slide 1 historic and modern utilities - atlanta...
TRANSCRIPT
Slide 1 Historic and ModernUtilities
Water Systems,
Sinks, and Bathrooms
Slide 2 Water Systems 1700s• Sites for houses and towns chosen for proximity to water• Get water to the house manually from the river, stream,
spring, or well• Rainwater cisterns—outside the house or in attic or
basement• 1754—First organized use in America of pump, pipes and
reservoir at Bethlehem, PA. Pump powered by waterwheels sent water from reservoir to tower through hollowed-out hemlock tree trunks
• 1790—Shaker community in Hancock, MA aqueduct• 1796—Salem, MA gravity flow system sent water to taps in
customers’ cellars, kitchens, sculleries• 1798—Boston, MA city center supplied homes via wooden
pipes, or water could be purchased for a penny a pail
Slide 3
Bored hemlock water pipe, laid about 1754 in Bethlehem, PA
http://www.sewerhistory.org/images/bm/bmt3/1928_bmt301.jpg
Slide 4 Benjamin Latrobe (1764-1820) America’s first professional architect
• 1799 designed the Philadelphia waterworks
• First major use of steam pumps in US
• Water pumped from Schuylkill River through brick tunnel to Centre Square
Centre Square Waterworks Philadelphia, PA, ca. 1830
Centre Square waterworks designed by Benjamin Latrobe, started in 1800 and opened in 1801. Replaced by the Fairmount Waterworks, and torn down in 1829. http://www.philaprintshop.com/centresq.html
Slide 5 • Second pump sent water to 16,000 gallon
tank from which water flowed by gravity to customers through wooden pipes
• System went into operation in 1801 serving 63 houses, 4 businesses, and a sugar refinery
• By 1811, more than 2000 customers• By 1822, steam pump system abandoned;
second system using waterwheels powered the pump sending water from the river to a reservoir
• Latrobe’s waterworks demolished in 1829
Slide 6 Belmont Pumping Station, Schuylkill River, Philadelphia, PA 1899-1900, still in use today
The City of Philadelphia maintains two pumping stations that draw water from the Schuylkill River—Belmont (1870) and Queen Lane (1895)—both of which are connected to filtration and water purification facilities. The 1870 structure was replaced in 1899-1900 by the extant red brick Victorian Pump House. Originally the power was supplied by steam engines, with a separate boiler house in the rear. In the 1920s the steam engines were replaced with electric motors and the boiler house has since been taken down. The combination of alternating current power for the pumps and direct
current power for the valves require appropriate switchgear equipment. To control the valves in an emergency, a group of storage batteries is maintained as a back-up. http://www.phillyh2o.org/backpages/MSB_Water/MSBW_5.jpg There are five centrifugal pumps (1960s and 1981) which have a total capacity of 170 million gallons per day (mgd)—two at 40 mgd and three at 30 mgd. The station is unmanned, but the intakes at the river are manually raked to clear debris. The two intakes are made of brick and are approximately 6 feet diameter. Two 48-inch diameter mains, 8,880 feet each, carry the water to the Belmont Treatment Plant located on Belmont and City Line Avenue. http://www.workshopoftheworld.com/fairmount_park/belmont_pumping_files/page121_1.jpg
Slide 7 Croton Aqueduct, New York City• 1835-1842 construction of New York City’s Croton
River water supply system• River dammed to create 600 million gallon reservoir• 38-mile long aqueduct (in-ground, masonry) carried
water via gravity to a receiving reservoir (drained in 1940s by Robert Moses to create Central Park’s Great Lawn)
Receiving ReservoirCroton Aqueduct
Croton aqueduct: http://www.nych2o.org/uploads/4/6/4/7/4647928/_6698216.jpg?347 Receiving reservoir: http://www.boweryboyshistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/central-2Bpark.jpg
Slide 8 Croton Reservoir, New York City• Water transferred by pipe to distributing reservoir (where 1911
New York Public Library and Bryant Park now stand)• Citizens paid $10/household annual tax for water; businesses
paid based on consumption• Reservoirs replaced by two tunnels constructed in 1917 and
1937; third began construction in 1970, to be finished in 2020
Distributing Reservoir Remnants visible at NYPL
