slide 1 leveraging examples in e-learning chapter 11

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Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

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Page 1: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Slide 1

Leveraging ExamplesIn e-Learning

Chapter 11

Page 2: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Chapter 11 objectives

www.Clarktraining.com

Identify types of worked examples Design a faded worked example Add self-explanation questions Apply multimedia principles to design of worked

examples Design worked examples for far transfer learning

Page 3: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Agenda:

Introduction

What Are Worked Examples?

Fading Principle

Self-Explanations Principle

Multimedia Principle

Transfer Principle

Page 4: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

What is a worked example?

A step-by-step demonstration of how to perform a task or

solve a problem.

Page 5: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Problem: From a ballot box containing 3 red balls and 2 white balls, two balls are randomly drawn. The chosen balls are not put back into the ballot box. What is the probability that the red ball is drawn first and a white ball is second?

Total number of balls: 5Number of red balls: 3Probability of red ball first 3/5 = .6

Total number of ballsafter first draw: 4(2 red and 2 white balls)

Probability of a white ball second: 2/4 = .5

Probability that a red ball is drawnfirst and a white ball is second: 3/5 x ½ = 3/10 = .3Answer:The probability that a red ball is drawn first and white ball is second is 3/10 or .3.

FirstSolutionStep

SecondSolutionStep

ThirdSolutionStep

Next

Page 6: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Dr. Chi: I have a lot of overweight patients in my practice, can you just highlight the contra-indications?Alicia: The key ones are pregnant or nursing mothers, any liver disease, and patients with a history of depression although your Lestratin drug sheet lists others. Are many of your overweight and obese patients already taking weight-reducing drugs?

Audio

A modeling worked example: Interpersonal

Page 7: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

To estimate a solution, I work from the inside of the equation out. First I estimate the square root of 423 which will be a bit over 20. Then I multiply 20 by 2 to equal 40. Third I divide by …….

A modeling worked example: Cognitive

Page 8: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Slide 8

Borrowing knowledge

WORKEDEXAMPLES

Page 9: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Evidence for worked examples

Outcomes WE/Practice Pairs

All Practice

Training Time (sec)

32.0 185.5

Training Errors 0 2.73Test Time 43.6 78.1Test Errors .18 .36

- Sweller & Cooper, 1985

Page 10: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Agenda:

Introduction

What Are Worked Examples?

Fading Principle

Self-Explanations Principle

Multimedia Principle

Transfer Principle

Page 11: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Worked examples & expertise reversalLe

arni

ng O

utco

me

EXPERT

NOVICE

WORKED EXAMPLES NO WORKED EXAMPLES

Page 12: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

WorkedExample

CompletionExample 1

CompletionExample 2

Assigned Problem

Step 1Step 2Step 3

Step 1Step 2Step 3

= Worked in Lesson

= Worked by the Learner

Step 1Step 2Step 3

Step 1Step 2Step 3

Fading of worked examples

Page 13: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Problem: The bulb of Mrs. Dark’s dining room table is defective. Mrs. Darkhad 6 spare bulbs on hand. However, 3 of them are also defective. What is the probability that Mrs. Dark first replaces the original defective bulb with another defective bulb before then replacing it with a functioning one?

Total number of spare bulbs: 6Number of defective spare bulbs: 3Probability of a defective bulb first 3/6=1/2 = .5

Total number of spare bulbsAfter a first replacement trial: 5(2 defective and 3 functioning spares)

Probability of a functioning bulb second: 3/5 = .6

Probability of first replacing the original Please enterdefective dining room bulb with a defective ? The numericalbulb first and then replacing it with a answer below:functioning one:

FirstSolutionStep

SecondSolutionStep

ThirdSolutionStep

Next

Page 14: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Agenda:

Introduction

What Are Worked Examples?

Fading Principle

Self-Explanations Principle

Multimedia Principle

Transfer Principle

Page 15: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Problem: From a ballot box containing 3 red balls and 2 white balls, two balls are randomly drawn. The chosen balls are not put back into the ballot box. What is the probability that a red ball is drawn first and a white ball is second?

