slides towards a polish-japanese contrastive … a polish-japanese contrastive semantics of aspect...

Towards a Polish-Japanese contrastive semantics of aspect and Aktionsart

Szymon Grzelak

University of Tokyo

[email protected]

CIL18 Seoul

July 22, 2008

Towards a Polish-Japanese contrastive semantics of aspect and Aktionsart 2/24 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Overview

1. Aspect and Aktionsart in Polish

2. Aspect in Japanese

3. Cross-linguistic studies on Polish aspect

4. Classification by Młynarczyk (2004) and its application for a contrastive analysis with Japanese

5. Summary


Aspect and Aktionsart in Polish Aspectual pairing: perfective – imperfective (Pol. tryb dokonany – tryb niedokonany), e.g.:

(i) Janek uczył się, ale się nie nauczył.

Johny studied.3sg.past.impf. but refl. not study.3sg.past.perf

lit. ‘Johnny studied, but has not studied enough (to the extent of being prepared for the

test)’ (ii) Pracuję już cały dzień, popracuję jeszcze trochę i pójdę do domu.

work.1sg.pres. impf. already all day work.1sg.fut.perf a.bit.more and go home

‘I have worked all day already, let me work a bit more and go home’.

Imperfective verbs: present, past, future / Perfective verbs: past, future


Aspect and Aktionsart in Polish (continued) Prefixation, suffixation and morphonological changes lead to aspectual pairs (tuples). Imperfective Perfective

zielenieć ‘to become green’ zzielenieć ‘to have become green’

czytać ‘to read’ przeczytać, poczytać ‘to have read’

klikać ‘to click’ zaklikać, kliknąć, poklikać ‘to have clicked’ pisać ‘to write’ {napisać ‘to have writen’, podpisać ‘to sign’, wypisać ‘to excerpt’, dopisać

‘to write in, add’, zapisać ‘to write down, to save’, wpisać ‘to write into sth’, …} Secondary imperfectivisation test

(FAILED) pisać – napisać – *napisywać (genuine aspectual pair)

(PASSED) pisać – podpisać – podpisywać (separate lexical items)


Aspect in Japanese Kindaichi (1955) stative verbs (joutai dooshi), durative verbs (keizoku dooshi),

instantaneous verbs (shunkan dooshi), and class four verbs.

Ogihara (1999) stative predicates, accomplishment/activity predicates,

resultative predicates, accomplishment+resultative predicate

Kiyota (2008) Homogeneous states iru ‘be/exist’, aru ‘be/exist’, dekiru ‘be able to’

Inchoative states tukareru ‘get tired’, okoru ‘get mad’

Activities aruku ‘walk’, hataraku ‘work’, benkyoosuru ‘study’

Accomplishments naosu ‘repair s.t.’, tateru ‘build s.t.’

Achievements tuku ‘arrive’, todoku ‘reach’, mitukaru ‘get found’


Cross-linguistic studies on Polish aspect

(i) contrastive/comparative studies with Slavic languages (e.g. Schuyt 1990)

very high degree of morphological / semantic parallelism

(ii) Indo-European languages, e.g. Czochralski (1975) on German

high degree of correspondence

(iii) non-Indo-European languages, e.g. Majewicz (1985) on Japanese


Aktionsarten of Polish (Czochralski 1975)

1. Perfective Aktionsarten: (a) resultative czytać ‘lesen’ – przeczytać ‘durchlesen’; robić ‘machen’ – zrobić ‘fertigmachen’

Reperowałeś rower, ale go nie zreperowałeś.

Du warst eine Zeitlang mit dem Reparieren des Fahrrads beschäftigt, bist aber damit

nicht fertig geworden.

(b) ingressive: lecieć ‘fliegen – polecieć ‘losfliegen’; strajkować ‘streiken’ – zastrajkować ‘in

den Ausstand treten’

(c) delimitative: czytać ‘lesen’ – poczytać ‘eine Zeitlang lesen’; grzeszyć ‘sündigen’ –

pogrzeszyć ‘ein paar Sünde begehen’

(d) distributive: gubić ‘verlieren’ – pogubić ‘(alles) nacheinander verlieren’

(e) evolutive: tańczyć ‘tanzen’ – roztańczyć się ‘sich eintanzen’

(f) partially resultative: leczyć ‘kurieren’ – podleczyć ‘teilweise auskurieren’


