilogram of body weight (W ∙ kg –1). Athletes should perform the test with some motivation. And the interpretation of the data is necessary to consider non-specificity of this exercise for basketball players.

Bicycle exercise test with of 5x6 see. The test allows to assess the level of development of high-speed alaktat endurance of athletes. It was developed by experts from Australia [10]. It is used to perform ergometer and two stopwatch. Test participants are invited to perform maximum load on cycle ergometer with a duration of 6 seconds five times with rest of 30 seconds between attempts. Capacity of each attempt bicycle exercise work (J) is estimated.

Beginning of the work to from a stationary position: pedals are at an angle 45°. Leading leg on the start should be on top. In the measurements two stopwatch are used – one to determine the duration of the load, and the second – to determine the duration of the rest.

As a result of work performed it can be assessed: – total work performed in five attempts, expressed in joules per kilogram of

body weight; – the dynamics of change in the performance of the test. This calculation can be carried out as follows:

attemptsinpowerTotalpowerworkhighestThe

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, % The interpretation of such estimates : low power and high performance of the

test percent decline at the end of the test result shows that the athlete must train in order to increase the development of anaerobic abilities.

Evaluation of the aerobic abilities. One of the main components of fitness of basketball players is to highly developed aerobic abilities. Basketball – this is a sports game with the changing pace, requiring that players maintain long-term and high performance. Testing the level of aerobic capacity (defined in terms of maximum oxygen uptake – VO2max) can be made in the laboratory and field conditions. The technology of the laboratory tests described earlier [7]. In the field, one can determine the development of aerobic capacity by the method of Leger. We describe the technique of the test.

Shuttle run with increasing speed on a 20- meter distance. The purpose of the test – determination of cardiorespiratory endurance. The technology of the test described by L. A. Leger et al. [14]. Distance shuttle runs can be marked up in the gym or on the court. To control the speed of run need a strong tape.

Performing the test begins with a brisk walk or slow jogging. The first 20-meter segment is overcome for 9 seconds. This speed must be maintained for 1 minute. Then successively and uniformly increasing rate per minute. The shuttle run is presented in Table. 8.


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Table 8 Program of shuttle run with increasing speed on a 20-meter distance

Time, min Speed, km∙h –1 Time to overcome the 20-meter

length, with 1 8 9,00 2 9 8,00 3 9,5 7,58 4 10 7,20 5 10,5 6,86 6 11 6,55 7 11,5 6,26 8 12 6,00 9 12,5 5,76 10 13 5,54 11 13,5 5,33 12 14 5,14 13 14,5 4,97 14 15 4,80 15 15,5 4,64 16 16 4,50 17 16,5 4,36 18 17 4,24 19 17,5 4,11 20 18 4,00

21–23 18,5 3,89 The speed is set and controlled by means of sound signals that are on fed tape

at regular intervals. Speed of movement should be such as to overcome the next 20 meters and step by foot on the start or finish line, when one hears a beep. Tolerable error 1–2 m. That is permitted not to run the line as two steps. If an athlete has reached the limit line before he hears the sound of running speed is reduced. If be hears it before he turn and run in the opposite direction, it is necessary to increase the run speed greater than programmed for the next segment. Feature of the test is that the test participant, running 20 m has to touch the feet with a limit line, turn to 180 degrees and continue running in the opposite direction, increasing every minute of running speed. The test ends when the basketball player can not maintain another increase of tempo run or do not run up to the line of control twice. The result of testing is to count the number surmounted the 20-meter intervals.

Evaluation of the ability of flexibility in the joints. Development of active flexibility is important for many basketball moves. Besides, good flexibility in the joints can play an important role in preventing injury. The most important is the development in basketball players joint flexibility spine. We describe the technology of measuring active spinal flexibility, which is most often used in the pedagogical control of basketball players abroad.

Test "sit and reach". The purpose of the test – definition of active flexibility of the spine. The test uses special equipment box (Figure 9) with a graduated board (or


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attach a hard ruler). Box has the dimensions: length, width and height of 12 inches (30 cm). The tested has the original sitting position, back straight and touches the wall, legs straight and run into the box, his hands at zero mark of ruler. From this position the tested leans forward, trying to get as far as possible markup. The bend is performed slowly and smoothly. Tester (coach) holds the laps of basketball player, not letting the legs bend at the knees (Fig. 10).

Fig. 9. Box to measure the mobility of the spine activity

Fig. 10. Measurement of the mobility of the spine in the torso forward

from a sitting position

Testing of top basketball players is carried out basically 3–4 times a year. Sometimes the assessment of motor development of athletes is performed before the main competition of the season. The number of tests is advantageously carried out in two days. On the first day, the following measurements and tests (listed in order of their execution) : anthropometric measurements, assessment of explosive strength in


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jumping up (standing jump without hands, and then up with a single step), 20 m sprint, 10 second test on a cycle ergometer, bicycle exercise test with a 5x6 sec, shuttle run with increasing speed by 20 meters. During the second day of tests are performed, evaluating the development of coordination abilities (first tests that evaluate the accuracy, and then tests that evaluate spatial and temporal characteristics of movements), the development of flexibility in the joints, strength tests and in the end test is offered to assess the maximum oxygen consumption. Between the tests it is given the average rest of 3-5 minutes. On the first day after the bicycle exercise test of a 5x6 sec and before a shuttle progressive run of 20 m – 30 m in evaluation in the laboratory VO2max with basketball players can occur once a year.

Conclusions. 1. The article describes morphological parameters that are characteristic of

skilled players. 2. Described technology of tests that can determine a special preparedness of

players. 3. Generalized foreign experience of pedagogical control of preparedness of

skilled players. Further the interest may be occurred to the standard basis of tests for

basketball players of all ages and athletic skills. References: 1. Bube Kh., Fek G., Shtyubler Kh., Trogsh F. Testy v sportivnoy praktike [Tests in sports

practice], Moscow, 1968, 239 p. (rus) 2. Kostikova L. V., Sablin A. B., Chernov S. V. Sorevnovatelnaya deyatelnost

vysokoskorostnykh basketbolistok vysokoy kvalifikatsii [Competitive activity of basketball player high qualifications], Moscow, 2003, vol. 3, pp. 185–186. (rus)

3. Martirosov E. G. Metody issledovaniya v sportivnoy antropologii [Research methods in Anthropology Sports], Moscow, 1982, 199 p. (rus)

4. Nabatnikova M. Ya. Osnovy upravleniya podgotovkoy yunykh sportsmenov [Bases of management training of young athletes], Moscow, 1982, 280 p. (rus)

5. Brilya M. S., Gancheva S., Popova I., Titova Yu. K. Problema otbora yunykh sportsmenov v shkoly-internaty sportivnogo profilya [The problem of selection of young athletes in the boarding school sports profile], Sofiya, 1982, 248 s. (rus)

6. Sergіyenko L. P. Testuvannya rukhovikh zdіbnostey shkolyarіv [Testing of motor abilities of students], Kyiv, 2001, 439 p. (ukr)

7. Sergіyenko L. P. Sportivna metrologіya [Sports metrology], Kyiv, 2010, 776 p. (ukr) 8. Sergіyenko L. P. Sportivniy vіdbіr [Sports selection] Ternopіl, 2010, 784 p. (ukr) 9. Aleksanyants G. D., Abushkevich V. V., Tlekhas D. B., Filenko A. M., Ananyev I. N.,

Grichanova T. G. Sportivnaya morfologiya [Sport morphology], Moscow, 2005, 92 p. (rus) 10. Fitzsimons M. Cycling and running test of repeated sprint ability / M. Fitzsimons,

B. Dawson, D. Ward, A. Wilkinson / Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. – 1993. – Vol. 25. N 4. – P. 82–87.

11. Haff G. G. Laboratory Manual for Exercise Physiology / G. G. Haff, C. Dumke. – Champaign, IL. : Human Kinetics, 2012. – 449 p.

12. Hopkins D. R. Basketball for boys and girls: skills test manual, Reston, va / D. R. Hopkins, J. Shick, J. J. Plack // American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. – 1984. – 127 p.


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13. Kirbi R. F. A simple test of agility / R. F. Kirby // Coach and Athlete. – 1971. – N 6. – P. 30–31.

14. Leger L. A. The multistage 20 meter shuttle run test for aerobic fitness / L. A. Leger, D. Marcier, C. Gadouzy, J. Lambert // Journal of Sports Sciences. – 1988. – N 6. – P. 93–101.

15. Miller T. NSCA's Guide to Tests and Assessments. National Strength and Conditioning Association / T. Miller. – Champaign, IL. : Human Kinetics, 2012. – 359 p.

16. Physiological Test for Elite Athletes. Australian Sports Commission / Ed. C. J. Gore. – Champaign, IL. : Human Kinetics, 2000. – 464 p.

17. Stapff A. Protocols for the physiological assessment of basketball players / A. Stapff // In: Physiological Test for Elite Athletes. Australian Sports Commission / Ed. C. J. Gore. – Champaign, IL. : Human Kinetics, 2000. – P. 224–237.

18. Telford R. D. A simple method for assessment of general fitness: The tri-level profile / R. D. Telford, B. R. Minikin, A. C. Hahn, L. A. Hopper // Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. – 1989. – Vol. 21, N 3. – P. 3–9.

19. Young W. B. Specificity of jumping ability and implications for training and testing athletes / W. B. Young // Proceedings of the National Coaching, Conference. – Canberra : Australian Sports Commission, 1994. – P. 217–221.

_______________________________________________________________ Leonid Serhiyenko, Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Professor; [email protected]; Nicholas

Interregional Institute of Human Development University «Open International University of Human Development «Ukraine»: 2-Voennaya 22, Nikolayev, 54000, Ukraine .



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UDC 37.037.1:796.332:611.738.14

Sirenko P. National pharmaceutical university

FEATURES OF THE INTERFERENCE EMG MUSCLES OF THE BACK OF THE THIGH FOR SKILLED PLAYERS IN THE EXERCISE

«UNBENDING THIGH FROM STANDING POSITION» Abstract. The researching was to determine the optimum angle of position

shin relatively hips in exercise «unbending thigh from standing position», to exhibit a maximum of bioelectrical activity of the m. biceps femoris, m. semitendinosus, m. semimembranosus. During the research we worked EMG of 17 players of FC «Metalist» at the age of 18–35 years old for five seconds maximal isometric contraction of inner and outer head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Studied positions are within the design features of the simulator. The results of the analysis segments EMG led to conclusion that the angle of 70 degrees thigh position to exis of the body has the smallest manifestations of bioelectric activity of these muscles and the minimum prerequisites for the manifestation muscular force. Our data also show that the vertical position of leg is position of the greatest overlap actin-myosin filaments in the sarcomere of the two joint muscles of the back of the thigh, and the optimum conditions for the manifestation muscle strength.

Keywords: electromyography, the angle of the applied force, unbending thigh from standing position, football, m. semitendinosus, m. semimembranosus, m. biceps femoris.

Introduction. Structural feature of the motor activity in modern football is the

performing of a large arsenal of techniques worked out by in advance (motor skills), the selection and implementation of which is determined by the operational analysis of a game situation, which involved most of the muscles of the musculoskeletal system. These motor skills associated with first touch (Fig. 1), strikes, transfer and other operations. Big expanse of a football field, a significant acceleration in the run-up and braking, especially in conjunction with the implementation of techniques with the ball – all these functions determines the increase of fluent not only the energy component of activity, but also statikokinetic equilibrium that counteracts the "shoot down" action release late-tonic inborn reflexes, which has always attracted the muscles that straightened hip [20]. A definition of the position in which muscles in the back of the hip can manifest its maximum and bioelectrical activity, according to researches of A. M. Gordon, A. F. Huxley, F. J. Julian (1966), V. M. Zatsiorsky (1981), can manifest the maximum force becomes a priority task.

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Fig. 1. Stop the ball by sole after the dribbling (Yu.D. Zheleznjak,

Yu.M. Portnow, V.P. Savin, A.V. Leksakov 2004) The basic method of study of human movement was the change and check of

various kinds mechanical manifestations of muscle work, but to date the study of muscle activity of the qualified athletes require different invoke modern methods related to the registration of electrical processes that occur in the contractile system during the performing the special exercises [15; 16].

One of the modern methods of diagnosis is electromyography – method of investigation of the neuromuscular system by recording the electrical potentials of muscles [4]. Electromyographic studies can not only establish the patch accented influence on a given muscle group, but also objectively assess the optimal angle of the limb (in the case of our study by position of the thigh with respect to the pole body), determine the maximum bioelectric activity, the position of the largest overlap actinomyosin filaments in the sarcomere m. biceps femoris, m. semitendinosus, m. semimembranosus, in accordance with the angle of the applied force in the context of the implementation of the static counter in exercise "unbending thigh from standing position" leg straight [2].

Physical training of skilled players depends on the correct choice of means and skillful application of methods. The principal means of special physical training in football are special preparatory exercises that allow developing physical abilities specific to this game [14]. These include exercises for the development of motor response speed and orientation, attention, speed of action, movement speed (footwork), jumping ability, ability to move quickly from a static position and stay in motion after a quick movement, strength and speed of contraction of the muscles that are involved in the performance of the basic techniques of the game, coordination abilities (agility), flexibility, needed to obtain a rational technique of the game; special endurance (jumps, speed, power); acrobatic exercises, exercises by technique and tactics of the game, double-sided game [5; 7; 18]. Of all the above mentioned facilities of the training process is an advantage for the exercises that have specific content [10]. In other words, on the basis of a mechanical simulator, we simulate an exercise, giving exertion on the muscles that are actively used by the players during the training process and the competitive activities [15; 16].


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Search for new and improved known organization systems of the training process for the first stage of becoming automated systems of measurement and processing of biomedical information, which use modern software tools, significantly expanding opportunities differentiated assessment localization load on the movable segment that receives a specific exertion [3]. In our study, we use electromyography.

