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Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories

Lecture 12 Applications of Confocal Microscopy

BMS 524 - “Introduction to Confocal Microscopy and Image Analysis”

1 Credit course offered by Purdue University Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine

UPDATED March 2000

J.Paul Robinson, Ph.D. Professor of Immunopharmacology

Director, Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories

These slides are intended for use in a lecture series. Copies of the graphics are distributed and students encouraged to take their notes on these graphics. The intent is to have the student NOT try to reproduce

the figures, but to LISTEN and UNDERSTAND the material. All material copyright J.Paul Robinson unless otherwise stated, however, the material may be freely used for lectures, tutorials and workshops.

It may not be used for any commercial purpose.

The text for this course is Pawley “Introduction to Confocal Microscopy”, Plenum Press, 2nd Ed. A number of the ideas and figures in these lecture notes are taken from this text.



Creating Stereo pairs

z

xy

Pixel shifting -ive pixel shift for left+ive pixel shift for right



3D images



Software available• SGI - VoxelView

• MAC - NIH Image

• PC– Optimus– Microvoxel– Lasersharp – Confocal Assistant



Methods for visualization• Hidden object removal

– Easiest methods is to reconstruct from back to front

• Local Projections– Reference height above threshold

– Local maximum intensity

– Height at maximum intensity + Local Kalman Av.

– Height at first intensity + Offset Local Ht. Intensity

• Artificial lighting

• Artificial lighting reflection



Visualization Issues

Volume rendering is a computer graphics technique whereby the object or phenomenon of interest is sampled or subdivided into many cubic building blocks, called voxels (or volume elements.) A voxel is the 3-D counterpart of the 2-D pixel and is a measure of unit volume. Each voxel carries one or more values for some measured or calculated property of the volume (such as intensity values in the case of LSCM data) and is typically represented by a unit cube. The 3-D voxel sets are assembled from multiple 2-D images (such as the LSCM image stack), and are displayed by projecting these images into 2-D pixel space where they are stored in a frame buffer. Volumes rendered in this manner have been likened to a translucent suspension of particles in 3-D space.

In surface rendering, the volumetric data must first be converted into geometric primitives, by a process such as isosurfacing, isocontouring, surface extraction or border following. These primitives (such as polygon meshes or contours) are then rendered for display using conventional geometric rendering techniques.

http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/ladic/volviz.html



Additional Material

• Applications

• Live Cell studies

• Time Lapse videos

• exotic applications



• Cellular Function– Esterase Activity– Oxidation Reactions– Intracellular pH– Intracellular Calcium– Phagocytosis & Internalization– Apoptosis– Membrane Potential– Cell-cell Communication (Gap Junctions)

Applications



Applications

• Conjugated Antibodies

• DNA/RNA

• Organelle Structure

• Cytochemical Identification

• Probe Ratioing



Flow Cytometry of Apoptotic Cells

G0-G1

SG2-M

Fluorescence Intensity

# of

Eve

nts

PI - Fluorescence

# E

vent

s Normal G0/G1 cells

Apoptotic cells



Flow Cytometry of Bacteria: YoYo-1 stained mixture of 70% ethanol fixed E.coli cells and B.subtilis (BG) spores.

mixture

BG E.coli

BG

E.coli

Sca

tter

Sca

tter

Fluorescence

Simultaneous In Situ Visualization of Seven Distinct Bacterial GenotypesConfocal laser scanning image of an activated sludge sample after in situ hybridization with 3 labeled probes. Seven distinct, viable populations can be visualized without cultivation.Amann et al.1996. J. of Bacteriology 178:3496-3500.



GN-4 Cell LineCanine Prostate Cancer

Conjugated Linoleic Acid 200 µM 24 hours

10 µM

Hoechst 33342 / PI Hoechst 33342 / PI



Differential Interference Contrast(DIC) (Nomarski)

Visible lightdetector

Specimen

Objective

1st Wollaston Prism

Polarizer

DIC Condenser

2nd Wollaston Prism

AnalyserLight path



Flow-karyotyping of DNA integral fluorescence (FPA) of DAPI-stained pea chromosomes. Inside pictures show sorted chromosomes from regions R1 (I+II) and R2 (VI+III and I), DAPI-stained; from regions R3 (III+IV) and R4 (V+VII) after PRINS labeling for rDNA (chromosomes IV and VII with secondary constriction are labeled)

A-B): metaphases of Feulgen-stained pea (Pisum sativum L.) root tip chromosomes (green ex), Standard and reconstructed karyotype L-84, respectively. C) and D): flow-karyotyping histograms of DAPI-stained chromosome suspensions for the Standard and L-84, respectively. Capital letters indicates chromosome specific peaks, as assigned after sorting



Confocal Microscope Facility at the School of Biological Sciences which located within the

University of Manchester.

These image shows twenty optical sections projected onto one plane after collection. The images are of the human retina stained with VonWillebrands factor (A) and Collagen IV (B). Capturing was carried out using a x16 lens under oil immersion. This study was part of aninvestigation into the diabetic retina funded by The Guide Dogs for the Blind.



Examples from Bio-Rad web site

Paramecium labeled with an anti-tubulin-antibody showing thousands of cilia and internal microtubular structures. Image Courtesy of Ann Fleury, Michel Laurent & Andre Adoutte, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université, Paris-Sud, Cedex France.

Whole mount of Zebra Fish larva stained with Acridine Orange, Evans Blue and Eosin. Image Courtesy of Dr. W.B. Amos, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Cambridge U.K.



Examples from Bio-Rad Web site

Projection of 25 optical sections of a triple-labeled rat lslet of Langerhans, acquired with a krypton/argon laser. Image courtesy of T. Clark Brelje, Martin W. Wessendorf and Robert L. Sorenseon, Dept. of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota Medical School.

This image shows a maximum brightness projection of Golgi stained neurons.



Confocal Microscope Facility at the School of Biological Sciences which located within the

University of Manchester.

The above images show a hair folicle (C) and a sebacious gland (D) located on the human scalp. The samples were stained with eosin andcaptured using the slow scan setting of the confocal. Eosin acts as an embossing stain and so the slow scan function is used to collect as muchstructural information as possible. ReferencesForeman D, Bagley S, Moore J, Ireland G, Mcleod D, Boulton M3D analysis of retinal vasculature using immunofluorescent staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy, Br.J.Opthalmol.80:246-52



SINTEF Unimed NIS Norway

The above image shows a x-z section through a metallic lacquer. From this image we see the metallic particles lying about 30 microns below the lacquer surface.

The above image shows a x-y section in the same metallic lacquer as the image on the left.

http://www.oslo.sintef.no/ecy/7210/confocal/micro_gallery.html



http://www.vaytek.com/

Material from Vaytek Web site

The image on the left shows an axial (top) and a lateral view of a single hamster ovary cell. The image was reconstructed from optical sections of actin-stained specimen (confocal fluorescence), using VayTek's VoxBlast software.

Image courtesy of Doctors Ian S. Harper, Yuping Yuan, and Shaun Jackson of Monash University, Australia. (see Journal of Biological Chemistry 274:36241-36251, 1999)



http://www.vaytek.com/vox.htm

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