2. Imperfective Aktionsarten: (a) iterative: być ‘sein’ – bywać ‘zu sein pflegen’, pisać ‘schreiben’ – pisywać ‘ab und zu mal

schreiben’

(b) comitative: grać ‘spielen’ – przygrywać ‘zu etwas spielen’

(c) extended iterative: stękać ‘ächzen’ – postękiwać ‘öfters ein bisschen ächzen’

Functional characteristics of aspect in Polish

Perfective Imperfective

instantaneous, non-durative

semelfactive, non-iterative

resultative, non-preresultative

durative, non-instantaneous

iterative, non-semelfactive

preresultative, non-resultative


Majewicz (1985)

Aspectual category Markers

Progressive -te iru, -te oru, -te iru tokoro-da, -te iku, -te kuru, tsuzukeru, -tsuzuku, -tsutsu aru

Resultative -te aru, (-te iru), -te oku, -ta{tokoro/bakari}da, -ta koto-ga aru, -tate (da)

Intermittent -tari ...-tari suru

Perfective -te shimau, -kiru, -ōseru, -tsukusu, -ageru, -tōsu, -hateru

Prospective -ō to suru, -u{tokoro/bakari}-da, -kakaru

Habitual -tsukeru, -nareru, -narawasu, koto-ni shite iru, koto-ga aru

Iterative -kaesu

Ingressive -hajimeru, -dasu, -kakeru, -someru, -te kuru

Terminative -owaru, -yamu, -yameru, -sasu

Polish: aspectually unmarked forms, imperfective, durative, iterative, perfective, ingressive,

future perfective and future ingressive.


Classification by Młynarczyk (2004)

Example ep po- -ną- mpc

Class 1 wierzyć ‘believe’ uwierzyć

Class 2 grać ‘play’ pograć

Class 3 gotować ‘cook’ ugotować pogotować

Class 4 stukać ‘knock’ zastukać postukać stuknąć

Class 5 zamknąć ‘close’ zamykać

ep – empty prefix (prze-, u-, na-, z-, etc.)

mpc – morphonological change (vowel insertion, vowel change, suffix insertion,

suffix change)


Classification by Młynarczyk (2004) – continued

Ep po- -ną- mpc

Class 1. States/gradual transitions yes

Class 2. Processes yes

Class 3. Culminating processes yes yes

Class 4. Unitisable processes yes yes yes

Class 5. Culminations yes

A1 – A15: Aktionsarten of Polish yielded by the above classification


Class1 – States A1: stative, Imperfective

nienawidzić (1) Taro nienawidzi Hanako.

Taroo wa Hanako o nikumu / nikundeiru.

‘Taro hates Hanako’

A2: Perfective

ep znienawidzić (1’) Taro znienawidził Hanako.

Taroo wa Hanako o nikunda / nikumihazimeta / ?nikumidasita /?nikundekita.

‘Taro started to hate Hanako’


Class1 – Gradual transitions A3: Imperfective

mądrzeć (1a) Taro mądrzeje (każdego dnia.)

Taroo wa (mainiti) kasikoku natteiru/naru/naritutu aru.

‘Taro gets smarter (every day).’

A4: Perfective

ep zmądrzeć (1a’) Taro zmądrzał.

Taro owa kasikoku natta/nattekita.

‘Taro has become smart.’


Class2 – Processes A5: Imperfective

pracować

(2) Taro pracuje.

Taroo wa hataraiteiru/hataraku.

‘Taro works/is working.’

A6: Perfective

po- popracować

(2’) Taro popracował (godzinę) (i poszedł na spacer. )

Taroo wa (itizikan) hataraita (ato sanpo ni itta).

‘Taro worked (for an hour) (and went for a walk).’


Class3 – Culminating processes A7: Imperfective

czytać (3) Hanako czyta gazetę. / Hanako czyta gazety

Hanako wa sinbun o yondeiru / Hanako wa sinbun o yomu/yondeiru.

‘Hanako reads a newspaper’ / ‘Hanako reads newspapers.’ A8: Perfective

ep przeczytać

(3’) Hanako przeczytała gazetę.

Hanako wa sinbun o yonda/yondesimatta/yomiowatta/yomikitta/yomitukusita /

yomiageta/yomito’osita/yomihateta

‘Hanako has read a newspaper.’


Class3 – Culminating processes (continuued)

A9: perfective2 – po- poczytać

(3’’) Hanako poczytała gazetę (i zabrała się do pracy.)