The main methods of electromyographic studies belongs analysis (surface, summary) electromyogram as large size and distance from the surface of muscle tissue electrode allow you to register with the help of only the total activity of the muscles, which is the interference of the action potentials of many hundreds or even thousands of muscle fibers [4; 8; 9]. With this method it is possible to study the structure and function of the neuromotor apparatus, which consists of functional elements – motor units, which includes motor-neuron and a group of muscle fibers that they are innervated [1]. For example, if the length of the stretched muscles is twice longer its length in the tranquility, the production of power will be almost equal to zero [23]. However, you should take note of the fact that the strength of the muscle fibers will depend on the number of cross-bridges that are tangent to actin filaments. Overdistension muscle fibers’ the distance between the actin and myosin filaments increases. Reduction of the area of overlap of filaments reduces the number of cross bridges which are necessary for the formation of strength [23]. Luca de C. J. (1997) found in the simultaneous recording of sarcomere length, traction force and overlapping actinic-myosin filament in the sarcomere those contractile force components at the highest maximum overlap of these areas [25]. When muscle length reducing or increasing the amount of overlap changes, the force decreases [6; 11]. The direction of movement of the straight leg downwards brings the proximal and distal attachment area, thereby, as hip extension, brings myofilaments in the sarcomere first stretched muscles (more acute the angle of the thigh to the vertical milestone, the more amount of cross-bridges), increasing their bioelectric activity and thereby contractile ability. However it should be noted that bioelectric and contractile possibility of muscles we examined, according to researches of A. Morecki, J. Ekiel, K. Fidelus (1971), depending on the diarticular structure and mutual ratio of the patellar and thigh joint [26]. In the case of our research, the position of the straight leg and bended thigh move away portions of fixing m. biceps femoris, m. semitendinosus, m. semimembranosus to certain limits, which are regulated by their ability to stretch and design features of the mechanical simulator.

Goal of research is experimentally to determine the optimum angle for maximum manifestation of bioelectrical activity of muscles m. biceps femoris, m. semitendinosus, m. semimembranosus in exercise "unbending thigh from standing position" with straight leg, on the basis of the maximum force for five seconds on the fixed lever arm of simulator.

Matter and methods of research. The priority element is additional support in the simulator for the thoracic girdle (as an element of balance to maintain and retain the starting position), the location of the body and supporting limb vertically (Fig. 2). Regulation of the force applied and the angle distance from lever of counteraction to the axis of rotation regulated simulator design features, and is a standard for all


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examined. Also the possibility of adjusting the position of the supporting leg on the simulator (up and down), taking into account the length of the limb of the examined it allows putting the axis of rotation of the thigh joint and the simulator in one plane [13].

An important factor that regulates the exercise is a straight leg position. Prop lever at the bottom third of the back of the leg increases the arm of force, but does not create limitations in applying electrodes. Additional pressure on the back muscles of the thigh, which is to hold the position of the straight leg, minimum, because the anatomical structure of the knee does not provide for further extension of the anticnemion.

A) B)

Fig. 2. position of the anticnemion: A) angle of – 70 degrees;

B) angle of – (–15) degrees

Immediately before the test, we performed a warm-up at ellipsoidal stepper for

10 minutes, gradually increasing the load from 30 to 120 watts with the rate of 80 steps per minute, and the next rest 5 minutes, doing exercises for flexibility.

As muscles we studied are diarticular, we according to the research of A. Morecki, J. Ekiel, K. Fidelus (1971) [26] concerning the functions "of Acton", admitted that when the position of the thigh relative to the axis of the body, the muscles shrink or stretch, respectively, change the angles of maximum manifestation of bioelectrical activity of marked contractile areas.

In the research 17 players took part of first eleven and reserve squad of FC "Metalist" age 18–35 years. Researches were carried out at a training base of FC "Metalist" in the first half of the day with the help of computer Electroneuromyography Research and Production Enterprise DX-Systems «M-TEST» that meets specifications TUU33.1-30428373-004-2004 intended for recording and analysis of EMG. Use Electrodes Ag / AgCL Skintact easitabs RT34 with adhesive backed. In accordance with data of SG Nikolaev (2003, 2010) [8; 9],


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we used electrodes with an arbitrary distance between electrodes: an active electrode was fixed in the innervation zone – above abdominal membrane (along) the muscles in the projection area of the motor and the reference – on portion of the sinew areas. The distance between the proximal and distal electrodes located for each of the muscles is the same as the change of this factor can affect change reading registry electromyogram. Presence in immediate vicinity to the electrodes of other muscle provides for severe regulation the location them to the skin, because probably the "wicking" of the bioelectrical pulses by other muscle – muscle cross talk [21]. The ground electrode is located on the distal portion of the opposite limb. It attach to the appropriate terminal on the electrode panel electromyograph [9].

Determining the angular position between the studied segments was performed using photogoniometry. Determining the angle between the thigh and the vertical plane (which includes the axis of the body and the supporting leg) were performed using photogoniometric study. Point "0" change the angle (rotation axis alidade) set at a value by level large trochanter, one branch on axis hip, the other on the lateral surface of the trunk [12; 19].

The exercise "unbending thigh from standing position" with the possibility of adjusting the angle of the lever and counter (changing the angle of the starting position) right and left foot alternately on the basis of weight, does not allow the lever to move the simulator under the legs deflection angles from the vertical axis (fig. 4 – (–15) degrees; fig. 5 – (0) degrees; fig. 6 – (20) degrees; fig. 7 – (40) degrees; fig. 8 – (70) degrees), straight leg, on the basis of the maximum force for five seconds on the fixed arm simulator. By standardizing the conditions for performing the specified exercise, we envisage the exercise with the position of the toe in a plane parallel to the sagittal as the deviation of the position of the toe provides for redistribution emphasis of load on certain muscle portion. The rotation of the outward legs would reduce muscle posterolateral thigh area (Fig. 3), the rotation of the middle legs will reduce accordingly muscles posteromedial region.

Fig. 3. Fragment of interference myogram extension of supine hip, leg

straight (20 degree angle)


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Regulation of the angle by force applied and of the lever distance by counter from the axis of rotation due to the design of the simulator and is standard for all examined.

Determined by such factors as: the maximum amplitude (mkV) – maximum amplitude that is observed at this part of the interference myogram, the average amplitude (mkV) – average amplitude of this area interference analysis myogram; average rate – the average frequency of this part interference analysis myogram; comparative ration – the ration of the average amplitude to the average rate of this area analysis myogram interference.

The table contains the average indicators of seventeen examined, the minimum and maximum indicators taken into consideration as erroneous and not accepted in the counting system. In our research, we set the speed of progress "tape" within 200 ms∙cm-1, the gain (amplitude, which is displayed) signal 5 mV∙cm-1, at the current rate reviews 40 ms∙cm-1 and the current value of the gain reviews 0.9 m V∙cm-1 (Fig. 2). The received parameters were analyzed by using statistical software Microsoft Excel 2007.

Table 1

These interference electromyogram m. biceps femoris, m. semitendinosus and m. semimembranosus muscles

–15 degrees M. biceps femoris M. semitendinosus M. semimembranosus

right leg left leg right leg left leg right leg left leg Maximum amplitude (mkV)

7324,80±715,5 7218,18±722,0 5794,56±553,3 5620,28±565,7 6462,72±637,1 6510,09±624,9

Average amplitude (mkV)

1378,82±125,5 1145,17±112,7 678,81±68,5 701,1±69,2 734,88±70,0 715,64±72,1

Average rate (Hz) 174,7±16,8 165,7±16,7 289,5±30,0 281,8±27,7 313,3±30,7 308,8±31,0

Comparative ration 7,89±0,75 6,9±0,63 2,34±0,24 2,48±0,27 2,34±0,24 2,32±0,23

Fig. 4. Fragment of interference myogram (angle (- 15) degrees)


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Table 2 These interference electromyogram m. biceps femoris, m. semitendinosus

and m. semimembranosus muscles

0 degrees M. biceps femoris M. semitendinosus M. semimembranosus


12702,40±1115,8 11748,57±1098,6 9160,32±901,1 9110,83±877,6 7190,40±721,1 7093,37±700,4


1608,92±157,8 1550,37±145,5 925,95±93,2 915,20±89,4 961,78±93,3 977,16±98,8

Average rate (Hz) 176,4±16,1 180,3±18,0 274,6±27,1 261,4±25,2 300,9±28,4 291,4±27,5


Fig. 5. Fragment of interference myogram (angle 0 degrees)





5163,84±505,3 5237,66±521,4 7099,52±672,2 7007,72±683,9 5774,40±581,2 5628,19±562,1


890,93±87,7 900,08±91,2 589,50±57,6 567,29±55,4 610,74±60,3 605,19±58,8

Average rate (Hz) 137,2±14,0 131,38±12,9 268,3±27,4 271,18±23,6 283,8±28,2 261,7±24,4

Comparative ration 6,50±0,64 6,85±0,67 2,20±0,21 2,09±,19 2,15±0,20 2,31±0,21


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3680,64±370,0 3577,54±345,5 3667,24±357,7 3720,49±340,5 3592,32±361,6 3470,78±322,3


558,84±54,4 527,15±50,7 345,97±33,3 338,75±34,2 368,93±36,7 380,02±36,9

Average rate (Hz) 99,2±9,2 100,5±9,8 271,9±2,6 254,2±2,5 286,8±2,5 263,8±2,6




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right leg left leg right leg left leg right leg left leg Maximum amplitude (mkV) 1464,96±142,2 1370,81±110,7 3568,32±360,7 3633,38±351,1 3131,52±305,5 3110,08±299,8

Average amplitude (mkV) 360,11±34,1 322,65±32,5 276,29±25,8 274,28±25,1 278,91±28,2 257,73±22,2

Average rate (Hz) 88,8±7,2 99,4±8,7 298,4±26,9 295,7±30,0 314,4±28,5 325,6±31,1



The conclusions. Analyzing IEMG m. biceps femoris, m. semitendinosus, m.

semimembranosus exercise in "unbending thigh from standing position", straight leg, in the context of static countermeasures can be concluded that the vertical position of the legs (Fig 5, Table. 2) is the position of maximum manifestation of bioelectric activity and, consequently, the position of greatest overlap actin myosin filaments in the sarcomere involved muscles. In accordance with the theory of Gordon, Huxsley, Julian (1966) [24] VM Zatsiorsky (1981) [6] admit that this position is a position of "long tranquility" that we have studied for muscle. At a deviation the position of the limb from the marked we see the decrease in performance IEMG. Submitted figures demonstrably show this dynamic.

Position of 70 degrees hip flexion, leg straight out that we have studied, is the position of the smallest manifestations of bioelectrical activity, and therefore the position of the least overlap actin myosin filaments in the sarcomere m. biceps femoris, m. semitendinosus and m. semimembranosus muscles that puts the least background for the manifestation of contractile force data segments.

Prospect of further research is a further study, in accordance with the theory of A. Morecki, J. Ekiel, K. Fidelus (1971) [26] by "the Acton" contractile manifestations m. biceps femoris, m. semitendinosus, m. semimembranosus, depending on the mutual ratio of the thigh and knee joint. It needs further research to


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study the redistribution of bioelectric activity of the muscles of hamstring, depending on the direction of rotation of the thigh; changing dynamics of relations manifestations maximum contractile performance, the average amplitude and rate of muscle agonists depending on the angle of the force applied. Need to study the contractile characteristics of m. gluteus maximus in the context of exercise, which has been examined by us. Conducting these studies will optimize the training process of skilled players to determine the position of maximum manifestation of bioelectrical activity of involved in special exercises muscles.

References: 1. Vasilyeva-Linetskaya L. Ya., Rokhanskiy A. O., Galatsan A. V. Otkrytyye

informatsionnyye i kompyuternyye informatsionnyye tekhnologii [Open information and computer-information technology], Kharkov, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 215–220. (rus)

2. Antonov V. F. Praktikum po biofizike [Workshop on Biophysics], Moscow, 2001, 352 p. (rus)

3. Vasilyeva-Linetskaya L. Ya., Demenko V. F., Trudy Natsionalnogo aerokosmicheskogo universiteta imeni N. Ye. Zhukovskogo [Proceedings of the National Aerospace University named after Zhukovsky], Kharkov, 2002, vol. 33, pp. 322–331. (rus)

4. Vovkanich L. Vinogradskiy B., Tkachek V. Sportivna nauka Ukraini [Sports Science of Ukraine], 2012, vol. 4 (48), pp. 3–9. (ukr)

5. Godіk M. A. Fizicheskaya podgotovka futbolistov [Physical training of football players] Moscow, 2006, 272 p. (rus)

6. Zatsiorskiy V. M., Aruin A. S., Seluyanov V. N. Biomekhanika dvigatelnogo aparata cheloveka [Biomechanics of the human skeletal apparatus], Moscow, 1981, 143 p. (rus)

7. Kostyukevich V. M. Teoretiko-metodichnі aspekti trenuvannya sportsmenіv visokoi kvalіfіkatsіi [Theoretical and methodological aspects of training athletes high qualified], Vіnnitsya, 2007, 272 p. (ukr)

8. Nikolayev S. G. Atlas po elektromiografii [Atlas of Electromyography] Ivanovo, 2010, 468 p. (rus)

9. Nikolayev S. G. Praktikum po klinicheskoy elektromiografii [Workshop on Clinical Electromyography] Ivanovo, 2003, 264 p. (rus)

10. Platonov V. N. Obshchaya teoriya podgotovki sportsmenov v olimpiyskom sporte [The general theory of training athletes in Olympic sports] Kyiv, 1997, pp. 59–131. (rus)

11. Ratov I. P. Issledovaniye sportivnykh dvizheniy i vozmozhnostey upravleniya izmeneniyem ikh kharakteristik s ispolzovaniyem tekhnicheskikh sredstv : avtoref. … dokt.ped. nauk [The study of sports movements and capabilities management of their characteristics using technical means : Authors thesis], Moscow, 1972, 24 p. (rus)

