slide 1 of 27 chemistry 1.1 chapter 1: introduction to chemistry

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Chemistry 1.1

Chapter 1:

Introduction

To

Chemistry

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Chemistry >

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What Is Chemistry?

What Is Chemistry?

Why is the scope of chemistry so vast?

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>Chemistry What Is Chemistry?

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.

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Chemistry > What Is Chemistry?

Because living and nonliving things are made of matter, chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events.

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Chemistry >

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Areas of Study

Areas of Study

What are five traditional areas of study in chemistry?

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Chemistry > Areas of Study

Five traditional areas of study are

•organic chemistry

•inorganic chemistry

•biochemistry

•analytical chemistry

•physical chemistry

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Chemistry >

Organic chemistry is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon.

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Chemistry >

Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon.

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Chemistry >

The study of processes that take place in organisms is biochemistry.

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Chemistry >

Analytical chemistry is the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter.

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Chemistry >

Physical chemistry is the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change.

Areas of Study1.1


Chemistry >

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Pure and Applied Chemistry

Pure and Applied Chemistry

How are pure and applied chemistry related?

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Chemistry > Pure and Applied Chemistry

Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake.

Applied chemistry is research that is directed toward a practical goal or application.

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Pure research can lead directly to an application, but an application can exist before research is done to explain how it works.

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Nylon

In the early 1930’s, Wallace Carothers produced nylon while researching cotton and silk.

A team of scientists and engineers applied Carothers’s research to the commercial production of nylon.

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Aspirin

Long before researchers figured out how aspirin works, people used it to relieve pain, and doctors prescribed it for patients who were at risk for a heart attack.

In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin can block the production of a group of chemicals that cause pain and lead to the formation of blood clots. This is an example of pure research.

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Technology

Technology is the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired.

• Technology allows humans to do some things more quickly or with less effort.

• There are debates about the risks and benefits of technology.

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Chemistry >

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Why Study Chemistry?

Why Study Chemistry?

What are three general reasons to study chemistry?

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Chemistry > Why Study Chemistry?

Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens.

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>Chemistry Why Study Chemistry?

Explaining the Natural World

Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work.

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Preparing For a Career

Many careers require knowledge of chemistry. A photographer uses chemical processes to control the development of photographs in a darkroom.

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Being an Informed Citizen

Knowledge of chemistry and other sciences can help you evaluate the data presented, arrive at an informed opinion, and take appropriate action.

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1. Which of these traditional areas of study mostly involve compounds containing carbon?

(1) organic chemistry

(2) inorganic chemistry

(3) biochemistry

a. (1) and (2)

b. (1) and (3)

c. (2) and (3)

d. (1), (2), and (3)

1.1 Section Quiz


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2. Which phrase best describes applied chemistry?

a. the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake

b. research that answers a general question

c. addresses fundamental aspects of a question

d. research directed toward a practical goal

1.1 Section Quiz


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3. Informed citizens are most likely to

a. provide funds for scientific research.

b. determine which areas of research are valid.

c. decide who is qualified to do research.

d. influence the development of technology.

1.1 Section Quiz

Homework:Homework:

read Section 1.1 andread Section 1.1 and

Pages 5-8 in your lab ManualPages 5-8 in your lab Manual

(see lab safety powerpoint)(see lab safety powerpoint)

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Chemistry 1.1

Chapter 1:

Section 2

Chemistry Far and

Wide

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>Chemistry Materials

Materials

What impact do chemists have on materials, energy, medicine, agriculture, the environment, and the study of the universe?

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Chemists design materials to fit specific needs.

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In 1948, George de Mestral took a close look at the burrs that stuck to his clothing. He saw that each burr was covered with many tiny hooks.

In 1955, de Mestral patented the design for the hook-and-loop tapes. These are used as fasteners in shoes and gloves.

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This story illustrates two ways of looking at the world—the macroscopic view and the microscopic view.

• Burrs belong to the macroscopic world, the world of objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye.

• The hooks belong to the microscopic world, or the world of objects that can be seen only under magnification.

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>Chemistry Energy

Energy

Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy.

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>Chemistry Energy

Conservation

One of the easiest ways to conserve energy is through insulation. Insulation acts as a barrier to heat flow from the inside to the outside of a house or from the outside to the inside of a freezer.

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>Chemistry Energy

SEAgel is a modern insulation that is light enough to float on soap bubbles.

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>Chemistry Energy

Production

The burning of coal, petroleum, and natural gas is a major source of energy. These materials are called fossil fuels. Oil from the soybeans is used to make biodiesel.

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>Chemistry Energy

Storage

Batteries are devices that use chemicals to store energy that will be released as electric current.

