slips of the tongue produced by prabowo’s witnesses in the...

Slips of the Tongue Produced by Prabowo’s Witnesses in the Constitutional

Court

A THESIS

By:

Moh. Luki Asrofi 121112129

English Department

Faculty of Humanities

Universitas Airlangga

2016

ADLN - Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga

SKRIPSI Slips of the Tongue Produced... MOH. LUKI ASROFI

SLIPS OF THE TONGUE IN PRODUCED BY PRABOWO’S WITNESSES IN THE

CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

A THESIS

By:

Moh. Luki Asrofi

St. N: 121112129

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

SURABAYA

2016



ADLN – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

SKRIPSI SLIPS OF THE... MOH. LUKI ASROFI

iv

This thesis is dedicated to my parents and

those who have been nice enough to teach

me things about life.



Approved to be examined

Surabaya, January 4th 2015

Thesis Advisor

Masitha A. S., M.Hum.

NIP. 197012222005012001

Head of English Department

Deny Arnos Kwary, Ph. D.

NIP. 197501011999031001

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

SURABAYA

2016



This thesis has been approved and accepted by the Board of Examiners, English

Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Airlangga on

January, 12nd 2016

The Board Examiners are:

1. Sdfghjkzcvxcvxvbxbvcbvcbncbn

Erlita Rusnaningtias, M, A.

NIP.197709242005012001


Masitha Achmad Syukri, M. Hum.

NIP. 197012222005012001


Viqi Ardaniah , M. A. Linguistics

NIK. 139090891





vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, praise be to Allah SWT. My first deep

gratitude is always addressed to Allah SWT for His endless blessings, mercies,

and to the beloved Prophet Muhammad SAW, peace be upon him, as the most

virtuous act for all Muslims. They both always lit me up wherever and whenever I

felt down until I could accomplish this thesis.

I realize that this thesis would not be finished without the guidance,

advices, and courage from my thesis advisor. Therefore, I would like to thank Ms.

Masitha A. S. M. Hum. for her patience in guiding me to finish this thesis and all

English Department lecturers in Universitas Airlangga for the shared knowledge

and experiences. My special and heartily thanks to my parents Mahfud and

Qomariyah who never stopped encouraging me to finish this thesis, thank you

very much for everything.

I am also deeply thankful to my best friends (Reza, Oky, Galang, Izul,

Daniyal, Della, Debby, Shabrina, Alfiyah, Widya, Danna, Dhahayu, and

Hanggono) and the special one, Putri Wijayanti. Thank you for all the push and I

hope we will continue our friendship even after we all are graduated. Last but not

least, I address my gratefulness to all my 2K11 friends from Linguistics,

Literature, and Cultural Studies class who cannot be mentioned one by one. Thank

you for the colorful days we went through these past four years. I wish you all the

best of luck!

Moh. Luki Asrofi





ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover Page .................................................................................................. i Inside Title Page .................................................................................................... ii Declaration Page .................................................................................................. iii Dedication Page ................................................................................................... iv Advisor’s Approval Page ...................................................................................... v Examiner’s Approval Page .................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. vii Epigraph ............................................................................................................. viii Table of Contents ................................................................................................. ix Abstract ................................................................................................................ xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1 1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................ 4 1.3 Objective of the Study .................................................................................... 4 1.4 Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 5 1.5 Definition of Key Terms ................................................................................ 5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................... 7 2.1 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 7

2.1.1 Speech Production ................................................................................ 7 2.1.2 Slips of the Tongue ............................................................................. 10

2.1.2.1 Types of Slips of the Tongue ................................................ 11 2.1.2.2 Factors that Cause Slips of the Tongue ................................. 18

2.1.3 Indonesian Phoneme, Affixes, Word, and Phrase .............................. 19 2.1.3.1 Phoneme ................................................................................ 19 2.1.3.2 Affixes ................................................................................... 19 2.1.3.3 Words .................................................................................... 20 2.1.3.4 Phrase .................................................................................... 21