12. Sinelnikov R. D. Atlas anatomii cheloveka [Atlas of Human Anatomy] Moscow, 1967, 1326 p. (rus)

13. Sirenko P. A. Spetsialnyye i preventivnyye uprazhneniya v professionalnom futbole [Special and preventive exercises in professional football], Kharkov, 2012, 244 p. (rus)

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15. Sіrenko P. O. Korolіnska S. V., Sіrenko Yu. P. Pedagogіka, psikhologіya ta mediko-bіologіchnі problemi fіzichnogo vikhovannya і sportu [Pedagogy, psychology and medical-biological problems of physical education and sport], 2013, vol. 7, pp. 70–76. (ukr)

16. Sіrenko P. O. Korolіnska S. V., Sіrenko Yu. P. Pedagogіka, psikhologіya ta mediko-bіologіchnі problemi fіzichnogo vikhovannya і sportu [Pedagogy, psychology and medical-biological problems of physical education and sport], 2013, vol. 8, pp. 92–98. (ukr)


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17. Zheleznyak Yu. D., Portnov Yu. M., Savin V. P., Leksakov A. V. Sportivnyye igry: Tekhnika, taktika, metodika obucheniya [Sports Games: Technique, tactics, methods of teaching] Moscow, 2004, 520 p. (rus)

18. Shamardіn V. M. Modelyuvannya pіdgotovlenostі kvalіfіkovanikh futbolіstіv [Simulation training of qualified football players], Dnіpropetrovsk, 2002, 200 p. (ukr)

19. Yumashev G. S. Travmatologiya i ortopediya [Traumatology and Orthopedics], Moscow, 1983, 576 p. (rus)

20. Fomіn B. C. Petrukhіn V. G., Chepik V. D. Mediko-biologicheskiye problemy sportivnoy trenirovki [Medical and Biological Problems of sports training] Moscow, 1985, pp. 5–23. (rus)

21. Basmadjan J. V. Muscle alive / J. V. Basmadjan. – 2-nd ed. – Baltimore : Williams and Wilkins Co., 1978. – 316 p.

22. Costill D. L. Muscle fiber composition and enzyme activities in elite female distance runners / D. L. Costill, W. J. Fink, M. Flynn, J. Kirwan // International Journal of sport Medicine. – 1987. – № 8. – P. 103–106.

23. Gollnick P. D. The identification of fiber type in skeletal muscle: a continual dilemma / P. D. Gollnick, D. R. Hodson // Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. – 1986. – № 14. – P. 81–104.

24. Gordon A. M. The variation in isometric tension with sarcomere length in vertebrate muscle fibres / A. M. Gordon, A. F. Huxley, F. J. Julian // Journal of Physiology, 1966. – V. 184. – P. 170–192.

25. Luca de C. J. The use of surface Electromyography in biomechanics / Luca de C. J // Journal Applied Biomechanics. – 1997. – № 13. – P. 135–163.

26. Morecki A. Bionika ruchu / A. Morecki, J. Ekiel, K. Fidelus. – Warzhawa, 1971. – 466 с.

_______________________________________________________________ Pavlo Sirenko, sirenko-pavel@rambler .ru; National pharmaceutical university:

Pushkinskaya 53, Kharkov, 61002, Ukraine . __________________ Received: 14.09.2013. Published: 31.10.2013.


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UDC 796.072.2.001.5(083.41)(047)

Sutula V, Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Assosiate Professor Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture

SOME COMMENTS ON THE USE IN RESEARCH OF STANDARD

STATISTICAL INDICATORS (FIRST POST)

Abstract. The features of the use of standard statistical data in articles published in leading scientific journals of Ukraine and Russia. It is shown that different authors use different symbols to show the same statistical indicators. Confirmed that the characteristics of the studied interval variability of signs should be used where the ratio of statistical indicators marked as follows « X ±σ». It is shown that for a deeper analysis of experimental data is necessary to use the sampling method, which allows to assess the performance characteristics of the sample of the population.

Keywords: statistics, selected population, population, variation, interval variability, the sampling method.

Statement of the problem. The high level of research depends on many

factors: the scientific importance of the chosen topic, the choice of research methods, objectivity and completeness of the collected factual material, the correctness of the analysis and presentation of selected study materials. Among these factors plays an important role is the correct selection and application of methods of mathematical statistics to help the researcher to objectively solve the problem. In scientific studies conducted in the field of physical culture and experimental in nature, on the first stage of processing data, typically descriptive statistics is used. Analysis of articles published in recent years in leading scientific journals of Ukraine and Russia through the prism of the authors using descriptive statistics shows the following. Thus, methodological journal Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism «Physical Culture: vospytanye, education, stage tweedehands « (№ 2 in 2013) in the article of Lhagvasuren "Physical Development and physical fitness of children is age Shkolny Mongolia (in Example of Ulan Bator city)" (p. 30–32) to characterize the variability of the results obtained using the ratio «M±m». In the same issue in the article D. N. Chernohorova, Y. L. Tushera "Features strength development abilities of schoolchildren of 15–17 on Using Classes with weights" (p. 43–45) in a table called "Indicators of special physical fitness in the group after the experiment" is used very different characters, such as «x±δ».

In the scientific and theoretical journal of the National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine "Theory and Methodology of Physical Education and Sports» (№ 1 in 2013) in Article of B. Dikiy "Application of Exercises Hatha – yoga and autogenic training elements in the physical rehabilitation of students with chronic bronchitis" (pp. 45–49) to characterize the variability of the studied traits in tables 1–4 using the ratio «M±m». In the same issue in the article Stelmach J.

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"Influence of training loads on functional performance female, wrestlers of top level in the different phases of the menstrual cycle" (pp. 100–103) in the tab. 2 uses a completely different "values" namely «X±m».

In the scientific and theoretical journal of Dnipropetrovsk State Institute of Physical Culture and Sports Sports Journal Dnieper (№ 1 in 2012) in the article by A. Malikov "Dynamics of psychophysiological state of the industrial enterprise female workers of 36–40 under the influence of a comprehensive program of physical rehabilitation" (p. 80–83) to characterize the range of variability in tab. 1 is used value «X±m», and tab. 2 of the same article a similar ratio presented as «M±m». In the same issue in the article S. Ovcharenko, V. Matish, A. Yakovenko, "Planning the training process of footballers in the preparatory period" (p. 166–169) in tab. 2 statistical indicators of the range of variability of the studied trait, denoted very different, namely «x±m».

The collection of scientific papers of Lviv State University of Physical Culture "Young athlete of Ukraine" (Issue 17, Vol. 2, 2013) Article Ja. Witos "Changes of psychophysiological preparedness of preschool children in the author's program of physical education with the focus on the use of karate" (pp. 28–33) to denote the interval of variability in tab. 1, 2 uses the ratio «X±σ». In the same issue in the article A. Golovchenko "State of psychophysical development adolescents of 11–15 of physical education" (p. 42–48) to characterize the range of variability of the studied traits in tab. 1–3 is used other characters – « Х ±m». The same symbols are used in the article N. Krivoruchko, I. Maslyak "Dynamics of coordination abilities of university students under the influence of exercise Cheerleading" (pp. 87–91). Quite differently, namely M±m, reflecting the standard statistical indicators V. Pasechnik in the article "Effect of experimental methods by using integral developmental balls on indicators of physical fitness of senior school age" (p. 146–152) and Y. Petrishin, P. Dacko, D. Stepanjuk in the article "The level of physical fitness of children of special schools" (pp. 153–157).

In the scientific and theoretical journal of Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture "research Slobozhanskyi sports Gazette" (№ 1 for 2013) is found similar differences. Thus, in articles by D. I. Tsysya "Sports activities focus on physical education – one of the factors increasing physical fitness of students" (p. 5–7), V. A. Horyakova "Vegetative and nervous mechanisms for adaptation of the organism of young wrestlers to specific load " (pp. 64–66), A. Myatyhy and N. V. Goncharuk "comprehensive program of physical rehabilitation of adolescents with orthopedic foot deformity with an account of amendments the musculoskeletal system "(p. 69–73) to characterize the range of variability studied traits using correlation « Х ±m». However, in this same issue in the article V. L. Bogush, S. Hetmantseva, A. Yatcunskii, A. V. Sokolov, O. I. Reznichenko, A. V. Kuvaldyna "Determination of functional status – athletes fencers" (pp. 24–28), this same figure is indicated otherwise – «M±m».

Similar differences are found in the articles published in other reputable journals. For example, in scientific and theoretical journal "Theory and Practice of physical culture" (№ 1 in 2013) in the article A. G. Zheleznyakova "Effect raspiratory


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gymnastics at Level of functional and wotok preparedness of undergraduate community of medical groups" (p. 15–18) to characterize the variability of the interval value is used «M±m». In the same form it is used in Article N. G. Golovko, O. Pluzhnikova, V. D. Bogacheva "Dynamics frequency of cardiac rhythm under training Effect" (pp. 19–21). However, in this same issue in articles F. L. Dolenko "Morfofunctional basis of typology of joints" (p. 53–56) and Al. Halyly Mohaned "Effect of coating tennis courts at physiological and technical aspects of games of young tennis players" (p. 57–59) to characterize the range of variation using the same ratio, but statistical indicators included are marked very differently according "x±σ» and «average value±SD».

In the journal "Science in the Olympic sport» (№ 1–2 in 2011, this latest issue, available in the library HDAFK) is found the following differences. For example, Article M. Beznilova, A. Shynkaruk "afferent of competitive activities of basketball players qualifications in of higher gawal season" (p. 45–52) to characterize the variability interval value is used, in which statistical parameters are indicated as follows: M±SD. In the same place in Articles L. Gurin "Rationale of application dyetycheskoy additive" Yantaryn – sport "in practice training of athletes of top qualifications" (p. 60–65) and E. Arakelyan, W. Bale, A. Mikhailov, A. Mnuhinoyi" Biomechanic fatigue in running "(p. 69–75) using a completely different designations of the same value, in accordance with «M±m» and»x±σ».

Described above disagreement on the use of standard statistical indicators characters found in other issues of the above journals. So they are of general character. And in almost all publications the analysis is completed, usually, by only the arithmetic mean value of the sample. Performance variability is studied and hardly analyzed. In presenting results of experimental studies they are kind of "background" character. Moreover, the assessment made is represented as a specific sample set. The problem is to assess the indicators of the general in most studies are hardly set. While it is clear that they are crucial in terms of the formation of objective and comprehensive understanding of the phenomena to be studied.

Objective – To develop recommendations for the correct application of descriptive statistics in research.

Research objectives: 1. To draw attention to the need to unify scientific symbols denoting statistical

indicators. 2. Deepen and broaden understanding of the use in research performance

variability of the sample. 3. Expand each of the areas of application of descriptive statistics and sampling

for a deeper analysis of empirical material. Material and methods. To attain these objectives, an analysis of articles was

curried out which published in leading scientific journals theoretical Ukraine and Russia, "Theory and Methodology of Physical Education and Sports" (Kyiv), "Journal of Sports Dnieper" (Dnepropetrovsk), "Young sports Ukraine" (Lviv), "Slobozhanskyi scientific sports reporter" (Kharkiv), "Science in the Olympic disputes" (Kyiv), "Physical Culture: vospytanye, education, stage tweedehands "(Moscow) "Theory and Practice of fyzycheskoy culture" (Moscow). Selection for


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the analysis of these magazines was of a random nature. Note also іs that the article presented above is not put into question the very formulation of the research problem, the quality of the collected facts and their analysis, conclusions made by the authors. The main objective of restoring of these examples is to illustrate that the contradictions and inaccuracies, which will be discussed below are general in nature.

Results. The above examples indicate that the characteristics of the selected combination sample scientists use the average rate and variability. The first one describes the level of study characteristics and reflects the influence of the most significant, ie basic factors. As shown above, the arithmetic mean is indicated in the papers the following symbols: «M», «X», «X», « Х «, of which the most recent valid [2–4; 6; 8]. It should be noted that biometrics symbol «M» Degrees indicated are average, although the old manuals and designated by this symbol mean values [3; p. 38].

A more complex situation is using parameter variability that characterizes the variation of the studied signs around the arithmetic mean, and is a measure of influence on the studied trait random factors. In the above articles index variation is represented by such symbols: «m», «SD», «δ», «σ». Note that in the present special manuals standard deviation (standard deviation) is usually denoted by the symbol «σ» [1; 4; 5; 7; 8], although the work cited above GF Lakin [3] it is indicated as «sx», as in [6] as the «S». This figure is best characterized not only size, but also the specific variations of investigated traits.

In view of the above, are should pay attention to some particular use of these indicators. If in research the arithmetic mean and the variability index used independently, characters which they are designated, no such "fundamental" value, because they do not affect the final result of analysis, although evidently they must be standardized and affect, as shown above, the generally accepted symbols and «σ». This is because the statistical indicators as the letters in the alphabet, allow scientists to accurately "read" the experimental data, and therefore objectively perceive the results of the present study. A completely different situation arises when the analysis of the relationship between mean and variability index ( Х ± rate variability). This case is of fundamental importance, which is an indicator of variability used as between «σ» and «m» is the essential difference. The symbol «m» in the applied statistics indicated figure, called "bias" (or statistical error). It describes how the experimental sample represents (represent) the general combination. That is the error is deviation of the sample rate from its general parameter [3, p. 101]. Errors of representatives are unique to selective observation. They result from the fact that the sample combination is not completely reproduces general one. In the most general case, this indicator is defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the square root of the sample size parameter (m=σ/ n ). It is obvious that with the increase of the volume of the sample this figure is reduced. If the sample size increases to the size of the volume of the combination, while bias is reduced to zero. It is this feature is a specific feature of this index (m), and that it accounts for its use in assessing the performance of the entire combination. The use of this index in the ratio that characterizes the sample without special explanations correctly. To illustrate the truth of the statements is given a simple example. Let's assume for convenience that the average conditional sample is five ( Х =5), its volume is equal to thirty-six (n=36),


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and the rate of variation equal to unity (σ=1). In this case, the range of variability of conventional signs when using standard deviation (σ), is X –1≤x≤ X +1, ie 4≤x≤6. If we take the figure for the representation (m), which is defined as n over 30 as follows: m=σ/ n (in this example is 1/6), then the range of variability will be different, namely 5-1/6 ≤ Xi≤ 5 + 1 /6, ie 4,8 ≤ Xi ≤ 5,2. This example shows that the use of error representation (m) for the standard deviation (σ) in a ratio that characterizes the sample combination significantly distort the final result, therefore is not admissible allowed without further explanation. Set’s note that the ratio of Х ±m, which is quite common in scientific articles, the value of m shows that the average error is allowed (!) If, instead of using his general average sample score [6].