Distributing reservoir as it looked ca. 1894: http://static01.nyt.com/images/2011/01/23/realestate/street-1/street-1-articleLarge.jpg Remnant in the Library: http://forgotten-ny.com/wp-content/uploads/2002/01/robertdumasfoundation-429x322.jpg
Slide 9 Water Systems 1800s-1900s• By 1860, all but four of the 16 largest U.S. cities
had municipal water systems• Earliest pipes were made of wood• By 1820s, lead mains and pipes introduced• By late 1800s, galvanized cast iron pipe in use• Copper tubing introduced in 1900, but not
widely used until 1950s• Today plastic piping used almost exclusively• PVC (polyvinyl chloride) produced in 1926, has
largest volume plastic pipe sales in the U.S
Slide 10
1830s in-ground cistern in Champion Hill, MS
http://battleofchampionhill.org/history/cistern.jpg
Slide 11
Philadelphia log water pipe with steel straps,
and fire plugs, age unknown (found in 1909)
Machined log water pipe, probably post-
Civil War
Slide 12
Wrought iron water pipe, Arizona, 1880
Spiral-wound riveted iron water pipe, Colorado, 1907
48” cast iron pipe being
unloaded from truck, New
Jersey, 1914
Slide 13
Modern PVC attached to 1940 cast iron drain pipe; copper water supply pipe aboveSmith Plantation, Roswell, GA
Photo by L. M. Drummond
Slide 14 Sinks
• 1745—Earliest kitchen sink in US: Sisters’ House, Ephrata Cloister, Ephrata, PA– Knee-high stone slab– Emptied through
drain spout in the wall
Slide 15 Sinks
• 1771—Silas Deane House, Wethersfield, CT had a waist-high carved slab of stone with drain hole (water probably drained into barrel)
• 1816-19—Richardson-Owens-Thomas House designed by John Jay in Savannah, GA had a sink on the second floor, and a basement sink with a countertop
Slide 16
Basement sink with countertop at Richardson-Owens-Thomas House, 1816-
1819, John Jay, architect
Savannah, GA
Sink at 1817 Richardson-Owens-Thomas House in Savannah, GA; http://www.flickr.com/photos/7240095@N02/5517492699/
Slide 17 • 1857 Gallier House, New Orleans: copper kitchen sink with grooved wood drain board; had hot and cold running water
Water from cistern heated in a reservoir behind the kitchen stove, then circulated through copper boiler to be piped to the
two copper sinks and the bathtub.
Slide 18 • Porcelain enameling of cast iron developed
in 1880s; used in sinks through 1920s
1888 cast iron kitchen sinks, available plain, galvanized, or enameled
Mott 1888 catalog; color basins Plate E; overflow basin, pg. 160
Slide 19 • Porcelain enameling of cast iron developed in 1880s; used in sinks through 1920s
1888 porcelain-enameled cast iron basin with overflow; variety
of basin designs
Mott 1888 catalog; color basins Plate E; overflow basin, pg. 160
Slide 20 • Copper and nickel silver alloy sinks
popular by end of 19th century• Monel (alloy of copper and nickel)
manufactured in 1907,corrosion resistant, stronger than steel, but expensive; used for sinks from 1909 through 1950s
• Stainless steel replaced other metal sinks during World War II
Slide 21
1927 catalog for Monel pantry sinks
1927 butler’s pantry with metal sink and
grooved wood drainboards; Oak Hill,
Rome, GA
Photo by L. M. Drummond
Slide 22 Bathroom Basins &
Sinks
1883 marble bedroom sink, Ivy Hall, Atlanta (before the
restoration)
Pitcher and basin in bedroom; 1842 Smith Plantation, Roswell, GA 1924
Sears kit house, Sanibel
Island, FL
Photos by L. M. Drummond
Slide 23 1928 “his” (left) and “her” (below) bathroom
sinks, Swan House, Atlanta History Center,
Atlanta, GA
Photos by L. M. Drummond
Slide 24 1950s Formica combination vanity-
lavatory advertisement
Plain 1940 sink, Smith Plantation, Roswell, GA
1930s colored tile, fixtures; no wall tiles
Slide 25
1950 Ad for “Diana” sink
1949 Eljer ad; note double sinks 1950s bathroom, Phoenix, AZNote sink now with cabinets &
drawers; tile countertop with contrasting trim; wallpaper;
vinyl roll flooring; tile only goes part-way up the wall
http://uglyhousephotos.com/wordpress/?cat=101&paged=4
Slide 26 Pink — THE representative color of the 1950s
1950s “Mamie Pink” bathroom with matching wood-veneered vanities
From http://www.bluevelvetvintage.com/vintage_style_files/2009/08/ Its popularity is attributed to first lady, Mamie Eisenhower, who loved the shade so much it became known as “Mamie Pink”. She decorated the presidential bedroom in it, right down to the monogrammed wastebasket. Reporters even started calling the White House the “Pink Palace.”
