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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Models of the Atom > The Development of Atomic Models

Rutherford’s atomic model could not

explain the ___________ ___________ of

elements.

Rutherford’s atomic model could not explain

why objects ______________

___________ when _____________.

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The timeline shoes the development of atomic models from 1803 to 1911.

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The timeline shows the development of atomic models from 1913 to 1932.

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Models of the Atom > The Bohr Model

Bohr proposed that an _____________ is

found __________ in ____________

______________ _____________, or

_____________, around the nucleus.

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Each possible electron orbit in Bohr’s model has a

fixed energy.

• The fixed energies an electron can have are called

___________ ____________.

• A __________ of energy is the amount of energy

required to _______ an __________ from

_________ ________ ____________ to

__________ __________ ___________.

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Like the rungs of the strange ladder, the energy levels in an atom are not equally spaced.

The higher the energy level occupied by an electron, the less energy it takes to move from that energy level to the next higher energy level.

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Models of the Atom > The Quantum Mechanical Model

The quantum mechanical model

determines the _________ ___________

an electron can have and how likely it is

to find the electron in various

_______________ around the nucleus.

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The modern description of the electrons in atoms, the quantum mechanical model, comes from the mathematical solutions to the Schrödinger equation.

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The propeller blade has the same probability of being anywhere in the blurry region, but you cannot tell its location at any instant. The electron cloud of an atom can be compared to a spinning airplane propeller.

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In the quantum mechanical model, the probability of finding an electron within a certain volume of space surrounding the nucleus can be represented as a fuzzy cloud. The cloud is more dense where the probability of finding the electron is high.

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Models of the Atom > Atomic Orbitals

An _______ ____________ is often thought of as a

________ of ___________ in which there is a

________ _________of __________ an

_________________.

Each energy _______________ corresponds

to an orbital of a different _________, which

describes where the electron is likely to be

found.

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Different atomic orbitals are denoted by letters. The s orbitals are spherical, and p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped.

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Four of the five d orbitals have the same shape but different orientations in space.

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quantum mechanical model

bohr model bohr

bohrs model

electron cloud

fixed energy

energy levels

higher energy level

possible electron orbit