Note that the bias is used as one of the basic parameters in the application of the sampling method, the essence of which is to assess the statistical parameters of a general aggregate through sampling rates. This problem, as noted above, is still not a subject of study of the most researchers. It is obvious that exactly to determine the value of the general aggregate parameters is impossible. However it is possible with a given accuracy (probability) set the limits within which they are located. This operation is called setting boundaries confidence interval [3; 5; 7; 8]. For the arithmetic mean of the aggregate confidence limits are set such inequality vyb. – Х tm≤ Х gene≤ Х choices + Х tm, where X – the arithmetic mean of the aggregate ; m – bias; t – value of the normalized deviations, determined confidence level of probability (P) *. This means that with a given probability P can be argued that the general aggregate value is between Х vyb. –tm to Х vyb.+tm. Value «t» is elected at a special table, depending on the selected level of probability (P) [3, 6 (Annex, tab. 1.)]. For example, at a 95 % probability that t=1,96, and at 68 % probability that t=1. It should be noted that "the choice of a threshold of confidence researcher takes for practical notions of responsibility with which conclusions are drawn about the general parameters" [3, p. 107].

Factor of variability of the general aggregate is estimated as follows: σ2

vyb.–tσ2vyb.∙(2/n)1/2≤σ2

hen.≤σ2vyb. + tσ2

vyb.∙(2/n)1/2 where σ2gen. – Variance of the

aggregate, σ2gen. – Variance of aggregate, n – volume of aggregate, t – table-valued,

depending on the sample size and the level of the probability confidence. Summing up the analysis, we note one more statistic value that quite often used

in scientific research, namely, the coefficient of variation «Cv». The coefficient of variation is a relative measure of variability of the studied characteristics (Cv=σ/ X ∙100), that it is in relative units (%) values characterizing the variation around the mean value. The statistics followers that the value of the coefficient of variation of less than 10%, then the aggregate is expressed by homogeneous if more – heterogeneous [6]. Note that this figure can be used not only to assess the variability of the studied characteristics, the most common in scientific practice, but also to compare the variability of multisided features that are very important in the study of complex phenomena.

Note. * – Confidence probability (P) – expressed in fractions of a unit (or percentage) the

number of cases where the claim to be proved by (hypothesis) is trustworthy. The value that complements probability to unity (or 100%) is called the significance level (q). Thus, P+q=1


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Conclusions: 1. Analysis of the application of the standard statistical data in articles

published in leading scientific journals Ukraine and Russia showed that authors use different symbols to show the same statistical indicators.

2. To characterize the variability of the sample aggregate interval need to use the ratio in which statistical indicators should be marked as follows: X ±σ. This replacement ratio «σ» to «m» is inadmissible without proper explanation.

3. Value « Х ±m» can be used in research. In this case, this ratio can be read as follows: 'The difference between selective and general aggregate does not exceed the value of one (after t=1) m with the average error probability of P=0.683 (68.3 %). "We note that the problems to be solved in the field of physical culture, the conventional level of confidence probability is different, namely, P=0.95 (95%). At that level of confidence probability t=1,96. This means that the correct form of the ratio « X ±m» should be next: X ±1,96 m.

4. For a deeper analysis of experimental results obtained in the study of various aspects of practical activity in the field of physical culture, it is necessary to use not only standard statistical indicators, which are characteristics of a particular sample aggregate, but also the sampling method to evaluate the performance of the entire general aggregate. This approach is the ultimate goal of experimental studies. Without an assessment our understanding of the phenomenon will be not generalized, but only specific applied nature.

Prospects for further research. The following message will continue analyzing the features used in research descriptive statistics.

References: 1. Ashanin V. S. Osnovy teorii veroyatnostey [Fundamentals of Probability Theory],

Kharkov, 2001, 118 p. (rus) 2. Korenberg V. B. Sportivnaya metrologiya [Sports metrology], Moscow, 2008, 368 p.

(rus) 3. Lakin G. F. Biometriya [Biometry], Moscow, 1990, 352 p. (rus) 4. Nachinskaya S. V. Osnovy sportivnoy statistiki [Fundamentals of sports statistics],

Kyiv, 1987, 189 p. (rus) 5. Nachinskaya S. V. Sportivnaya metrologiya [Sports metrology], Moscow, 2011, 240 p.

(rus) 6. Ivanova V. S. Osnovy matematicheskoy statistiki [Fundamentals of Mathematical

Statistics], Moscow, 1990, 176 p. (rus) 7. Zatsiorskij V. M. Sportivnaya metrologiya [Sports metrology], Moscow, 1982, 256 p.

(rus) 8. Sutula V. A. Laboratornyy praktikum po sportivnoy metrologii [Laboratory practical

work on sports Metrology], Kharkov, 1994, 68 p. (rus) _______________________________________________________________ Vasilij Sutula, Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Assosiate Professor; [email protected];

Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture: Klochkovskaya 99, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine. __________________ Received: 08.08.2013. Published: 31.10.2013.


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UDC 796.072.2.001.5(083.41)(047)

Sutula V, Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Assosiate Professor Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture

SOME COMMENTS ON THE USE IN RESEARCH OF STANDARD

STATISTICAL INDICATORS (SECOND POST) Abstract. We analyzed issues related to the practical use of statistics in

research evaluations. Shown in scientific studies that are experimental in nature, the question of normality of distribution of the study sample are virtually. Submitted by-step description of the procedure using Student's t test. Recommended represent statistical data related to the use of Student's t test, a table indicating the result of the comparison of tp. with tk..

Keywords: statistics, sample collection, a population, interval variability, Student test, normality of distribution.

Introduction. Extensive discussion of material presented in the article "Some

remarks on the use in research of standard statistical indicators (first post)" (at the stage of preparation), allowed to make some adjustments in its original version and put a number of questions that need more detailed coverage. Thus, researchers who participated in the discussion, questions were posed about the minimum amount of sample that would give the ability to make objective statistical evaluation. Many of the issues were due to the correctness of the choice of the level of confidence probability (P) and significance level (q). Dosed also questions why a number of studies using P ratio more or less, for example, 0,95 or q is greater or less, for example, 0,05? A number of issues were associated with the choice of tabulated values of t, which are used in determining the limits of the confidence interval and the comparison of sample means by Student's criterion. On all questions there are unequivocal answers in specific works that cited in the previous article. However, strong interest to scholars raised the problem indicates the need for further explanation.

Question 1. What is the minimum sample size required to ensure that the value of the sample mean differs from the general average for a given value of d (ie gene. X g.– X v.=d)?

Answer. As shown in the first report, to the arithmetic mean of the population confidence limits are set such inequality X v.–tm≤ X g.≤ X v.+tm, where X v. – the arithmetic mean of the sample; m – bias; t – value of the normalized deviations, determined confidence level of probability (P). As specified condition that gene, selection X g. – X v. =d, then it means that half the width of the confidence interval should be equal to d. Consequently, ( X v.+tm)–( X v.–tm)/2=d=2t·m/2.

__________________________ ©Sutula V., 2013


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Since m=σ/n1/2, then d=t·σ/n1/2. Here you can find the necessary sample size n=(tσ / d) 2, where n – the necessary volume of the sample, σ – standard deviation of the sample, t – table-valued, which is selected based on the researcher selected level of confidence probability P, with a special table [1; 2 (annex, tab. 1.)]. Her piece in this article are presented in tab. 1. The value of d (accuracy assessment) is given by the researcher, based on the nature of the phenomenon.

Table 1 Relationship between probability P and the value of the normalized

deviation t t 0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09

Values of probability P are presented by number after comma 0,0 0000 0008 0160 0239 0319 0399 0478 0558 0638 0717 0,1 0797 0876 0955 1034 1114 1192 1271 1350 1428 1507 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,8 9281 9297 9312 9327 9342 9357 9371 9385 9399 9412 1,9 9426 9439 9451 9464 9476 9488 9500 9512 9523 9534 2,0 9545 9556 9566 9576 9586 9596 9606 9616 9625 9634 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,7 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9998 9999

Question 2. Why some studies use the following ratio: for example, P> 0,95 or

P <0,95 or q> 0,05 or q <0,05? Answer. Once again we note that the confidential probability (P) – expressed

in fractions of a unit (or percentage) the number of cases where the claim is proved by (hypothesis) is trustworthy. The value that complements probability to unity (or 100%) is called the significance level (q) (in some books this parameter is denoted by alpha). Thus, P+q=1. That is, p and q are interdependent, that is, complementary features used in the proof of some statistical statements (hypotheses). For example, if P=0,95, then q=0,05; at P=0,99 – q=0,01; when P=0,999 – q=0,001, etc. The specific level of confidence probability P set (selected) by researchers, based on the accuracy of statistical estimates. Thus, the statement that is often found in scientific studies in the evaluation of statistical material, such as p < 0,95 (obviously, in this case q is less than 0,05), copyright require additional explanation. It only shows that an increase in the probability P increases and the value of t, since there is a clear relationship between P and t (and hence between q and t) (tab. 1).

Question 3. How to make a comparison of sample means by Student's criterion?

Answer. Student Criteria to be broadly used in the practice of scientific research to compare the mean values of two sample populations (eg, comparing the results of the control ( X ) and experimental (Y ) s). The procedure for its determination is rather simple [1–3]. However, it requires the correct execution, as evidenced by the analysis of the articles mentioned in the previous post. For example, in the article"The use of exercise hatha – yoga and autogenic training elements in the physical rehabilitation of students with chronic bronchitis" by B. Dickey shuck’s in the tab. 2, only the difference between the average group values of the frequency of respiratory movements per minute (d=5,22), indicating the value of Student's t-test (t=6,41) and states that p<0,01. The article D. N. Chernohorova, Y. L. Tushera


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"Features of development abilities strength of schoolchildren 15–17 years in classes using weights "in the table "Dynamics of indicators special physical prepareobuess in the group after the experiment", when comparing the control and experimental groups largest index of weight press bench notes Student t-test as follows: 3,3, p<0,01. Similar approaches to explain the process of comparison of the average sample can be seen in other publications.

These examples demonstrate the need for the step-by-step description of procedures for the use of Student's criterion.

First step. Proper use of Student's t-test involves normal distribution of the selected sample. For the normal distribution of the samples is typical coincidence of absolute values of the arithmetic mean, median and fashion. Consequently, the equality of values of these parameters indicates the normality of the given distribution [1, p. 86)].

Second step. It is determined the calculated value of the formula tр=| X –Y | /(mх

2–my2)1/2, provided that the same volume of the sample (n1=n2) and

have equal variance. These requirements should not meet, we used a slightly modified version of the formula [1; 2].

The third step. Determine the number of degrees of freedom: k=n1+n2–2. The fourth step. It is chosen level of significance. As noted above, for the

problems of physical culture generally accepted level of confidence probability P=0,95 level of significance is therefore q=(1-P)=0,05.

Fifth step. On special table [1 (application tab. 5) or 2 (annex, tab. 4)] (its fragment of this study are presented in tab. 2.) Determine the value of Student's t-test (tk). For example, if the chosen significance level q=0,05 (in this case, P=0,95) when k=10, then tk=2,228.

The sixth step. Compared to the value calculated values tp of value tk that is defined in tab. 2. If the comparison appeared that tp>tk or tp=tk, it is concluded that the difference between the mean value X and Y statistically significant. If tp<tk, the difference between the average values of selective unreliable. Thus, the result of comparison of the average sample performance depends on the ratio of tp and tk. This means that research should represent the level of significance chosen (or chosen level of confidence probability), and the results compared with tp is tk. Only then we can objectively evaluate the difference between the average selective values.

Table 2 Critical value of Student's t-test at various levels of significance

Number of stages of freedom

Level of significance q=0,1

(at this Р=0,9)

q=0,05 (at this Р=0,95)

q=0,01 (at this Р=0,99)

q=0,001 (at this

Р=0,999) 1 6,314 12,706 63,657 636,619 2 2,920 4,308 9,925 31,599 ... ... ... ... ... 10 1,812 2,228 3,169 4,587 ... ... ... ... ... 20 1,725 2,086 2,845 3,850 ... ... ... ... ...

500 1,648 1,965 2,586 3.310 Limitless 1,645 1,960 2,580 3,291


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Please note that by using Student's criterion significance level (q) (or, which is equivalent to the level of confidence probability P) is given by the researcher, ie q=(specific given value) instead of q> and q < given value. Thus, researchers who use such ratio (q> and q <), to explain their meaning. The statistical table shows that tk value depends on the choice of significance level (in tables they are specifically set: 0,01; 0,05; 0,01; 0,001) and the number of degrees of freedom k. So marked above presentation of the results of comparison of the average sample parameters are found in scientific articles is not quite correct. Of these, the reader can not make objective conclusions about the reliability of the difference between the average values of the sample.

Conclusions: 1. The above calculations were filed in a somewhat simplified form. This is

due to the need of scientists focusing on the problematic issues related to the use in research of statistical evaluations. All of them, as shown in the following materials more or less related to the estimates of general combination on selective indicators. That is, the issues that of the vast majority of research is not practically related.

2. The analysis shows that the scientific studies that have experimental nature, the questions concerning normality of distribution of the sample to be studded are practically absent. The above solution to this issue is the only of possible one. In this context, we present a famous saying, quoted by Henri Poincare in 1912: "Everyone believes in the normal law of justice: the experimenters – because they think that it is a mathematical theorem, mathematics – because they think that it is an experimental fact".