For some applications, it important to have batteries that can be recharged rather than thrown away. Digital cameras, wireless phones, and laptop computers use rechargeable batteries.

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>Chemistry Medicine and Biotechnology

Medicine and Biotechnology

Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients.

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Medicines

There are over 2000 prescription drugs. Many drugs are effective because they interact in a specific way with chemicals in cells. Knowledge of the structure and function of these target chemicals helps a chemist design safe and effective drugs.

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Materials

Chemistry can supply materials to repair or replace body parts. Artificial hips and knees made from metals and plastics can replace worn-out joints and allow people to walk again without pain.

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Biotechnology

From 1990 to 2003, scientists worldwide worked on the Human Genome Project. They identified the genes that comprise human DNA—about 30,000. The discovery of the structure of DNA led to the development of biotechnology.

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Biotechnology applies science to the production of biological products or processes.

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>Chemistry Agriculture

Agriculture

Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops.

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Productivity

One way to track productivity is to measure the amount of edible food that is grown on a given unit of land.

Chemists test soil to see if it contains the right chemicals to grow a particular crop and recommend ways to improve the soil.

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Chemists also help determine when a crop needs water.

If the genes from a jellyfish that glows are transferred to a potato plant, the plant glows when it needs to be watered.

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Crop Protection

Chemists sometimes use chemicals produced by insects to fight insect pests. The plastic tube wrapped around the stem of the tomato plant contains a chemical that a female pinworm moth emits to attract male moths. It interferes with the mating process so that fewer pinworms are produced.

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>Chemistry The Environment

The Environment

A pollutant is a material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms.

•Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution.

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Identify Pollutants

Until the mid-1900s, lead was used in many products, including paints and gasoline.

A study done in 1971 showed that the level of lead that is harmful to humans is much lower than had been thought, especially for children. Even low levels of lead in the blood can permanently damage the nervous system of a growing child.

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Prevent Pollution

The strategies used to prevent lead poisoning include testing children’s blood for lead, regulation of home sales to families with young children, and public awareness campaigns with posters.

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The percentage of children with elevated blood levels has decreased since the 1970s.

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>Chemistry The Universe

The Universe

To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth.

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>Chemistry The Universe

Chemists have analyzed more than 850 pounds of moon rocks that were brought back to Earth. Some of these rocks are similar to rocks formed by volcanoes on Earth, suggesting that vast oceans of molten lava once covered the moon's surface.

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1.2 Section Quiz.

1. Choose the correct words for the spaces. To meet the demand for energy, chemists find ways to __________ energy and __________ energy.

a. conserve, produce

b. conserve, use

c. produce, use

d. convert, store


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1.2 Section Quiz.

2. Which of the following is an example of biotechnology?

a. using soybeans to produce biodiesel

b. replacing diseased arteries with plastic tubes

c. testing the lead content of blood

d. transferring a jellyfish gene into a potato plant


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1.2 Section Quiz.

3. To understand how a burr could stick to clothing, George de Mestral had to take which view of a burr?

a. chemical

b. material

c. macroscopic

d. microscopic

Homework:Homework:

Read Section 1.2 andRead Section 1.2 and

pages 9-11 in your lab manualpages 9-11 in your lab manual

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Chemistry 1.1

Chapter 1:

Section 3

Thinking Like a

Scientist

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>Chemistry Thinking Like a Scientist

In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria he was studying did not grow in the presence of a yellow-green mold. In 1945, Fleming shared a Nobel Prize for Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who led the team that isolated penicillin.

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>Chemistry Alchemy

Alchemy

How did alchemy lay the groundwork for chemistry?

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>Chemistry Alchemy

Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals.

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>Chemistry Alchemy

Alchemists developed processes for separating mixtures and purifying chemicals. They designed equipment that is still in use today including beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels, and the mortar and pestle.

Mortar and Pestle

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>Chemistry An Experimental Approach to Science

An Experimental Approach to Science

How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?

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Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today.

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Lavoisier designed a balance that could measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 gram. He also showed that oxygen is required for a material to burn.

Reconstruction of Lavoisier’s Laboratory

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>Chemistry The Scientific Method

The Scientific Method

What are the steps in the scientific method?

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The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem.

•Steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories.

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Making Observations

When you use your senses to obtain information, you make an observation.

Suppose you try to turn on a flashlight and it does not light. An observation can lead to a question: What’s wrong with the flashlight?

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Testing Hypotheses

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation.

You guess that the flashlight needs new batteries. You can test your hypothesis by putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that your hypothesis is true.

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An experiment is a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis. When you design experiments, you deal with variables, or factors that can change.