Hanako wa sinbun o (sibaraku/sukosi) yonda (ato sigoto ni torikatakkta.)

‘Hanako read a newspaper (for a while) (and started working).’


Class4 – Unitisable processes

A10: Imperfective

kwakać (4) Kaczka kwacze.

Ahiru ga gaa-gaa naku/naiteiru.

‘The duck quacks / is quacking.’ A11: Perfective

ep zakwakać

(4’) Kaczka zakwakała.

Ahiru ga gaa-gaa naita/nakidasita/nakihazimeta/#naitekita /#nakikaketa

‘The duck quacked.’


Class4 – Unitisable processes (continued)

A12: po- pokwakać

(4’’) Kaczka pokwakała.

Ahiru ga (sukosi/sibaraku) gaa-gaa naita/?naiteita.

‘The duck quacked a bit / for a while.’

A13: mpc kwaknąć

(4’’’) Kaczka kwaknęła.

?Ahiru wa ikkai gaa-gaa naita.

Ahiru wa gaa(t)to naita. (cf. koro-koro korogatta vs. korori-to / koron-to korogatta)

‘The duck quacked once.’


Class5 – Culminations

A14: Perfective

dostać

(5a) Hanako dostała książkę

Hanako wa hon o moratta.

‘Hanako got a book.’

wrócić

(5b) Hanako wróciła do domu.

Hanako wa ie ni kaetta.

‘Hanako came back home / has come back home.’


Class5 – Culminations (continued)

A15: Imperfective

mpc dostawać

(5a’) *Hanako dostawała książkę.

*Hanako wa (issatu no) hon o moratteita/moraitutuatta/moraituduketa

‘*Hanako was getting a book.’

wracać

(5b’) Hanako wracała do domu.

Hanako wa ie ni #kaetteita/kaeritutuatta. (cf. kaeru totyuu datta)

‘Hanako was going back home.’


Correspondence between Class1 – Class5 and the existing Japanese classifications

Polish Japanese

States/gradual transitions States, -naru, naritutuaru, etc.

Processes Activities

Culminations

Achievements

Unitisable processes Semelfactive activities (onomat./ikkai)

Culminating processes Accomplishments


Limitations of the analysis

• The analysis is unidirectional. Some aspectual categories are not marked in the Polish

verbal morphology (e.g. progressive) therefore, for a class of cases, no Japanese-Polish

formational correspondence can be established.

• Some verbs are not covered by class1 – class5 (e.g. iterative/habitual, suppletive pairs

such as brać – wziąć ‘to take – to have taken’, modal verbs móc, musieć).

• Mismatch between the word- and phrase/sentence-level aspect. Much more can be said

about the temporal characteristics of bare verb forms in Polish than in Japanese where

analysis of the phrase/sentence is necessary.


Summary • In spite of the tradeoff between the simplicity and regularity on one hand, and range of

coverage on the on the other, the formationally-driven classification proposed by

Młynarczyk (2004) can be successfully applied as a starting point in a contrastive

analysis of Polish and Japanese verbal aspect.

• In order to account for all possible Aktionsarten of Polish, the 15 eventualities yielded by

the classification should be analyzed.

• A classification based solely on the morphological properties of the verbal formants is

fragmentary by is nature, and any comprehensive event semantics will have to rely on

semantic intuitions as well.


References

Czochralski, J. 1975. Verbalaspekt und Tempussystem im Deutschen und Polnischen. Eine konfrontative

Darstellung. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

Karolak, S. 1996. O semantyce aspektu (w dwudziesta¸ rocznice¸ publikacji rozprawy F. Antinucciego i

L. Gerbert “Semantyka aspektu czasownikowego”). Bulletin de la Soci´et´e Polonaise de Linguistique

9-56.

Kiyota, M. 2008. Situation Aspect and Viewpoint Aspect: from Salish to Japanese. Doctoral

Dissertation. The University of British Columbia.

Majewicz, A.F. 1985 The grammatical category of aspect in Japanese and Polish in a comparative

perspective. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.

Mlynarczyk, A. 2004. Aspectual Pairing in Polish. Doctoral dissertation, UiLOTS Utrecht University.

Schuyt, R. 1990. The Morphology of Slavic Verbal Aspect. A Descriptive and Historical Study.

Amsterdam & Atlanta, GA: Rodopi.

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