3. For a more intelligible to the reader a presentation materials associated with the use of Student's criterion, the relevant statistical data should be submitted in the following form (table. 3).

Table 3 Result of comparison of the average sample for Student's criterion, the

level of significance q=0,05 (or other selected by researcher)

Statistic addictions X nx σx Cvx mx Y ny σy Cvy my tр tкр

Result of comparison

of values tр is tкр

Conclusion concerting

selected samples

Name

References: 1. Lakin G. F. Biometriya [Biometry], Moscow, 1990, 352 p. (rus) 2. Ivanova V. S. Osnovy matematicheskoy statistiki [Fundamentals of Mathematical

Statistics], Moscow, 1990, 176 p. (rus) 3. Sutula V. A. Laboratornyy praktikum po sportivnoy metrologii [Laboratory practical

work on sports Metrology], Kharkov, 1994, 68 p. (rus) _______________________________________________________________ Vasilij Sutula, Doctor of Science (Pedagogical), Assosiate Professor; [email protected];

Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture: Klochkovskaya 99, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine . __________________ Received: 08.08.2013. Published: 31.10.2013.


135

UDC 378.02:769.011.1

Chukhlantseva N., PhD (Physical Education and Sport), Assosiate Professor Napalkova T. Barskay N. Sokol L. Zaporizhzhya National Technical University

HEALTH DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES OF PHYSICAL

EDUCATION IN THE PEDAGOGICAL PROCESS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS

Abstract. A question is studied of application health of developing

technologies of physical education at higher school. Aspects are analysed health of developing technologies with the purpose of optimization of process of development, maintenance and strengthening of health of students of technical higher educational establishments. The analysis of literary sources is conducted, presentations are generalized about the healthy way of life, oriented to the health of to save to store. The functional state and level of physical preparation of students of technical higher educational establishment are investigational. It is certain that physical development of students answers a middle level. A level of physical preparedness is subzero and has considerable backlogs for an increase. The terms of realization are certain health developing technologists of physical education.

Keywords: health saving technologies, functional state, method of indexes, students.

Introduction. The basic mechanism of realization of health technology in

higher educational institutions (HEI) is a development of the adaptation potential of students in improving resource physiological, mental state and formation of students' values to maintain and promote health. Beginning of studies and improvement of student life means including yesterday's pupil school in a complex system to adapt to teaching activities and causes morphological and functional changes and psychological parameters [5; 7; 8]. In terms of higher education there is an objective need to find means of improving physical education students would be actively encouraged individual self-development of physical culture.

In educational research in recent years quite actively used is the concept of "information technology", "educational technology", which are supplemented by the definition of "School health", "health forming" [9]. The essence of healthy and health-forming technology are defined with comprehensive assessment of the conditions of education and training that allow us to save the current state of students to form a higher level of their health, healthy lifestyles, to monitor the performance of individual development, to predict possible changes in health and carry out __________________________

©Chukhlantseva N., Napalkova T., Barskay N., Sokol L., 2013


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appropriate psychological, educational, corrective, rehabilitative measures to ensure the success of educational activity and its physiological minimum "cost" to improve the quality of life of the learning environment subjects [1]. Over the life a person solves the problem of development, creation and preservation of health, one of which at each stage of the life cycle is dominant. Each of the tasks of acting as a definition that gives its name to the same name of health improving technologies, "health saving", "forming health", "health developing". The most meaningful goals and objectives of physical education in high school meets the concept of "health saving technology" as a model of the united educational activities of the teacher and the student with the design, organization of the individual student physical activity regime, aimed at disease prevention, strengthening and improving the quality of care for preparation for professional work [2]. Congestion of curriculum combined with imperfect diet and irrational organization of recreation encourage students to work on the physiological limits of the organism. In various fields of human activity the program of its work, education, physical and mental health is largely dependent on the functional state (FS) of the body. Controlling and managing the FS system, a person is able to determine the optimal physical and nervous stress, increase resistance to stress, prevention of occupational diseases.

Based on the study of morbidity statistics of students, researchers noted that health in process of learning from year to year deteriorates, reduced functional abilities of muscular, respiratory and cardiovascular systems of students [8; 10]. The share of students with a lag power index is under years of study at 31–40% of boys and 49–56% of girls. Vital capacity (VC) in boys and girls is defined below adequate. Reduced functionality of respiratory system showed the value of life and respiratory indices, which in 46% of boys and 80% girls were characterized as low and lower than average. Signs of increasing strain of the cardiovascular system during studing. With increasing period of study almost twice the proportion of students with hypertonic type of cardio-vascular system is growing. In 20% of boys and 18.3% girls present very low values of minute volume of blood. Reduced functional capacity of the cardiovascular system were found in 35% of boys and 25.5% girls in double product and index, coefficient of economization circulation. Stress of adaptive capacity of the circulatory system, which reflects the quantitative characterization of adaptation and adaptive response of the whole organism was found during studies in 58–74% of students [10]. Basic anthropometric parameters affect the ability to motor actions, rather meaningfully characterize the level of morpho-functional development and state of structural and metabolic processes in the body that can predict the level of physical development and health. Guided by a set somatoskopy (length, weight) and fiziometry (physical performance, the level of physical properties) parameters, one can set the level of the physical condition of the body [3; 11].

The work is carried out according to plan for research of Zaporizhzhya National Technical University.

The purpose of the study. To substantiate the feasibility of implementing the health-developing technology of physical education in higher school, which will


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optimize the process of preserving and strengthening the health of students in higher education.

Objectives of the study: 1. Analyze and organize data of scientific and technical literature. 2. Determine the degree of development of a healthy lifestyle, level of physical

development and physical fitness of students and determine the conditions of developing the health technology of physical education in higher school.

Material and methods. At the beginning of the school year to determine the student's own evaluation of the degree of healthy lifestyles the survey was conducted of 358 students of 1st year of ZNTU. In testing of physical development and physical condition participated 67 students I rate ZNTU primary health-care group.

Physical development was determined by weight and body length, index was calculated for body mass (BMI). To characterize the physical health we use heart rate at rest (HR), vital capacity (VC), blood pressure – systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP), life index (Zhi), Robinson index (DI). The total functional capacity was determined by sub-maximal test PWC170, according to the conventional method, especially for solo leveling distinctions in body weight were determined are relative values PWC170 (PWC170/kh) [6]. To determine the level of physical training we use indexes, such as speed index (AI), Power index (CI), speed- strength index (SSI), endurance index (EP) index power standing (IPS).

For processing of the survey results methods of mathematical statistics were used.

The main material. Analysis of the scientific and technical literature demonstrates the need for a teaching of culture of health through education as a social institution. New quality education should be achieved by the creation of certain conditions of the educational process of physical training that will strengthen the health of its members which makes use of specially selected means of physical education. Despite of the rather large number of scientific studies it has not yet developed clear and unambiguous guidance on the implementation of educational programs in universities for developing the health, unidentified scientific basis which would allow to determine the level of formation health developing the skills of students and the extent to which these technologies are realized throughout learning in higher education [2; 5; 9]. Scientists say that implementation of health developing the technology in higher education, a healthy lifestyle students should be more practiced-oriented nature [2]. Increased physical activity can be achieved by taking into account individual characteristics and motor abilities of morphological and functional system of each individual student.

Results of the questionnaire on their own assessment of healthy lifestyles showed that the majority of students, namely 64.9%, can not imagine for themselves the amount required for a physical activity, 52.4% of respondents do not know what criteria is used for physical regulated load. Only 23,5% of students are keeping healthy lifestyle and have good health. In 46.28% of respondents quite often are being in periods of stress, and 30.14% of the students admitted that they did not keep track of their own health. Absence of special theoretical knowledge does not allow


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many students to create a healthy lifestyle and organize the correct mode for studios and recreation.

In terms of physical development and physical health following data were obtained. BMI in students reflect an average level and amount 1,78±0,01 The majority of students surveyed have actual values corresponding to the average VC age limit is within 10% different from the calculated values due VC (tab. 1).

Table 1

Indicators of physical development of students (n=67) Transport Department ZNTU

Indicators mX Actual vital capacity, Jr. 4765,9265,45 Proper vital capacity, Jr. 4807,9456,23 Systolic blood pressure, millimeters of mercury 128,731,34 Diastolic blood pressure, millimeters of mercury 66,300,72 Heart rate, beats per minute 72,30,52 PWC170, kgm∙min-1∙kg-1 15,750,30 Life index 71,650,78 Index Robinson 93,041,12

Indicators SAT meet the age group norms, regarding DAT it is defined their

somewhat lower values. It is determined that the heart rate at rest corresponding averages for this age group. Analysis of the data obtained indicates that the overall functional performance ability of students was equal to 15,750,30 kgm∙min-1∙kg-1, which corresponds to the average level. Performance of students identified Zhi middle class respiratory function. Indicators IP characterize metabolic and energy processes in the myocardium and showed their average. Evaluation by indexes by taking into account the relationships of anthropometric indicators allow to determine the level of physical development. AI Indicators characterizing the efficiency of levers body, in this case of the lower extremities while running at speed were 3,410,03 mind. units. and demonstrated functional level below average. Figures Cl, ie the ratio of the absolute rate of force that fixed on the dynamometer, the body weight, which characterize the power brush, formed 75,682,55% and corresponded to the average level of the development in case of students. Body length is in high correlation with the outcome depending on the length of the jump stand. Therefore, there is a reasonable use SHSI to identify real speed-strength abilities. Indicators were SHSI 1,090,02 mind. units. and meet the functional level which is below average. Indicators ICs were within 1,870,02 mind. units., can be described as appropriate functional level is below average. ICC, ie the ratio of the absolute rate of force that is fixed at the Estates dynamometer to body weight, describes the development of the back muscles. Indices of students were within 187,543,22 and matched the average level of development. In calculating the index we take into account the length of the body, hence it should be noted that the rise of results in


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motor tests is not only due to deliberate increase physical activity, but also by increasing the length of the legs of the age and overall body weight.

Obviously, the purpose and key areas "of the developing health "technology of physical education of students of technical universities should be the formation of the necessary knowledge and skills to determine the optimal propulsion modes that increase the level of functional status and health of the student. Regulated exercises should be carried out according to objective criteria in accordance functionality of the system. Note that the forms, means, methods and content of the discipline "Physical Education" in higher education must be tailored to the interests and motivations of the students. The need to search for specific criteria for success in the discipline, methods of optimal health impact, developing a differentiated approach to teaching students, the development and introduction of modern technologies of mass testing of physical and functional state is essential for the creation and implementation of health-developing technologies in educational process of the university. These obtained data suggest the following conclusions:

1. Analysis of the scientific and technical literature has identified lack of research on the content and scope of theoretical knowledge on the subject " physical education " in school, student achievement criteria, identification and consideration of the interests and motivations of the students.

2. It is defined low degree of formation of a healthy lifestyle. Status of physical development is characterized as average and is regarded as the minimum critical rate, and level of physical fitness is low and has significant reserwers for improvement.

3. Terms of developing health improvingtechnology are: the development of individual sports and recreational fitness programs, creating educational programs in the health culture system of physical education, the introduction of evaluating the effectiveness of physical-health process.

Prospects for further research see the creation and implementation of programs developing health the process of physical education students of technical universities.

References: 1. Boychenko T. Zdorov’ya ta fіzichna kultura [Health and Physical Culture], 2005, vol. 2,

pp. 1–4. (ukr) 2. Kobyakov Yu. P. Proyektirovaniye i realizatsiya zdorovyerazvivayushchey tekhnologii

fizicheskogo vospitaniya studentov vuzov : avtoref. … d-ra ped. nauk [Design and implementation of technology zdoroverazvivayuschey physical education of university students : Authors thesis] Moscow, 2006, 38 p. (rus)

3. Krutsevich T. Yu. Sportivniy vіsnik Pridnіprov’ya [Sports Bulletin Dnieper], Dnіpropetrovsk, 2005, vol. 2, pp. 22–27. (ukr)

4. Landa B. Kh. Metodika kompleksnoy otsenki fizicheskogo razvitiya i fizicheskoy podgotovlennosti [Methodology comprehensive assessment of physical development and physical fitness], Moscow, 2006, 208 p. (rus)

5. Lugovskoy O. Ye. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2012, vol. 5(2), pp. 7–10. (ukr)

6. Mikhalyuk Ye. L., Brazhnikov A. N. Issledovaniye fizicheskoy rabotosposobnosti i maksimalnogo potrebleniya kisloroda [The study of physical performance and maximal oxygen consumption], Zaporozhye, 2000, 20 p. (rus)


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7. Kabanov S. A., Potapov T. V., Isayev A. P. Teoriya i praktika fiz. Kultury [Theory and Practice of Physical Culture], 2005, vol. 8, pp. 45–48. (rus)

8. Pilnenkiy V. V. Moloda sportivna nauka UkraIni [Young sports science in Ukraine], vol. 7, iss. 2, Lvіv, 2003, pp. 229–234. (rus)

9. Putrov S. Yu. Zbіrnik naukovikh prats Berdyanskogo derzhavnogo pedagogіchnogo unіversitetu [Collection of scientific papers Berdyansk State Pedagogical University], Berdyansk, 2007, vol. 3, pp. 89–94. (ukr)

10. Savchuk S. A. Korektsіya fіzichnogo stanu studentіv tekhnіchnikh spetsіalnostey v protsesі fіzichnogo vikhovannya : avtoref. … kand. nauk z fіz. [Correction of the physical state of engineering students in the physical education : Authors thesis], Rіvne, 2002, 18 p. (ukr)

11. Sergіyenko L. P. Testuvannya rukhovikh zdіbnostey shkolyarіv [Testing of motor abilities of schoolchildren], Kyiv, 2001, 440 s. (ukr)

_______________________________________________________________ Chukhlantseva Natalia, PhD (Physical Education and Sport), Assosiate Professor;

[email protected]; Zaporizhzhya National Technical University: Zhukovskogo 64, Zaporizhzhya, 69063, Ukraine.