2.1.3 Review of Related Studies .................................................................. 22

CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE STUDY .................................................. 24 3.1 Research Approach ...................................................................................... 24 3.2 Data Sources................................................................................................. 24 3.3 Participants of the Study .............................................................................. 25 3.4 Techniques of Data Collection .................................................................... 25 3.5 Techniques of Data Analysis ....................................................................... 26

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION .......................................................................... 28 4.1. Finding 1: the Types and Frequency of Slips of the Tongue that Occurred Based on Types of Slips of the Tongue Proposed by Fromkin (1973) and Harley (1995) .................................................................................................................. 28

4.2.1 Word Exchange ................................................................................. 31 4.2.2 Word Substitution ............................................................................. 32





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4.2.3 Misderivation .................................................................................... 33 4.2.4 Phoneme Deletion ............................................................................. 34

4.2 Finding 2: Types of Slips of the Tongue Other than Types of Slips of the Tongue Proposed by Fromkin (1973) and Harley (2001) ........................ 37

4.3 Interpretation of the Finding ......................................................................... 48

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 51

REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 53

APPENDICES Appendix 1. ........................................................................................................ 55 Appendix 2. ........................................................................................................ 60





xii

Asrofi, Luki. Slips of the Tongue Produce by Prabowo’s Witnesses in the Constitutional Court. A Thesis Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya.

ABSTRACT

A speech error (or slip) is an unintentional movement, addition, deletion, blending or substitution of material within an utterance or between utterances. It means that speakers say something they do not mean to say. A slip of tongue can be defined as a type of speech error or speech disfluency in which sounds, syllables, or whole words change their locations between two or more words in an utterance. In a slip of tongue, a speaker wants to say something but unintentionally says something else. The writer conducted the study in order to analyse further about slips of the tongue, especially those that occur in the utterances produced by Prabowo’s witnesses in the constitutional court, and he anylsed by using the combined types of slips of tongue proposed by Fromkin (1997) and Harley (2001). The analysis of the data yielded a total of 13 slips of the tongue. There are 9 witnesses that had been analyzed and the analysis of the data showed the four types of slips of the tongue (word exchange, word substitution, misderivation, phoneme deletion) were found in the utterances that were produced by Prabowo’s Witnesses in the Constitutional court. Moreover, word substitution is the most common slip with a total 6 slips of the tongue or 50 % of the data. Slips of the tongue can happen to anyone in any places including in formal situation, included in court. According the research has been conducted, the writer concluded that even Prabowo’s witnesses produced many slips of the tongue. Slips of the tongue that were produced by witnesses in constitutional court naturally happened and sometimes the witness did not notice it because they were untentionally produced. When they noticed their mistakes, they immediately corrected it by uttering the right target word after the wrong ones.

Keywords: slips of the tongue, speech production, witness, constitutional court




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The occurrence of errors also might happen in court. The lexical error is a

result of erroneous retrieval of lexemes in the mental lexicon (Kovač, 2011). In

explaining certain subjects, people might produce errors due to several factors in

certain condition, for instance, a witness said “Tapi saya pak mulia bupatinya

diusir.” The witness was supposed to say “Tapi saya yang mulia bupatinya diusir “

but instead of producing the target word, she made a slips of tongue and said pak

mulia. The word pak and yang are in the same collocation which is about address

term. There is possibility that people still think that pak and yang are the same.

Therefore, some people may unconsciously say pak or yang when actually they are

supposed to say yang. This example belongs to word substitution in which one word

substituted the intended word. The example above is one of the examples of slips of

the tongue produced by witness in the constitutional court.

Slips of the tongue have been intensively studied for years and considered as a

rich source of data for models of speech production. Harley (2001) stated that slips of

the tongue are errors which involve the sounds of words of the language, and provide

a window onto the process of speech production. He studied speech errors as a way of

understanding normal brain functions.

Originally slips of the tongue were considered a window to subconscious

mind. More recently they have been taken as a rich source of evidence regarding the

mental representations and operation involved in speech production planning in

specific language. In previous studies, Fromkin (1973) in her study entitled Speech




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Errors as Linguistic Evidence collected more than six hundred slips by herself or by

colleagues and friends who reported the slips they have made for over three years.