Slide 27 1960s double sink; note small tiles for counter
Late 1960s bathroom; note
Formica counter
1960s bathroom counters often had
smaller tiles or different surfaces
than earlier
Small tiles; http://retrorenovatio.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/1960s-tile-bathroom-countertop-including-recessed-metal-cabinet.jpg Yellow Formica bathroom, from the Practical Encyclopedia of Good Decorating and Home Improvement 1970; http://antiquealterego.com/2012/05/09/24-vintage-bathrooms-of-the-late-1960s/vintage-bathrooms9/
Slide 28 Water Closets (WCs)
• 2800 B.C.—Indus River Valley brick WCs built into outer walls of houses, emptied into street drains
• Roman public latrinaewashed by water from aqueducts into sewers
Roman public latrine, Ostia,
1st century CE
Head This Way, 1966 by Dexter Designs; http://www.etsy.com/listing/50612969/vintage-1960s-bathroom-sign-head-this
Slide 29 • “Seat of easement”—first flushing toilet invented by Sir John Harrington, 1596
• 1730, Osterly House, England—first truly mechanical WC
• 1765, Whitehall in Annapolis, MD, showed details for WC, same design as Osterly
• 1775—First English patent for WC by Alexander Cumming; had a more complex valve and added S-trap to keep sewer gas out
Slide 30
1860 chamber pot1863 privy, Ohio
Both chamber pots and privies used in the US through the
1940s
Slide 31 • City privies had to be maintained—emptied at night; “night soil” was carted away
Late 1870s night soil truck, with a pump and a 4”-diameter rubber hose, could hold 600 gallons. Essentially the same as a modern septic service truck, except now pumps are power-operated.
Brochure, late 1870s, Matthewman & Johnson Pump Company, New Haven, CT, Smithsonian Institution, from page 146, Ierley.
Slide 32 • 1778 Joseph Bramah patent for new WC, used hinged valve operated by a crank and had second valve for re-fill the bowl
• J. Bramah & Sons produced 6000 WCs by 1797 • 1804—Thomas Jefferson had WC installed in
White House• 1819—Richardson-Owens-Thomas House,
Savannah, had two WCs; water came from three massive indoor cisterns; drained via ceramic conduits under basement floor to dry well in yard
• 1827—Hyde Hall, Cooperstown, NY had BramahWC; water piped in from reservoir (gravity system); drained into stone cesspool from which 3 drains pipes dispersed waste onto the grounds (far from the house), like modern septic system
Slide 33 1827 BramahWater Closet, instructions for
installation found at Hyde
Hall, Cooperstown,
NY
Slide 34 • Prior to 1850, most WCs in US imported from England
• By 1860, New York City had about 10,000 WCs (one for every 62 people)
• To be practical in cities, WC needed water supply and sewer system
• 1860—invention of the earth closet, with a “tank” filled with earth. After each use, a lever was pulled to release enough earth to cover the waste. After a number of uses, the box was emptied.
Henry Moule’s earth closet, patented in 1859
Moule’s patent “dry earth closet commode”; patented June 15, 1869; manufactured by the Earth Closet Company of Hartford, CT http://www.jldr.com/ohcloset.html Image of “open” earth closet; http://coolopolis.blogspot.com/2009_07_26_archive.html
Slide 35 1857 water closet,
Gallier House, New Orleans
Victorian wash-out ceramic
water closets, 1870s-1880s
Slide 36 • Thomas Crapper
made no major contribution to either the manufacturing technology or to popular design of water closets
• Placed his name on his products just as American Standard, Crane, and Kohler do today
• Thomas Crapper & Co., Ltd., established in 1861 in London
Slide 37 WC Problems through 1880s
• Often drained into privies, which overflowed when WC was flushed
• Sewer gas escaped• Did not flush completely • Increased deaths from typhoid due to
unsanitary conditions
Slide 38 • Placement of tank had to be high enough for sufficient pressure to accomplish waste removal
• High-end cisterns made of wood, esp. oak; tank lined with copper or tin
• Low-end cisterns made of earthenware• Typical cistern released 3 gallons of water
per flush
Wolff oak cistern 1880s
Slide 39 1888 Mott “The
Dolphin” water closet had copper lined
cistern, brass or nickel plated flush pipe, painted porcelain
bowl, installed on a marble slab. Cistern
could be ordered in cherry, ash, black
walnut, or mahogany.
Mott 1888 catalog
Slide 40
Note gas lighting (inverted “T” fixture; inclusion of urinals. Floor, wall, ceilings, partitions, open lavatory, and casings for water closet cisterns are Italian marble.