Tatyana Napalkova, [email protected]; Zaporizhzhya National Technical University: Zhukovskogo 64, Zaporizhzhya, 69063, Ukraine.

Natalia Barskay, [email protected]; Zaporizhzhya National Technical University: Zhukovskogo 64, Zaporizhzhya, 69063, Ukraine.

Luydmila Sokol, [email protected]; Zaporizhzhya National Technical University: Zhukovskogo 64, Zaporizhzhya, 69063, Ukraine.



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UDC 796.342-O53.4:612.843.6

Shevchenko O., PhD (Physical Education and Sport), Associate Professor Kharkiv National Academy of Physical Culture

CHANGES IN THE PERFORMANCE OF VISUAL ANALYZER IN

CHILDREN OF 5–6 YEARS OLD UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PLAYING TENNIS

Abstract. Changes of the results in the performance of peripheral vision of

preschool children tested after systematic tennis training. The influence of the functional status of the child’s analyzer systems on mastering different movements was analyzed. Determined that the visual analyzer is one of the main links in mastering techniques in tennis. The study involved 19 boys and 25 girls of 5–6 years old. In the experimental group the methods of teaching the elements of tennis 2 times a week were applied. We found that the performance results of the experimental group increased and were of significant difference from the control group (P<0,001), except for the indicators of "angles down" exercise. It is established that systematic tennis training classes improve peripheral vision performance of preschool children.

Keywords: young tennis players, the visual analyzer, peripheral vision, systematic training.

Introduction. Modern tennis demands much of the athlete, and especially of

his visual and vestibular functions. Acquisition and improvement of techniques and tactical actions in tennis are directly under the visual control and the control of the body balance as well. The functional status of the analyzer systems does not only significantly affect the level of mastery of specific motor skills in tennis, but it may be the most crucial element in achieving high athletic performance.

According to L. P. Sergiyenko [4], accuracy, intensity and efficiency of motion depend on and are essentially determined by the level of functioning of the mental processes such as sensation and perception. This is due, on the one hand, to the development of athletes’ visual, motor and other senses, and on the other hand, to the acquisition of skills to monitor the actions by differentiation their various parameters.

The problem to diagnose coordination skills is related to the problem to study the process of their natural development. According to M. Bezrukikh [1], the leading role in the motor function in children 5–9 years old is due to the visual control. Before children are 9–10 years old takes place a significant change in the mechanisms of movement regulation – the transition from a predominantly visual control to the control according to the preformed motor program. The most pronounced changes in the author's opinion are at the ages of 6–8 and 10–14.

Age-related changes in the functions of the motor analyzer, as suggested by a number of researchers [1; 3; 7], according to "single motion precision" and "coordination of spatial and rhythmic movements" parameters have the highest __________________________

©Shevchenko O., 2013


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natural increase between the ages of 7–8 to 12–13, and later to the age of 16–17 the increase of these parameters is negligible.

The tennis player’s good coordination abilities show optimization of the development process, renewal of "motion experience", improvement of the functions of the motion analyzer, vision, the ability to specifically regulate muscle tension in certain circumstances. The ability to perform complex coordination exercises with a high degree of accuracy describes technical skills of the tennis player [8].

Under the "field of vision" experts understand [5] the space covered in fixation of the eye at one point. The field of vision or peripheral vision is an important spatial characteristic of the visual analyzer. In most cases it determines visual abilities of the child and prospects of the young athlete’s body as a whole.

Peripheral vision is very important in both life and sports activity of the person. Peripheral vision makes it possible to freely move in space and orient yourself while performing motion activities.

As it was pointed out by several authors [1; 4; 6], the extent of the field of vision is formed in the ontogeny of the child at later stages of his life. Peripheral vision of children appears only when they are 5 months old. Advancing in years this visual function improves. Significant expansion of the field of vision is observed in the period from 6 to 7.5 years old when the extent of the field of vision increases by about 10 times, and amounts to 90 percent of the normal limits of the field of vision of the adult. But it must be emphasized that at the preschool age measuring this visual function causes some difficulties, because the process of excitation predominates over inhibition and the attention function is under development.

Specific features of tennis as a sport lead to rapid movement, sudden stops, frequent changes in position of the head and body in space, which is essential stimulation to the vestibular sensory system and provide ongoing training impact.

Thus, we can assume that systematic tennis training classes will have a positive effect on both the functional state of the body of the preschooler, and the function of sensation and perception personally, which is needed during the training process of young tennis players.

The connection between the work and academic programs, plans, themes. The study is part of the plan of scientific-research department of sports and outdoor games in Kharkiv National Academy of Physical Culture for 2011–2015 "Improving the training process in sports games" (state registration number 0111U003126 of 2011).

The aim of the study was to identify changes in performance of the visual analyzer in children of 5-6 years old under the influence of tennis training lessons.

The material and methods of the study. During the study were applied the analysis of methodological literature, testing the peripheral vision with the help of the Foerster perimeter, pedagogical experiment, the methods of mathematical statistics.

According to the aim of the research we tested 19 boys and 25 girls of 5–6 years old. All preschool children were divided into two groups: experimental (10 boys and 14 girls), who were engaged in tennis training for 5 months two times a week in accordance with the required method; and the control one (9 boys and


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11 girls) who were engaged in physical education activity in accordance with the regular program.

The results of the study. At the beginning of the pedagogic experiment was tested the field of vision of the children studied. The results received in the experimental and control groups showed that the performance of the field of vision for the right and left eyes in the children were approximately the same and had no significant difference (tab. 1).

Table 1 Test results of the field of vision of the children (5-6 years old) before the

experiment The experimental group (10 boys and 14 girls)

Performance Right eye Left eye

outside inside upwards downwards outside inside upwards downwards X, degrees 49,5 30,6 29,6 49,9 49,3 30,9 29,9 50,1

±m 0,833 0,884 1,024 O,567 0,761 0,781 1,059 0,407s

The control group (9 boys and 11 girls)


outside inside upwards downwards outside inside upwards downwards X, degrees 49,3 29,4 29,9 50,5 47,3 29,7 30,4 50,7

±m 0,775 0,957 1,09 0,806 1,995 1,023 1,204 0,803

t 0,18 0,92 0,2 0,61 0,94 0,93 0,31 0,67 p >0,005 >0,005 >0,005 >0,005 >0,005 >0,005 >0,005 >0,005

The extent of the field of vision at preschool age is in the sensitive period of

the development, so our method of teaching tennis was focused on the child's game-motion activity which would set ciliary and oculomotor muscles in motion and in this way it positively affects the quickness of acquiring a new motion experience, increase of the extent of visual perception, which is necessary for training young tennis players. At the beginning the methods of teaching tennis were aimed at the formation of the primary coordination links by shifting objects from hand to hand; catching different objects with both hands: small soft toys, blocks, carrying bags of various size with a stick of various diameters etc.; volleying various items by a hand, stick, ball, etc.; rolling balls in diverse trajectories with one or both hands, rolling two balls from different positions to hit the target. At the second phase there were exercises to catch and throw a ball up and down with one or two hands, in pairs, from different positions.

While doing exercises with a racquet different ways of holding it were used: by the neck, the rim, the handle – with both and one hand to transfer various objects (blocks, toys, balls, etc.). The first exercises with a racquet looked like this: to roll a ball moving forward and backwards in different trajectories, to roll a ball with a


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partner, to carry a ball on the racquet and to roll it around the racquet, to cover the ball which has bounced, to hit the ball while doing a jump off and without it.

At each class there were a variety of exercises to develop physical skills in children, such as flexibility, speed, coordination exercises. A game like method with various relay races and motion games was applied to carry out the classes.

At the end of the pedagogic experiment we have improvement of the peripheral vision parameters in the experimental group with children of 5–6 years old. Thus, a comparative analysis of the average performance of the right eye showed a positive result in the experimental group with a significant difference from those of the control one, except for the "downwards" results: outside – by 17.4°(t=6,2; P <0,001), inside – by 14°(t=6; P <0,001), up – by 2.3°(t=2,933; P <0,001), down – by 0.3° (t=0,39; P> 0,005). The average performance of the left eye in the children of the experimental group was also of significant difference from that of the control group, except for the "downwards" results: outside – by 15.4°(t=5,8; P <0,001), inside – by 13.4°(t=6,2; P <0,001), up – by 2.4°(t=2,9; P <0,001), down –by 0.3° (t=0,63; P> 0,005) (tab. 2).

Table 2 Test results of the field of vision of the children (5-6 years old) after the

experiment The experimental group (10 boys and 14 girls)


outside inside upwards downwards outside inside upwards downwardsX, degrees 70,1 47,2 39,2 53,7 69,8 47,6 39,7 53,9

±m 2,601 2,169 0,512 0,539 2,611 2,061 0,539 0,64

The control group (9 boys and 11 girls)


outside inside upwards downwards outside inside upwards downwardsX, degrees 53,7 33,2 36,9 54 54,4 34,2 37,3 54,4

±m 0,473 0,841 0,605 0,558 0,427 0,696 0,633 0,476 t 6,2 6 2,9 0,39 5,8 6,2 2,9 0,63

p <0,001 <0,001 <0,001 >0,005 <0,001 <0,001 <0,001 >0,005

Conclusions: 1. The study found that systematic tennis training positively influence the

development of peripheral vision in children of 5-6 years old. The performance of the experimental group increased and was of significant difference from that of the control group P <0,001, except for the «angles downwards» indicators.

2. Based on the experimental data of a positive influence of tennis lessons on the functional status of the preschool child and the visual analyzer in particular, we can recommend the introduction of tennis training classes in pre-school facilities.


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In the future our research will be focused on determining the dynamics of coordination abilities according to the results of the implemented methodology in tennis training for preschoolers.

References: 1. Bezrukikh M. M. Fiziologiya cheloveka [Human Physiology], 2000, vol. 26, iss. 3,

pp. 100–107. 2. Katukov Yu. V., Prolomova M. V. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury [Theory and

Practice of Physical Culture], 2000, vol. 4, pp. 21–23. 3. Klimenko V. V. Psikhomotornyye osobennosti yunogo sportsmena [Psychomotor

features of the young athlete], Kyiv, 1987, 168 p. 4. Sergіyenko L. P., Chekmarova N. G., Khadzhinov V. A. Psikhomotorika: kontrol ta

otsіnka rozvitku [Psychomotor: monitoring and evaluation of development], Kharkіv, 2012, 15 s. 5. Syshko D. V. Vestibulyarnyye reaktsii u sportsmenov [Vestibular reactions of

sportsmen], Simferopol, 2005, 248 p. 6. Syshko D. V., Mutyev A. V. Fizicheskoye vospitaniye studentov tvorcheskikh

spetsіalnostey [Physical education students of creative disciplines], 2006, vol. 4, 42 p. 7. Sirotyuk A. L. Davidenko Ye. V., Savelyeva A. V. Korrektsiya obucheniya i razvitiya

doshkolnikov [Correction of training and development of preschool children], Moscow, 2002, 80 p. 8. Trachuk S. V. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport

bulletin], Kharkіv, 2012, vol. 3, pp. 42–46. _______________________________________________________________ Shevchenko Oleg, PhD (Physical Education and Sport), Assosiate Professor;




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UDC 159.9:796.01 Shishkina E. Dneprodzerzhisk State Technical University

INTERRELATION SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF FEMALE

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND PSYCHE BY PERSONS ENGAGED IN AEROBIC FITNESS

Abstract. The goal was to identify changes in the psyche of female athletes

engaged in aerobic fitness in different phases of ovarian- menstrual cycle. We studied the mental states such as anxiety, frustration, rigidity and different types of aggression and conflict. Found that in the menstrual, ovulatory and premenstrual phase of the cycle the degree of adverse mental states increases, and during the post- and postovulatory phase of the cycle – is reduced. The conclusion of the need to limit the duration and intensity of physical and mental load in phase unfavorable for their implementation.

Keywords: aerobic fitness, mental status, physical activity, ovarian-menstrual cycle.

Introduction: A positive impact physical activity on human health noted in

almost all researches. Much less of works, in which was done an analysis of influence of sports activities on the psyche of athletes. Thus only few works are devoted to studying of changes in the psyche of female athletes in different phases of ovarian-menstrual cycle. In these researches, the authors are agreed that increase of sport results, while simultaneously maintaining the health of athletes, is possible only if you take into account intensity of physical activity in different phases of the cycle. This approach to sports activity ensures not only athletic achievements, but also resistance to diseases, stress resistance and sportive longevity.

Taking into account paucity of researches of this problem, while simultaneously its relevance, we initiated this research.

Works of some researchers are devoted to studying of the fitness influence on the organism of athletes [2; 5; 7]. Analysis of the literature allows to note that all work on this problem can be divided into two groups: the first one – the study of the possibilities of students participation to a healthy lifestyle by different kinds of fitness facilities [3; 8; 12]; study the influence of fitness on the athletes and working on their fitness them with the purpose of health improvement and self-organization [10; 15; 16].

Overall, it can be noted that in the majority of works devoted to the analysis of the influence of on women fitness, we research changes in the structure of their bodies, the various systems of the organism, or their resistance to diseases [13]. We have not found works, where was done an analysis of the influence of physical exertion in fitness activities in different phases of ovarian-menstrual cycle of women.

__________________________ Shishkina E.


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Although there are researches that clearly demonstrated the positive implications for the health of female athletes the regulation of physical activity in different phases of ovarian-menstrual cycle [4; 9; 14].

The goal of research was to identify changes in the psyche of female athletes working on fitness aerobics, in different phases of ovarian-menstrual cycle.

