Slide 2 Groupings

Slide 3 Cooperative Behaviour

Slide 4 Altruism

Slide 5 Breeding

Slide 6 Mating Systems

Slide 7 Parental Care

Slide 8 Communication

Slide 9 Intraspecific Competition

Slide 10 Other grouping aspects

Slide 11 Predator Avoidance

Slide 12 Mimicry

Slide 13 Predation Tools

ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS

GROUPINGS

Advantages:

Improving young rearing Protection from predation Effective migration Shared learning Breeding success Division of labourEnvironmental manipulation Shared Feeding

Disadvantages:

Disease Competition Predators attracted

Many animals live in groups. Examples?

There must be some sort of survival advantage from doing this.

COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOUR

Social behaviour involves a closed group working together.

Clumping is simple; short term, and completely innate - e.g.

Cooperative behaviour is generally innate, but can be modified. It involves members of the same species living together for mutual benefit. There are various types…

ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOUR

Altruistic behaviour is where a member of a group reduces their chance of reproduction in favour of another member of their group.

This is called kin selection.

Whoa...does this make sense evolutionarily?

Many Pukekos will not breed as they do not have dominance in the group.

Even so they will help gather food, rear others young and protect the territory.

Lab Manual pg 205/6, 225

BREEDINGMost animals synchronise their breeding with courtship rituals. This may involve a combination of…

Bringing gifts,

physical stimulation,

synchronised movement,

visual cues and

Voice.Why do this?

• ensures that the individuals are the same species

• suppresses aggressive behaviour

• develops pair bond

• ensures readiness for breeding

Some may do all of these things…

MATING SYSTEMSExternal fertilization

(usually response to environmental cues) e.g. fish

Monogamy

e.g. most birds (and people)

Polygamy

• Polygyny - 1 male has breeding rights with many females

e.g. Lions, Baboons

• Polyandry - 1 female has rights over males

e.g. Bees. This is much less common... Why?  

• Polygynandry

e.g. Pukekos, Bonobos

PARENTAL CAREThis is an energy cost for the parent, and limits the number of offspring but results in improved survival rates.

Lab Manual pg 226-229

The more time you spend looking after your offspring, the fewer you can have.

COMMUNICATIONImportant for maintaining any social system. Could be:

• Aural (whale song),

• visual (peacock),

• chemical (cats), etc...

INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION

Agonistic behaviour within the species - threats and submission to establish dominance (no physical harm - usually).

Aggressive behaviour - harming or killing a competitor (not just predation).

Hierarchy - a complex dominance order. A simple linear one is called a pecking order.

OTHER GROUPING ASPECTSSexual dimorphism - results from selection pressures such as males bigger/stronger to defend territory, or sexual selection.

Lab Manual pg 215/6, 219/20 look at 223-224 or Pukeko vid

Other terms you need to know:

Territory - defended area.

Home range - roaming area used to gather resources, may overlap with other groups.

INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONSAlso remember some of the stuff from 2A...

You already know about:

Predation Parasitism Herbivory

Mutualism Commensalism Competition 

Stuff you maybe haven't seen yet...

Predation avoidance:

Prey species may try to deter predators using:

• A startle display – to look as big as possible

• Poison (and warning colours)

MIMICRY

This is another predator avoidance strategy.

What does a monarch taste like?

Bee HoverflyBatesian mimicry: one poisonous - the other is harmless

Mullerian mimicry:both species share the same warning

A moth

A caterpillar

PREDATION TOOLS

Concealment

Tools

Traps

Lab Manual pg 211/2, 213/4, 217/8

Check out the Pukeko video. Stunning!

Predators use a variety of strategies to get prey.