Total number of balls: 5Number of red balls: 3Probability of a defective bulb first 3/5= .6

FirstSolutionStep

Next

Please enter the letter of the rule/principleused in this step:

Probability Rules/Principles:

a) Probability of an eventb) Principle of complementarityc) Multiplication Principled) Addition Principle

Self-explanation question

Page 16: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Self-explanation question: modeled example

Page 17: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

20

40

60

80

100

SD

From Experiment 2, Near Transfer learning, Atkinson et al (2003)

No QuestionsPro

port

ion

Cor

rect

With Questions

Better learning with SE questions addedWorked examples with self-explanation questions result in better learning than worked examples without questions

Page 18: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Active observation

Observation learning refers to watching a human tutor explain problems to a student.

Page 19: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Agenda:

Introduction

What Are Worked Examples?

Fading Principle

Self-Explanations Principle

Multimedia Principle

Transfer Principle

Page 20: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Topic: How to make information meaningful to students

Learners: Student teachers average age 27 years

Time: 50 minutes

- Moreno, Ortegano-Layne, 2008

Examples in text, video and animation

Page 21: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Which led to better learning?

Example in Video

Example in animation

Example in Text

Page 22: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

2

4

5

6

Test

Sco

re0-

10

3

1

7

SDS

D

SD = significantdifference

No Example Text Video Animation EXAMPLE FORMAT

Based on data from Moreno & Ortegano-Layne, 2008

8

Interpret the results

Page 23: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

1. Select a time of day

1. Select a timeof day

2. Locate the two dots directly above the time

3. Subtract the lowertemperature from the higher temperature

To Find Temperature Differences On Different Days

Adapted from Leahy, Chandler, and Sweller, 2003

Modality-contiguity in worked examples

Page 24: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Be sure to use content familiar to your learners in worked examples.

Use a familiar context or pretraining

If your goal is to teach a skill such as how to write a learningobjective, use content that is generally familiar as context foryour example.

Given bathroom tools, the learner will brush theirteeth to result in fewer than 3 spots with the reddye test.

Page 25: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Slide 25

Perform goals: Near Vs Far transfer

Near Far

To build procedural skillsRoutine tasks

To build strategic skillsProblem-solving tasks

Page 26: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Slide 26

The fortress and tumor problems

Page 27: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Slide 27

SolutionsFortress story Hint % who

solved tumor prob.

Not Given None 10%

Given None 30%

Given Given 75%

Page 28: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Varied context worked examples

Page 29: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

SD

From Experiment 3, Quilici and Mayer (1996)

SD = significantdifference

Test

Sco

res

Different Context

Same Context

Varied context worked examples

Page 30: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Gentner, Lowewenstein and Thompson, 2003

Comparison Examples Lesson

Separate Examples Lesson

ShippingExample Travel

Example

Shipping Example

+Travel

Example

Active Comparison of Examples Lesson

ShippingExample

Shipping Example

+Travel

Examplewith questions

Display of worked example

Page 31: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

20

40

60

80

100

SD

Active Comparison

Comparison

Adapted from Gentner, Loewenstein, and Thompson (2003)

Pro

port

ions

of P

airs

For

min

g S

afeG

uard

Con

trac

ts

Separate Cases

No Training

SD = significantdifference

Interpret results

Page 32: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

Slide 32

Team Project 1. Develop a faded worked example with variedcontext examples that applies the multimediaprinciples. Add a self explanation question tothe first or second step. Assume audio is available.

2. Potential topics:a. Find the volume of a cylinder given thediameter and height. (V= ∏ r2 H)b. Dominant and recessive genesc. Excel formula for basic operations

Page 33: Slide 1 Leveraging Examples In e-Learning Chapter 11

RecapWorked examples that fade from a full

worked example into a full problem assignment

Worked examples accompanied by self-explanation questions

Work examples in which learners collaborate on solving a problem while viewing a tutor-tutee dialog about that problem (i.e., active observation)

Multiple varied-context worked examples for far transfer learning