Matter and methods of research. The research involved 16 women aged 21–25 years, working on fitness aerobics for 1 year. They all had duration of ovarian menstrual cycle, about 28 days. At the beginning of each of the five phases of the cycle they diagnosed mental state by the use methods of diagnosis of uneasiness, frustration, rigidity (by Ayzenk G.) [1], as well as the level of aggression and conflict (by Kovalev, Ilyin) [6]. Quantitative data are handled by methods of mathematical statistics on the recommendations of E.V. Sidorenko [11].

Results of research and its discussion. Obtained data allow to ensure in significant change in the expression of the psychic states of athletes in different phases of ovarian-menstrual cycle (tab. 1).

For example, in the first phase of the cycle, designated as menstrual, there is a significant increase in indicators defined psychic states. The greatest degree increases anxiety, reaching 13.03 points. Increased anxiety is accompanied by nervousness, irritability, lack of peace, psychic tension. For athletes overgrowth anxiety often has a negative value, because in this condition perception is violated, sensitivity changes, attention and which is especially important in fitness, coordination of movements are deteriorating.

In this phase of the cycle frustration also is increased to 12.10 points. It is believed that in such state athletes feel increasing of fear trauma, lesions in the competition, they avoid difficulties and become irritable when they need to overcome it.

The next point was increased rigidity. Its level in this phase was equal to 11.60 points. This means that during this period it is difficult for athletes carry out actions in training, they have difficulty to mobilize themselves to carry out physical work and particularly difficult exercises.

The least in this phase of the cycle increased aggressiveness of the examined athletes – to 11.21 points. Increased aggressiveness of athletes is viewed positively by some authors, especially before or during the competition, although it is more characteristic of combat athletes and team player. However for work on fitness such amendment is negative phenomenon.

Postmenstrual phase is characterized by a significant decrease in the expression of the defined psychic states. Analogous changes these states are defined in the postovulatory phase of the cycle. Although in the postmenstrual phase, they were more expressed than in the postovulatory (see tab. 1).

Significant reduction of indices of these phases should be understood as evidence of improvement status psychological sphere athletes as proof of positive changes in the psyche and as an objective argument that it is in these phases of the cycle athletes can apply the maximum physical exertion.

In ovulatory and especially in the premenstrual phase of the cycle women can manifest symptoms of pain, loss of appetite, interest for training, lethargy and depression. This means that in these phases of ovarian-menstrual cycle should reduce the power and duration of exercise and spend more time learning new elements and


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exercises. Deterioration in psychic state female athletes in mentioned phase of the cycle is accompanied by decrease of effectiveness of the training and competitive processes.

Study of different types of aggression and proneness to conflict female athletes during ovarian-menstrual cycle also convinces, firstly, that they were changing in different phases, and secondly, these changes were based on their importance in the sport activities of women. (tab. 2) For example, such qualities as rancour, suspicion and uncompromising do not have positive values for the effective implementation of sports activities in fitness, in other words, you can easily do without them. At the same time the quality of female athletes such as persistence, impetuosity, enthusiasm, which determine the behavior, activity, the desire to train, can be regarded as qualities that are necessary and important for a particular sport.

That's why we can see that revenge, suspicion and uncompromising and obstinacy, and conflict are more manifested not in the best phase of the cycle for physical activity, in other words, the social necessity for their high degree of manifestation is absent. At the same qualities of personality favorable for physical activity (persistence, impetuosity, enthusiasm) in the postmenstrual and postovulatory phases, i.e. optimal for exertions are more manifested. This means that the neuro-psychological processes are inextricably linked to hormonal changes in organism of the woman, and they not only cause higher or lower possibility and capability to physical exertion, but also dictate awareness of the importance of sports activities performed by them.

Consequently, the analysis of the data allows to mark that changing qualities of personality of female athletes depends not only on the intensity of physical activity used in different phases of ovarian-menstrual cycle. In addition, the degree of their expression determined by the specifics of kind of sport, which inquired women go in for and awareness of the importance for them to carry out this kind of activity.

Conclusions: 1. Menstrual, ovulatory and premenstrual phase of ovulatory menstrual cycle-

female athletes working on fitness-aerobics, accompanied by a significant manifestation of the negative states in the psyche. In these phases are increased anxiety, frustration, rigidity, different types of aggression and conflict.

In mentioned phases of cycle you should limit the intensity and duration of physical and neuro-psychological exertion on the body and psyche of female athletes. Favorable phases of cycle for exertions are postmenstrual and postovulatory phases.

2. It is established that changes in the psyche, occurring at athletes during the different phases of ovarian-menstrual cycle, caused not only by the magnitude and duration of physical activity and its hormonal regulation, but also the degree of awareness of the importance of sport tasks they carry out and personal responsibility for its successful solution.

The prospect of further research may be a research of opportunities for optimization the influence of physical and neuro-psychological exertion on the body and psyche of female athletes.


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Table 1 Diagnostic indicators of psychic states of athletes who is working on fitness-aerobic, measured in different phases of

ovarian-menstrual cycle (in points, mX , n=16)

Psychic states Phase of the cycle Significance level

1 2 3 4 5 t; p

Anxiety 13,03±1,71 8,04±1,45 15,42±0,72 5,21±2,18 18,88±1,71

1-2 2,2;<0,05 2-3 2,7;<0,05 1-3 2,5;<0,05 2-4 2,0;>0,05 1-4 2,5;<0,05 2-5 2,6;<0,05 1-5 2,2;<0,05 3-4 2,3;<0,05 4-5 2,6;<0,05 3-5 2,6;<0,05

Frustration 12,10±0,79 8,82±0,85 12,67±0,28 7,43±1,24 15,26±0,79

1-2 2,9;<0,05 2-4 2,8;<0,01 1-3 1,6;>0,05 2-5 2,2;<0,05 1-4 2,6;<0,05 3-4 1,9;>0,05 1-5 2,7;<0,05 3-5 2,5;<0,05 2-3 2,3;<0,05 4-5 2,3;<0,05

Aggressiveness 14,48±0,72 11,60±0,82 13,06±0,56 8,04±0,78 15,05±0,81

1-2 2,5;<0,05 2-4 2,6;<0,01 1-3 1,9;>0,05 2-5 2,5;<0,05 1-4 3,0;<0,01 3-4 2,7;<0,05 1-5 3,1;<0,01 3-5 2,0;>0,05 2-3 2,0;>0,05 4-5 2,5;<0,05

Rigidity 11,21±1,06 8,45±0,98 10,47±0,21 8,13±0,80 16,95±1,71

1-2 2,6;<0,05 2-4 2,0;>0,05 1-3 2,8;<0,05 2-5 2,7;<0,05 1-4 2,6;<0,05 3-4 2,4;<0,05 1-5 2,6;<0,05 3-5 2,8;<0,05 2-3 2,2;<0,05 4-5 3,0;<0,01

Note. 1 – menstrual; 2 – postmenstrual; 3 – ovulatory; 4 – postovulatory; 5 – premenstrual phase.


150

Table 2 Indicators of personal aggression and conflict of athletes who is working on fitness-aerobic, measured in different

phases of ovarian-menstrual cycle (in points, mX , n=16) Psychic states Phase of the cycle Significance level

1 2 3 4 5 t; p

Impetuosity 3,40±0,43 4,53±0,51 3,57±0,08 6,24±0,81 3,12±0,10

1-2 2,5;<0,05 2-4 2,2;<0,05 1-3 1,7;>0,05 2-5 2,7;<0,05 1-4 2,8;<0,05 3-4 2,4;<0,05 1-5 2,1;<0,05 3-5 2,0;>0,05 2-3 2,5;<0,05 4-5 2,8;<0,05

Persistency 3,07±0,44 4,86±0,50 3,14±0,06 5,18±0,56 3,01±0,09

1-2 2,7;<0,05 2-4 2,7;<0,05 1-3 2,1;<0,05 2-5 1,9;>0,05 1-4 2,8;<0,05 3-4 2,3;<0,05 1-5 2,3;<0,05 3-5 2,4;<0,05 2-3 2,2;<0,05 4-5 2,6;<0,05

Sensibility 4,52±0,36 3,33±0,31 4,60±0,03 3,17±0,42 5,46±0,37

1-2 2,6;<0,05 2-4 2,2;<0,05 1-3 2,0;>0,05 2-5 2,7;<0,05 1-4 2,4;<0,05 3-4 2,4;<0,05 1-5 2,0;>0,05 3-5 2,3;<0,05 2-3 3,5;<0,01 4-5 2,8;<0,05

Pertinacious 4,66±0,27 3,83±0,21 4,50±0,07 3,87±0,28 5,44±0,25

1-2 2,5;<0,05 2-4 1,7;>0,05 1-3 1,6;>0,05 2-5 2,7;<0,05 1-4 2,2;<0,05 3-4 2,4;<0,05 1-5 2,2;<0,05 3-5 2,6;<0,05 2-3 1,8;>0,05 4-5 2,3;<0,05

Uncompromising 3,84±0,35 2,62±0,32 3,95±0,03 2,81±0,27 4,53±0,25

1-2 2,7;<0,05 2-4 2,0;>0,05 1-3 2,2;<0,05 2-5 2,6;<0,05 1-4 3,1;<0,01 3-4 2,5;<0,05 1-5 2,4;<0,05 3-5 2,3;<0,05 2-3 2,3;<0,05 4-5 2,7;<0,05

Rancour 4,75±0,56 3,04±0,52 4,68±0,28 3,18±0,51 5,42±0,19 1-2 2,2;<0,05 2-4 2,2;<0,05


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Table 2 continued Psychic states Phase of the cycle Significance level

1 2 3 4 5 t; p

1-3 1,9;>0,05 2-5 2,8;<0,05 1-4 2,4;<0,05 3-4 2,8;<0,05 1-5 2,6;<0,05 3-5 3,0;<0,01 2-3 2,2;<0,05 4-5 2,9;<0,01

Intolerance to others' opinions 4,36±0,19 3,91±0,18 4,59±0,08 4,02±0,09 5,07±0,13

1-2 1,7;>0,05 2-4 2,6;<0,05 1-3 2,3;<0,05 2-5 2,4;<0,05 1-4 2,8;<0,05 3-4 1,9;>0,05 1-5 2,0;>0,05 3-5 2,7;<0,05 2-3 2,2;<0,05 4-5 2,4;<0,05

Suspiciousness 4,26±0,32 3,04±0,35 4,85±0,19 3,19±0,27 5,24±0,28

1-2 2,7;<0,05 2-4 2,0;>0,05 1-3 2,3;<0,05 2-5 2,6;<0,05 1-4 3,2;<0,01 3-4 3,0;<0,01 1-5 2,7;<0,01 3-5 2,6;<0,05 2-3 2,3;<0,05 4-5 3,1;<0,01

Negative aggression 8,04±0,20 7,32±0,17 8,17±0,04 6,38±0,42 9,44±0,37

1-2 2,8;<0,05 2-4 2,5;<0,05 1-3 2,0;>0,05 2-5 3,0;<0,01 1-4 3,0;<0,01 3-4 2,4;<0,05 1-5 2,8;<0,05 3-5 2,3;<0,05 2-3 2,1;<0,05 4-5 2,7;<0,05

Positive aggression 9,30±0,37 7,84±0,33 8,85±0,10 7,40±0,56 10,31±0,28

1-2 3,0;<0,01 2-4 2,0;>0,05 1-3 3,5;<0,01 2-5 2,9;<0,01 1-4 2,5;<0,05 3-4 2,3;<0,05 1-5 2,8;<0,05 3-5 2,7;<0,05 2-3 2,2;<0,05 4-5 3,1;<0,01

Conflict 12,83±0,34 11,40±0,36 12,55±0,08 10,33±0,85 15,55±0,72

1-2 2,9;<0,01 2-4 2,1;<0,05 1-3 2,8;<0,05 2-5 2,6;<0,05 1-4 2,2;<0,05 3-4 2,4;<0,05 1-5 2,8;<0,05 3-5 2,7;<0,05 2-3 2,2;<0,05 4-5 2,8;<0,05

Note. 1 – menstrual; 2 – postmenstrual; 3 – ovulatory; 4 – postovulatory; 5 – premenstrual phase.


