slide 1 of 26 classification of living organisms
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Classification of Living Organisms
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Classification: To group according to like traits
Biodiversity: All the different types of organisms living in one area
Why is this needed?
5 million organisms have already been classified BUT…7 to 8 million still need discovered
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This furry lobster is so distinct a new family and genus had to be created.
Found 2300 meters deep in the South Pacific ocean!!!
There is still a lot to classify……..
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Aristotle: Greek philosopher (384 - 322 B.C.)
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Aristotle created the 1st system of classification
Aristotle divided all living organisms into two main groups based on physical traits:
Plants (structure) Animals (habitat)
Large Woody
Small woody
LandAir
Wat
er
Soft Stemmed
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Good start but……….
What about:
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Carl Linnaeus’ system of classification (1700s): still used today!!!
Binomial Nomenclature
Bi = 2 Nomial = nameNomenclature = naming system
In other words…a two-name (2-word) naming system
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We call this two-word name a scientific name
Example: What is the scientific name of a human?
Homo sapien
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What does a Puma, Cougar and Mountain Lion have in common?
Puma…………….
Cougar………….
Mountain Lion…..
They are all the SAME organisms
just with DIFFERENT
common names!!!
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Puma, cougar, mountain lion, catamount, panther, mountain screamer, painter…
Common names are different names for the same organism based on where they live.
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Since they are all the same organisms they all have the same scientific name…………Felis concolor or Felis concolor
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Scientific names are universally used or used around the world
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8 Division of Classification: **Largest, Broadest to Smallest, most Specific**
DomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Did King Phillip Come Over For Grape Soda?
Do Kind People Cheer Only For Greensburg Salem?
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3 Domains:
1. Archaebacteria: “Ancient Bacteria”-First living cells, live in extreme conditions-Known as EXTREMOPHILES-live in swamps, guts of animals, salty oceans,
volcanic vents and hot springs
2. Eubacteria: “True Bacteria”-Affects your everyday life causingtooth decay, spoils our food, causes illness-Evolved from Archaebacteria
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3. Eukarya: “True Nucleus”-Contains all organisms whose cells contain a nucleus (“brain” of cell, contains DNA)
Eukarya Domain is divided into 4 Kingdoms:
Protista:
Fungi:
Plantae:
Animalia:
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Kingdom Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Autotroph/Heterotroph
Unicellular/Multicellular
Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic
Nonmobile/Mobile
Other (repro., habitat)
Examples
Additional Notes
AutotrophicMakes own foodPhotosynthesis
HeterotrophicObtains food from other
sources
UnicellularMade up of only one cell
MulticellularMade up of many cells
Prok aryoticCells without a nucleus
EukaryoticCells with a nucleus
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Linnaeus' System of Classification
Red fox
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Sea star
Coral snake
Abert squirrel Eukarya
Domain
Levels of each Domain= taxon
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Linnaeus' System of Classification
The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus' taxonomic categories.
Black bear
Giant panda
Grizzly bear
Red fox
Sea star
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
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A Kingdom is made up of several different Phylum.
PHYLUM Chordata
Black bear
Giant panda
Grizzly bear
Red fox
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Subphylums: Invertebrates (lack backbone) Vertebrates (has a backbone)
Linnaeus' System of Classification
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A Phylum is made up of several different Classes.
Abert squirrel
Class Mammalia
Black bear
Giant panda
Grizzly bear
Red fox
Linnaeus' System of Classification
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A Class is made up of several different Orders. Red
fox
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Linnaeus' System of Classification
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An Order is made up of several different Families.
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Linnaeus' System of Classification
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Each Family is divided into different Genus and Species.
Grizzly bear
Black bear
Linnaeus' System of Classification
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Species: Most specific division of classification
-Organisms of the same species can successfully reproduce viable
offspring.
Linnaeus' System of Classification
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Species can be further divided into subspecies:
Breeds:
Races:
Varieties:
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Scientific Names: -2-word name
-based on the two most specific divisions of classification:
GENUS AND SPECIES
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Rules for writing Scientific Names:
1. First word is the Genus and it is always capitalized.
2. Second word is the species and it is always lower case.
3. The entire name is underlined or italicized.
Ursus arctos or Ursus arctos
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Hybrids:
Organisms of the same genus but different species reproduce and produce offspring that are “usually” sterile
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LIGERA liger is the offspring of a lion and a tigress. It is bigger than either parent, 10 - 12 ft in length - making it the biggest hybrid cat and, for many people, the most fascinating.
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A tigon is the offspring of a tiger and a lioness.
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s
Beefalo is a species cross between Bison (buffalo) and domestic cattle of any breed. The purpose of the species cross was to blend the outstanding qualities of the Bison with outstanding qualities of the bovine breeds of the world.
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A Zebroid is a cross between a zebra and any other equid: essentially, a zebra hybrid. They are also known as zebra mules. In general, the sire is a zebra stallion..
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Zebroid: Shetland Pony and a Zebra
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Eubacteria
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STOP HERE MRS. RED!!!!
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Aristotle based his system on: structure for plants and habitat for animals.
Linnaeus based his system on: just structures (morphology-study of form & structure)
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Modern scientists (taxonomists) who study taxonomy (science of naming, describing, & classifying organisms) use the following:
1. Homologous Structures-similar structures with different functions
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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2. Evidence from Genetics/Biochemistry
Common or similar DNA codes or proteins
Analysis of the DNA sequence determined that the monkey's DNA code is about 93 percent similar to the human DNA code!!!
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3. Similarities in embryonic development.
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Evolution- How we came into existence How we related to those in the past Driving force of evolution = natural selection
4. Phylogeny-evolutionary history of an organism
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BIG Ideas in Evolution:A. DNA holds the code of life to make
Proteins which give us traitsMutations which alter DNA then alter these
ProteinsMost mutations are evolutionary neutral
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B. Natural Selection
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C. SpeciationOccurs when 1 population is isolated from
another population (usually geological)
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D. Selective breeding and biotechnology contribute to the deliberate changing of the genetic makeup of a population
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5. Fossil Records- shows development of organisms throughout time
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Two approaches to Phylogenetic Classification:
1. Systematics-organizes the diversity of living things based on context of evolution
Based on:Fossils, homologous structures, embryology, genetics, biochemistry
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Creates a Phylogenetic/genic Tree
-Each successive group (taxon) should be represented by finer and finer branches all stemming from a common ancestor
-Creates a “tree of life”
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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2. Creating a cladogramUses certain features of an organism called shared derived characteristics
-features that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration
Example: Feathers…..birds are the only animals that have feathers therefore it separates it from all other vertebrates.
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