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Passenger pigeon

Great auk Dodo Dusky seaside sparrow

Aepyornis(Madagascar)

CHAPTER 18: SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY: THE SPECIES APPROACH

HERE ARE SOME ANIMAL SPECIES THAT WERE DRIVEN TO EXTINCTION BY HUMANS BY HABITAT DESTRUCTION AND OVERHUNTING. THE PASSENGER PIGEON IS NOTEWORTHY DUE TO ITS ASSOCIATION WITH GROSS MISCALCULATIONS OF THE MINIMUM VIABLE POPULATION (NUMBER OF SURVIVORS NEEDED TO MAINTAIN THE SPECIES PERMANENTLY) AND HABITAT WHICH LED TO ITS EXTINCTION.

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Figure 18-3 (1)Page 450

Grizzly bear(threatened)

Arabian oryx(Middle East)

White top pitcher plant

Kirtland's warbler

African elephant(Africa)

Mojave desert tortoise (threatened)

Swallowtail butterfly

Humpback chub

Golden lion tamarin (Brazil)

Siberian tiger(Siberia)

THREATENED (VULNERABLE) SPECIES ARE STILL ABUNDANT IN THEIR NATURAL RANGES BUT BECAUSE OF DECLINING NUMBERS

ARE LIKELY TO BECOME ENDANGERED IN THE NEAR FUTURE

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West Virginiaspring salamander

Giant panda(China)

Knowlton cactus

Mountain gorilla(Africa)

Swamp pink

Pine barrens tree frog (male)

Hawksbill sea turtle

El Segundo blue butterfly

Whooping crane

Blue whale

ENDANGERED SPECIES ARE ONES WITH SO FEW INDIVIDUALS THAT THE SPECIES WILL SOON BE EXTINCT. TERMS

ENDANGERED AND THREATENED HAVE LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE.

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Figure 18-3 (3)Page 451

Florida manatee

Northern spotted owl (threatened)

Gray wolf Florida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa)

Devil's hole pupfish

Snow leopard(Central Asia)

Black-footed ferret

Symphonia(Madagascar)

Utah prairie dog(threatened)

Ghost bat(Australia)

California condor

Black lace cactus

Black rhinoceros(Africa)

Oahu tree snail

CONSIDER SOME EXAMPLES: MANATEE IS DYING FROM

THERMAL POLLUTION;

SPOTTED OWL WAS USED IN AN ATTEMPT TO SET

A LEGAL PRECEDENT ON

TERRITORIAL EXTENT IN ORDER TO PRESERVE A HABITAT – OLD

GROWTH;GRAY WOLF HAS GOTTEN SOME

BAD MEDIA LEADING TO MISGUIDED

EXTERMINATION EFFORTS BY GOVT AND RANCHERS;

CONDOR IS EXAMPLE OF CAPTURE &

RECOVER ZOO APPROACH

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Characteristic Examples

Low reproductive rate(K-strategist)

Specialized niche

Narrow distribution

Feeds at high trophic level

Fixed migratory patterns

Rare

Commercially valuable

Large territories

Blue whale, giant panda,rhinoceros

Blue whale, giant panda,Everglades kite

Many island species,elephant seal, desert pupfish

Bengal tiger, bald eagle,grizzly bear

Blue whale, whooping crane,sea turtles

Many island species,African violet, some orchids

Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds

California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther

Figure 18-4Page 452

SOME FEATURES OF SENSITIVE

SPECIES; THESE ARE PROBLEMS WITH WARM AND

FUZZY OR CALENDAR

SPECIES. MOST EXTINCTIONS

ARE HAPPENING WITH LESS

FAMOUS SMALL CRITTERS SUCH

AS INSECTS, FUNGI, ETC.

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Range 100 years ago

Range today(about 2,300 left)

Figure 18-6 (1)Page 456

IT IS NOT A GOOD TIME

FOR TOP PREDATORS

ALMOST ANYWHERE ON

THE GLOBE

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Range in 1700

Range today(about 2,400 left) Figure 18-6 (2)

Page 456

RHINO HABITAT IS SHRINKING

AND THEY ARE HUNTED FOR THEIR HORNS

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Probable range 1600

Range today(300,000 left) Figure 18-6 (3)

Page 456

ELEPHANTS ARE

FOLLOWING THE SAME

PATH AS THEIR MASTADON RELATIVES,

YET THIS TIME WE ARE MORE

CERTAIN OF THE CAUSE OF THEIR DEMISE

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Figure 18-7Page 457

Florida scrub jay

Sprague’s pipit Bichnell’s thrush Blacked-capped vireo Golden-cheekedwarbler

Cerulean warbler

California gnatcatcher Kirtland’s warbler Henslow’s sparrow Bachman’s warbler

SONGBIRDS PLAY IMPORTANT ECOLOGICAL ROLES AND ARE INDICATOR SPECIES OF HABITAT INTEGRITY. DEMISE IS DUE TO

HABITAT LOSS, FRAGMENTATION AND NON-NATIVE BIRDS (STARLING)