Slips of the tongue can happen to anyone in any places including in formal

situation, for example: prabowo’s witnesses in the constitutional court. A witness is a

person who has information which may be useful in a case being heard in a Court.

Person, who has seen or heard about an event which is related to a case and able to

say how it happened, This is called being a ‘witness of fact'. If someone has been

asked to be a witness because of his specialist knowledge, this is called being an

'expert witness'. The Court has published a document for expert witness that is

intended to assist experts to understand in general terms what the Court expects of an

expert witness giving opinion evidence.

The writer choose to analyze court in the constitutional court because there is

a little research about it in Indonesia. Constitutional court is one of the institution in

Indonesia that has judicial power to judge for building law and justice.

one of the function of constitutional court is giving decision the dissolution of

political parties, and resolving disputes over election results.

The writer analyzed slips of the tongue produce by prabowo’s witnesses in the

constitutional court. The writer choose this issue because it has been a trending topic

when the President election happened on june 2014. The slips of the tongue in this

research were analyzed using combined types of slips of the tongue categorization by




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Fromklin (1973) and Harley (2001). Furthermore, this reseach is also a research

project conducted by Masitha Achmad Syukri in English Department of Universitas

Airlangga Surabaya in 2014 - 2015 entittled slips of the tongue produced by

Indonesian Adults in formal situation.

1.2 Statements of the Problem

Slips of the tongue can happen to anyone. Based on the phenomena above,

this study uses the types of slips of the tongue proposed by Fromklin (1973) and

Harley (2001) to examine two problems of the study to be analyzed are as the

follows:

1. What types of slips of the tongue produced by Prabowo’s witnesses in the

constitutional court?

2. Which types of slip of tongue is most dominant produced by Prabowo’s

witnesses in the constitutional court?

1.3 The Objective of the study

Based on the statement of the problem above, the main purpose of this study

to identify and classify the types of slips of the tongue found in the utterances of

Prabowo’s witnesses in the constitutional court and know what most dominant of

slips of the tongue is produced by Prabowo’s witnesses in the constitutional court.

This study also aims to find out the dominant type of slips of the tongue which

Prabowo’s witnesses produce.




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1.4 Significance of the study

The study concerns with psycholinguistic especially slips of the tongue in which it

becomes one of important evidences of speech production process. The finding of this

study, it hopes that this study will be one of the references for students or lecturers

who are interested in psycholinguistics field. Psycholinguistic is a marriage between a

psychology and linguistic. According to British dictionary, psycholinguistic is the

psychology of language, including language acquisition by children, the mental

processes underlying adult comprehension and production of speech, language

disorder, etc. Besides, according to Field (2003), psycholinguistic explores the

relationship between the human mind and language. The writer focus on slip of the

tongue happens in the constitutional court. This study hopefully can give useful to

other researcher to conduct the same research in speech errors specifically in slip of

the tongue. This study is also expected to provide more information about slips of the

tongues in formal situation, including in the constitutional court.

1.5 Definition of Key Terms

To avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation and misinterpretation of the

key terms used, the writer divined several terms.

1. Slips of the Tongue

. Based on Fromkin (1973), slip of the tongue is an error in speech

production when the speaker makes unintentional movement, addition,

deletion, blending or substitution of material within utterances. Whereas,

based on Harley (2001) stated that slips of the tongue are errors which involve




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the sounds of words of the language, and provide a window onto the process

of speech production. He studied speech errors as a way of understanding

normal brain functions.

2. Speech Production

Speech production concerns in how person is actually produce the word into the form

of sound without concern about the grammatical utterances (Traxler, et al, 2006,

p.21). The process of speech production is divided into three major stages;

conceptualization, formulation, and articulation (Levelt, 1989, cited in Harley, 2001).

3. Witness

Person or people who know by their self are about a moment. Witness

in this case is person or people who asked to give information about what they

know president election in their district.



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