• The variable that you change during an experiment is the manipulated variable, or independent variable.

• The variable that is observed during the experiment is the responding variable, or dependent variable.

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Developing Theories

Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation, it may become a theory.

• A theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations.

• A theory may need to be changed at some point in the future to explain new observations or experimental results.

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Scientific Laws

A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments.

A scientific law doesn’t try to explain the relationship it describes. That explanation requires a theory.

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>Chemistry

Steps in the Scientific Method

The Scientific Method1.3

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>Chemistry Collaboration and Communication

Collaboration and Communication

What role do collaboration and communication play in science?

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No matter how talented the players on a team, one player cannot ensure victory for the team. Individuals must collaborate, or work together, for the good of the team.

•When scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.

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Collaboration

Scientists choose to collaborate for different reasons.

• Some research problems are so complex that no one person could have all of the knowledge, skills, and resources to solve the problem.

• Scientists might conduct research for an industry in exchange for equipment and the time to do the research.

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Collaboration isn’t always a smooth process. You will likely work on a team in the laboratory. If so, you may face some challenges. But you can also experience the benefits of collaboration.

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Communication

Scientists communicate face to face, by e-mail, by phone, and at international conferences.

Scientists publish their results in scientific journals. Articles are published only after being reviewed by experts in the author’s field.

1.3


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1.3 Section Quiz.

1. Lavoisier is credited with transforming chemistry from a science of observation to a science of

a. speculation.

b. measurement.

c. hypotheses.

d. theories.


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1.3 Section Quiz.

2. A hypothesis is

a. information obtained from an experiment.

b. a proposed explanation for observations.

c. a concise statement that summarizes the results of many of experiments.

d. a thoroughly tested explaination for a broad set of observations.


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1.3 Section Quiz.

3. Why are articles in scientific journals the most reliable source of information about new scientific discoveries?

a. The articles are reviewed by experts in the author's field.

b. Any article that is submitted is published.

c. Everyone has access to the information.

d. The articles are short and easy to read.

Homework:Homework:

read Section 1.3read Section 1.3

and pages 13-16 in your lab manualand pages 13-16 in your lab manual

Do Pre-lab questions forDo Pre-lab questions for

Lab techniques Part ALab techniques Part A

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Chemistry 1.1

Chapter 1:

Section 4

Problem Solving in Chemistry

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>Chemistry Skills Used in Solving Problems

Skills Used in Solving Problems

What is a general approach to solving a problem?

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>Chemistry Solving Numeric Problems

Solving Numeric Problems

What are the three steps for solving numeric problems?

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•The steps for solving a numeric word problem are analyze, calculate, and evaluate.

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Analyze

To solve a word problem, you must first determine where you are starting from (identify what is known) and where you are going (identify the unknown).

After you identify the known and the unknown, you need to make a plan for getting from the known to the unknown.

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Calculate

If you make an effective plan, doing the calculations is usually the easiest part of the process.

Evaluate

Check that your answer is reasonable and makes sense. Check that it has the correct unit and the correct number of significant figures.

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>Chemistry 1.1

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>Chemistry 1.1

Figure 1.25 Map of Indianapolis

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>Chemistry


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>Chemistry


Problem Solving 1.27 Solve Problem 27 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

for Sample Problem 1.1

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>Chemistry Solving Conceptual Problems

Solving Conceptual Problems

What are the two steps for solving conceptual problems?

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>Chemistry Solving Conceptual Problems

•The steps for solving a conceptual problem are analyze and solve.

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>Chemistry

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>Chemistry

Solving Conceptual Problems


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1.4 Section Quiz

1. Effective problem solving always involves developing a plan and then

a. evaluating the plan.

b. doing calculations.

c. making an estimate.

d. implementing the plan.


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1.4 Section Quiz

2. During the analyze step for solving a numeric word problem, you

a. make an estimate of the answer using correct units.

b. rearrange an equation to solve for an unknown.

c. identify what is known and unknown and make a plan.

d. convert a measurement from one unit to another.


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1.4 Section Quiz

3. The steps for solving a conceptual problem are

a. solve and evaluate.

b. analyze, solve, and evaluate.

c. analyze and solve.

d. analyze, calculate, and evaluate.

Homework: Homework:

Read 1.4, do 1.4 reviewRead 1.4, do 1.4 review

Do pre-lab part B Do pre-lab part B

slide 1 of 27 chemistry 1.1 chapter 1: introduction to chemistry

Documents

scope of chemistry

applied chemistry nylon

applied chemistry aspirin

study of chemicals

traditional areas of

area of study

study of processes

composition of matter