10 MOST THREATENED SPECIES

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Figure 18-8 (1)Page 458

Purple looselife European starling African honeybee(“Killer bee”)

Nutria Salt cedar(Tamarisk)

Marine toad Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar(Feral pig)

INTRODUCED SPECIES ARE ONE OF THE MAJOR REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF MANY NATIVE SPECIES

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Figure 18-8 (2)Page 458

Sea lamprey(attached to lake trout)

Argentina fire ant Eurasian muffleBrown tree snake Common pigeon(Rock dove)

Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-hornedbeetle

Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae

MANY OF THESE INTRODUCED SPECIES ARE INSECTS AND FISH; SOME ARE GOOD AND INTRODUCED TO CONTROL

PREVIOUS INTRODUCTIONS; MANY EXOTIC SPECIES COME FROM SHIP BALLASTS

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CAUSES OF EXTINCTION

• POPULATION GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

• INCREASE IN RESOURCE CONSUMPTION

• POVERTY

• HABITAT LOSS, DEGRADATION AND FRAGMENTATION

• INTRODUCTION OF NON-NATIVE SPECIES

• OVERFISHING

• CLIMATE CHANGE

• PREDATOR AND PEST CONTROL

• POLLUTION

• COMMERCIAL HUNTING

• POACHING

• HARVEST AND SALE OF EXOTIC PETS, PLANTS, CORAL REEF INHABITANTS, ETC.

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Figure 18-9Page 459

KUDZU WAS AN INTENTIONAL INTRODUCTION IN THE 1930'S. IT WAS INTRODUCED TO CONTROL EROSION AND FIX NITROGEN.

IT BECAME OVERDOMINANT TO SAY THE LEAST.

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Atlanticwhite-sideddolphin

Harborporpoise

Commondolphin

Killerwhale

Belugawhale

Bottlenosedolphin

False killerwhale

Pilotwhale

Cuvier'sbeakedwhale

Pygmyspermwhale

Spermwhale

Narwhal

Squid

Baird'sbeakedwhale

Odontocetes (Toothed Whales)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30m

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100ft

Figure 18-12 (1)Page 462

CASE STUDY OF CETACEANS: TOOTHED VS.

BALEEN (HORNY PLATES USED AS

FILTERS FOR ACQUIRING

KRILL); EASY PREY DUE TO

SIZE AND NEED TO SURFACE;

FOLLOW TRAGEDY OF

THE COMMONS; 8 OF 11 MAJOR

SPP. ENDANGERED; IWC SET UP TO

REGULATE WHALE HARVEST IN 1946; 1970 U.S.

STOPPED ALL WHALING AND

BANNED IMPORTS; 1986 MORATORIUM

IMPOSED ON ALL WHALING BY IWC

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Humpback whale

Bowhead whale

Right whaleMinke whale

Blue whale

Feeding on krill

Fin whale

Sei whale

Gray whaleMysticetes (Baleen Whales)

Figure 18-12 (2)Page 463

JAPAN, NORWAY, ICELAND AND

RUSSIA OPPOSE BAN; ADDED

TROPICAL COUNTRIES INTO

IWC TO GAIN SUPPORT TO

RESUME HUNTING; REQUEST

RESUMING HUNTING OF MINK, PILOT,

SPERM, BYRDE'S, AND GRAY WHALES

(SPECIES WHOSE POPULATIONS

HAVE RECOVERED

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Loggerhead119 centimeters

Olive ridley76 centimeters

Leatherback188 centimeters

Hawksbill89 centimeters

Green turtle124 centimeters

Kemp's ridley 76 centimeters

Black turtle99 centimeters

Australian flatback

99 centimeters

Figure 18-16Page 470

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North American-SouthAmerican flyways

European-Africanflyways

Asian flyways

Figure 18-17Page 474

WHALES, TURTLES AND MANY BIRDS HAVE HEMISPHERIC MIGRATORY ROUTES THAT MAKE IT EASY TO DISRUPT THEIR LIFE HISTORY

CYCLES CAUSING POTENTIAL EXTINCTION. MIGRATIONS ALSO MAKE THEM EASY TO HUNT.

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Concentration of rare species

Low Moderate High

Top Six Hot Spots

1 Hawaii2 San Francisco Bay area3 Southern Appalachians4 Death Valley5 Southern California6 Florida Panhandle

4

5

2

6

3

1Figure 18-13

Page 467

BIODIVERSITY HOT SPOTS IN THE U.S.