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References: 1. Ayzenk G., Raygorodskiy Ya. Metodika diagnostiki samootsenki psikhicheskikh

sostoyaniy [Technique of self-diagnosis of mental conditions], Samara, 2001, pp. 141–145. (rus) 2. Brench S. V. Metodika fizicheskoy podgotovki devochek 7–8 let, zanimayushchikhsya

fitnes-aerobikoy : avtoref. dis. … kand. ped. nauk [Methods of physical training of girls 7-8 years old, engaged in aerobic fitness : Authors thesis], Chelyabinsk, 2012, 20 p. (rus)

3. Vasilistova T. V. Proyektirovaniye fitnes-tekhnologiy v fizicheskom vospitanii studentok vuza, prozhivayushchikh v usloviyakh severnykh regionov : avtoref. dis. … kand. ped. nauk [Designing a fitness technology in the physical education of high school students living in the northern regions : Authors thesis], Tula, 2011, 19 p. (rus)

4. Dulіba O. B. Otsіnka і optimіzatsіya rozumovoi і fіzichnoi pratsezdatnostі studentok zasobami ritmіchnoi gіmnastiki : dis. … kand. bіol. nauk [Evaluation and optimization of mental and physical performance of female students by means of rhythmic gymnastics : diss.], Lvіv, 2000, 151 p. (ukr)

5. Kariyey E. Entsiklopediya fitnesa [Encyclopedia of fitness], Moscow, 2003, 368 p. (rus) 6. Karelin A. Bolshaya entsiklopediya psikhologicheskikh testov [Great Encyclopedia of

psychological tests], Moscow, 2007, 416 s. (rus) 7. Osokina Ye. A. Soderzhaniye i metodika zanyatiy fitnesom s glukhimi zhenshchinami

25–35 let : avtoref. … kand. ped. nauk [The content and methodology of fitness with deaf women aged 25-35 :Authors thesis], Shuya, 2012, 19 s. (rus)

8. Ponomareva Ye. Yu. Formirovaniye gotovnosti studentov vuza k samoorganizatsii zdorovogo obraza zhizni sredstvami fitnes-aerobiki : dis. … kand. ped. nauk [Formation of high school students' readiness for self-organization means a healthy lifestyle fitness aerobics : diss.], Yelets, 2011, 195 s. (rus)

9. Prudnikova M. S. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2009, vol. 3, pp. 164–167. (rus)

10. Samsonova Ye. P. Kompleksnyye fizkulturno-ozdorovitelnyye zanyatiya na osnove fitnes-yogi s zhenshchinami srednego vozrasta (30–40 let) : dis. … kand. ped. nauk [: diss.], Smolensk, 2010, 151 p. (rus)

11. Sidorenko Ye. V. Metody matematicheskoy obrabotki v psikhologii [Methods of mathematical analysis in psychology], Saint Petersburg, 2001, 350 p. (rus)

12. Streletskaya Yu. V. Kommunikativnaya podgotovka na zanyatiyakh fitnes-aerobikoy s uchetom spetsifiki deyatelnosti i individualno-lichnostnykh razlichiy studentov : avtoref. … kand. ped. nauk [Communicative training on fitness aerobics classes, taking into account the specifics of the individual and the personality differences of students :Authors thesis],Saint Petersburg, 2007, 22 s. (rus)

13. Khouli E. Frensis B. Ozdorovitelnyy fitnes [The healthy fitness] Kyiv, 2000, 368 p. (rus) 14. Shakhlina L. G. Nauka v olimpiyskom sporte [Science in Olympic sports], 2000, pp. 10–

22. (rus) 15. Shimonin A. I. Tekhnologiya presorevnovatelnogo etapa podgotovki sportsmenov v

fitnes-aerobike s ispolzovaniyem trenazherov i biokorrektorov : avtoref. … kand. ped. nauk [Technology precompetitive stage of training athletes in aerobic fitness using simulators and biocorrectors :Authors thesis], Moscow, 2007, 20 s. (rus)

16. Shtoda M. L. Fizicheskaya podgotovka vysokokvalifitsirovannykh sportsmenok v fitnes-aerobike na predsorevnovatelnom etape : avtoref. … kand. ped. nauk [Physical training of highly skilled athletes in aerobic fitness on precompetitive stage : Authors thesis], Moscow, 2012, 21 s. (rus)

_______________________________________________________________ Shishkina Elena, [email protected]; Dneprodzerzhisk State Technical University:

Dniprobudivska Str., 2, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Dnipropetrovsk region, 51918, Ukraine. __________________ Received: 14.09.2013. Published: 31.10.2013.


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UDC 796.011.1-057.87

Shuteev V. Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

AMONG STUDENTS Abstract. The problems of the formation of the modern society of healthy

lifestyles. The basic features are the opinion of students to more fully characterize a healthy lifestyle, such as «no bad habits» and «systematic physical exercise». It is shown that the greater part of the students (85,1 %) compliance own lifestyle healthy lifestyles estimated at three or four points. It is confirmed that the media in the most severely affect a healthy lifestyle among students. It is shown that for the academic year 80 % of students miss classes due to illness at the university of three to ten days.

Keywords: standard of health, bad habits, exercise, media, employment, value.

Introduction. The need to study the problem of "healthy lifestyle" is caused by

the growth and change of exertion conditions on the human body due to the complication of social life, increasing the risk of technological, environmental and psychological nature that provoke negative shifts in a person's health [6; 7]. The urgency of this problem is predetermined by the fact that in the Ukrainian society up to now a system of values was formed in which a healthy lifestyle takes a secondary place. The problem of a healthy lifestyle is particularly relevant among students [2; 4; 5]. Conditioned by the fact that about 90% of students have different variations in health status, 50% were pertaining to the prophylaxy, every 5th student (Humanities departments – every third) assigned to the preparatory and special medical group or freed for health reasons on physical exertions [3; 8]. The above statistics is an unsolved health problems of students and the need in additional study the features of formation of the students to customize the priority of a healthy lifestyle and personal motivation to preserve and strengthen health.

Research is conducted in the framework of a comprehensive research project "Theoretical and methodological principles of personal physical culture among children and young people as the basis of their health" (state registration number 0113U001205).

Goal of research is to determine the attitude of students from different universities to a healthy physically active lifestyle and to their own health.

Matter and methods of research. To achieve this goal was conducted a special sociological research, which was attended by students of Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture (KSAPC) (n=236), Municipal institution "Kharkiv Humanitarian Pedagogical Academy" Kharkiv regional council (1 – Faculty of __________________________

©Shuteev V., 2013


154

Physical Education, n=196, 2 – Faculty of Preschool and Special Education, n=138) and The federal government's budget educational institution of higher professional education "Kursk State University" (Faculty of Economics and Management, n=178). During the research survey questionnaire of mixed type was used. It was based on the questionnaire promulgated by L. Lubysheva in the training manual "Sociology of Physical Culture and Sports" (2001). Results obtained are shown in the table, in which the students' answers to the questions raised in the questionnaire, for the convenience of analysis, ranked according to the average value determined by the results of the total sample (n=748). They make it possible to identify common and specific features of the attitude to a healthy lifestyle among students who are enrolled in higher education institutions in different fields.

Results of research and its discussing. Generalized data in the table show that the priority sign of a healthy person's lifestyle, according to students, is the «absence of bad habits (alcohol, smoking, overeating, etc) «(question 1а). This characteristic is most important for students KSU (45,0 %), and least important for students who are studying at the Faculty of Preschool and Special Education KHPA (27,0 %). The second most important feature of a healthy lifestyle, students identified "systematic physical exercise." And for KSU students (17.5%) its value is significantly lower in comparison with students from other specialties. As show the results of research such characteristic of a healthy lifestyle as "control of their health" the most significant for students of Preschool and Special Education KHPA (27.0%), KSU students (20.0%) and students KSAPC (17.0%). In comparison with the abovementioned elements exposed by students rating of the following characteristics of a healthy lifestyle is much lower. Thus, the "body hygiene" occupies the fourth position. It is the most important for students of sports specialties (KSAPC – 6.0%, Faculty of Physical Education KHPA – 9.0%), while for KSU students (7.5%) and students of the Faculty of Preschool and Special Education KHPA (5,0%) the "proper nutrition" is more important. Noteworthy is the fact that such signs of a healthy lifestyle as "compliance regime of the day" and "regular monitoring of physical preparedness" did not find adequate support at student youth. According to the results of the research, the formation concepts among students that reflect their understanding of the essence of a healthy lifestyle, the most severely influence the media, it was reported by 72.5% KSU students, 42.0% of students KSAPC, 40.0% students of the Faculty of Physical Education KHPA, and 27.0% of the students of the Faculty of preschool and Special Education KHPA (table, question 2). For students of sports specialties (37% students of KSAPC and 54.0% students of the Faculty of Physical Education KHPA) an important source of information on a healthy lifestyle is also "own life experience", when for students of Preschool and Special Education KHPA (68, 0%) it is – "comrades and relatives."


155

Attitude of students from different universities to a healthy physically

active lifestyle and to their own health, %

№ University KSU KSAPC HPA

(1) HPА (2)

The average value for the entire

sample

Question and answers Generalizations of the results of the answers

1

Healthy lifestyle for you it is:

A No bad habits (alcohol, smoking, overeating, etc.) 45,0 37,4 32,0 27,0 35,3

B Systematic physical exercise 17,5 33,3 44,0 36,0 32,7

C Control of their health 20,0 17,0 9,0 27,0 18,2 D Body Hygiene 2,5 6,0 9,0 0,0 4,4 E Proper nutrition 7,5 2,1 0,0 5,0 3,6

F Observance of the regime of the day 0,0 4,2 0,0 5,0 2,3

G Regular monitoring of physical preparedness 0,0 0,0 6,0 0,0 1,5

H Your answer 7,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,7

2

Information about healthy lifestyle you get:

A From the media 72,5 42,0 40,0 27,0 45,4

B From my own life experience

15,0 37,0 54,0 5,0 27,7

C From comrades and relatives 12,5 21,0 6,0 68,0 26,8

3

Vote on a five-point scale how your lifestyle meets a healthy lifestyle

A 5 7,5 6,3 6,0 0,0 4,9 B 3–4 82,5 77,0 85,0 96,0 85,1 C 1–2 10,0 16,7 9,0 5,0 10,1

4

How do you rate your health? A Good 57,5 44,0 56,0 36,0 48,4 B Satisfactory 35,0 48,0 41,0 50,0 43,5 C Abstained 7,5 8,0 3,0 14,0 8,1

5

How many days have you missed because of illness during the last academic year? A From 3 to 10 days 52,5 58,0 59,0 32,0 50,3 B More than 10 days 20,0 25,0 29,0 59,0 33,2 C Do not miss 27,5 17,0 12,0 9,0 16,4

Obviously, the practical realization of formed ideas among students about the

essence of a healthy lifestyle converts into their own style of life which is reflected in a rating (table, question 3). As we can see from the obtained data, accordance of own lifestyle with healthy lifestyles in five points marked 4.5% of the surveyed students,


156

from one to two points marked – 10.1% of respondents. The greater part of students (85.1%) is evaluated in accordance three or four points.

Existence of a connection between the person's lifestyle and the level of his health sufficiently is obvious in the student environment (table, question 3). Thus, 48.4% of students who participated in the research marked the level of their health as good. Most of these students are studying in KSU (57.5%), and the least are studying at the Faculty of Preschool and Special Education KHPA (36.0%). Significant part of students from these institutions marked their own health as satisfactory, respectively, 35.0 and 50.0%. These data in a certain extent are not corresponding with the results of the students' answers to the question regarding their disease over the year (table, question 5). Thus, about half of the students (50.3%) during the school year get sick from three to ten days. Such feature, as you can see from the submissions, is not significantly depending on the higher educational institution in which they are studying. About average 33.2% of the students missed over ten days of lessons in high school. Moreover, this indicator essentially higher among students of the Faculty of Preschool and Special Education KHPA it is 59.0%. As you can see from the data obtained during the year of study at the university only 16.4% of students did not miss classes due to illness.

Conclusions: 1. Priority signs of healthy human life, according to the majority of students, is

the "absence of bad habits (alcohol, smoking, overeating, etc.)" and "systematic physical exercise", while "proper nutrition", "adherence of the day" and "regular monitoring of physical fitness" did not find a proper evaluation at students.

2. These results testify that the media have the greatest impact on the formation of ideas about the nature of a healthy lifestyle among students.

3. These sociological researches have shown that about half of the students assess their level of health as good. However, only 16.4% of the students from the total number of respondents, during the school year did not miss a school day due to illness.

Perspectives of future development. In future we plan to investigate ways and means to optimize the physical activity of students and the conditions that encourage them to sports activity.

References: 1. Blagіy O., Zakharіna E. Teorіya і metodika fіzichnogo vikhovannya і sportu [Theory

and Methodology of Physical Education and Sport], 2006, vol. 4, pp. 8–12. (ukr) 2. Vilenskiy M. Ya., Gorshkov A. G. Fizicheskaya kultura i zdorovyy obraz zhizni

studenta [Physical education and a healthy lifestyle of the student], Moscow, 2012, 240 p. (rus) 3. Vlasov G. V. Formuvannya zdorovogo sposobu zhittya studentіv vishchikh medichnikh

navchalnikh zakladіv [Health Promotion students in higher education], Donetsk, 2013, 155 p. (ukr) 4. Gurskiy A. V. Fizicheskaya kultura: vospitaniye, obrazovaniye, trenirovka [Physical

education: upbringing, education and training], 2013, vol. 2, pp. 77–79. (rus) 5. Krutsevich T. Yu., Marchenko O. Yu. Teorіya і metodika fіzichnogo vikhovannya і

sportu [Theory and Methodology of Physical Education and Sports], Kyiv, 2009, vol. 2, pp. 78–81. (ukr)


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6. Lotonenko A. V., Gostev G. R., Gostev S. R., Grigoryev O. A. Kultura fizicheskaya i zdorovye [Physical Culture and Health], Moscow, 2008, 450 p. (rus)

7. Sutula V. A. Fizicheskoye vospitaniye studentov [Physical education of students], Kharkov, 2011, vol. 6, pp. 92–95. (rus)

8. Khristovaya T. Ye. Slobozans’kij nauk.-sport. visn. [Slobozhanskyi science and sport bulletin], Kharkіv, 2013, vol. 1, pp. 74–78. (rus)

_______________________________________________________________ V’yacheslav Shuteev, [email protected]; Kharkiv State Academy of Physical

Culture: Klochkovskaya 99, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine . __________________ Received: 13.09.2013. Published: 31.10.2013.


158

AUTHORS A Ashanin V. S. 5 B Barskaya N. L. 135 Baybak A. Yu. 5 Baybak I. V. 5 Bodrenkova I. A. 9 C Chukhlantseva N. V. 135 D Dolbysheva N. G. 21 Dorofeeva T. І. 14 Dzhym V. Yu. 14 G Gladenko M. V. 21

K Karabanovich P. P. 46 Kolesnik I. A. 21 Krasota V. M. 35 L Lazorenko S. A. 40 Levchenko V. A. 46 Lutsenko L. S. 9 M Maglovaniy A. V. 92 Martirosyan A. A. 57 Mulik V. V. 51 N Napalkova T. V. 135 Nesterenko A. Yu. 51 P Pasko V. V. 57 Perebeynos V. B. 67 Podolyaka O. B. 57

R Rebaz Sleman 73 S

Sak A. Ye. 79 Samoylov N. G. 84 Semenova N. V. 92 Sergiyenko L. P. 100 Shesterova L. Ye. 28 Shevchenko O. O. 141 Shishkina M. V. 5 Shishkina Ye. N. 146 Shuteyev V. V. 153 Sіrenko P. O. 114 Sokol L. G. 135 Sutula V. O. 125, 131 V Vasilyeva L. Yu. 46 Y Yefremova A. Ya. 28


159

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