Slide 41 • Transition to modern toilet:– By late 1880s, siphon jet added to push waste out of
bowl. Low cisterns now feasible.– Siphon jets used in cistern and basin; more complete
and sanitary flush– Bramah and Mott made flushing rim WCs
• Early 1900s, clean, open, unembellished look was in style; white was the sanitary color
• WC not in general use until 20th century• By late 1920s, term “toilet” had replaced
“water closet”• 1927—Kohler Company introduced colored
fixture sets (toilet, sink, bathtub)• By 1940, 55% of U.S. homes had at least one
full bathroom
Slide 42
1927 toilet with tank
attached to the wall
1890s siphon jet WC with low cistern on marble slab; tank attached to wall
1930s bathroom with colored fixtures; toilet tank one-piece with bowl
Slide 43 “Powdering room” was term for a small interior room, like a closet, where people went to have their wigs re-powdered (late 1700s-early 1800s). Sometimes had a WC. Victorians adapted the phrase to refer to the water closet. Now, a powder room is a small, usually first-floor bathroom, with sink and toilet only, often called a “half-bath” in the US.
Info from: http://homeinteriordesignthemes.com/2010/02/what-exactly-is-a-powder-room-a-brief-definition-and-history/ Image is a 1966 design Dexter Designs online at http://www.etsy.com/listing/42819578/vintage-1960s-bathroom-sign-powder-room
Slide 44 Powder Room, with attendant,
on the SS Admiral
An excursion steamboat,
built in 1940 in Streamline
Moderne style, operated out of St. Louis,
MO.
Photograph by Paul Piaget, 1940. Missouri History Museum Photographs and Prints Collections. Transportation. n14223. The Admiral was an excursion steamboat operating on the Mississippi River out of St. Louis, MO. Notes for its streamline Moderne design. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/88/Admiral_ad.jpg
Slide 45 Modern Toilet Requirements
• 45% of water use in American homes is in the bathroom
• 27% is from toilet flushes• HETs (High Efficiency Toilets) must use
no more than 1.28 GPF (gallons per flush)• 1992 federal plumbing standards require
new toilets to use only up to 1.6 GPF• Toilets installed prior to 1992 use between
3.5 to 7 GPF
http://www.conserveh2o.org/toilet-water-use
Slide 46 • Combining ablution and elimination in same
room was unheard of until the mid-1800s• Ancient baths—Indus River Valley, 3300 BC• Public Roman baths, 500 BC
Bathing
Slide 47 • Bathing done indoors,
usually in kitchen for easy access to heated water
• Early bathtubs were wood lined with tin or copper
• Andrew Jackson Downing’s 1850 Architecture of Country Houses had house plans showing bathtub and water closet in the same room, called “bathroom”
Tin tub in wood casing; New York, date unknown
Slide 48
“There is also a bath-room, with space for a water-closet at the end of the entry.”
A. J. Downing, The Architecture of Country Houses, D. Appleton & Company, 1850; reprint by Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, 1969.
Pages 286-a and 288.
Slide 49
“The bed-room...has beside it a bath and water-closet, communicating with the main entry, for general access. The waste and supply pipes for the bath-room are carried through the wall of this story, and descend through the pantry of the story below.”
A. J. Downing, The Architecture of Country Houses, D. Appleton & Company, 1850; reprint by Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, 1969.
Pages 322, 322-a, and 326.
Slide 50
1857 GallierHouse, copper
lined wood bathtub, New Orleans, LA
“The Imperial” 1888 Mott porcelain one-piece bath; non-absorbent and easy-to-clean
Tubs from Mott 1888 catalog
Slide 51 • 1911 Kohler introduced one-piece bathtub
1915 tin bathtub with heater
Standard Sanitary Bathtub Plant, Richmond, VA, 1920
Slide 52 • Most people continued to have sink (or
pitcher and basin) in bedroom until 1920s
Ca. 1920 bathing by the
electric fire behind a
privacy curtain
Slide 53 • Evolution of combined bathroom based on practicality of running pipes to the same room
1888 Bathroom with porcelain bathtub, seat bath, water closet, bidet, and washstand
Page 4 of 1888 catalog.
Slide 54 1888 shower featured needle sprays in the four column pipes; large overhead shower head; adjustable-height “liver sprays” at the hip, and a douche spray; each of which could be used separately or in combination. Stall, made of marble or slate, could be dispensed with where it was not necessary to confine the spray.
Mott 1888 catalog
Slide 55 1931-33 bathroom
Atalaya, Huntingdon Beach State Park, South Carolina (listed NR 1992) photos by L. M. Drummond
Slide 56
1930s bathroom
design; note tub with built-
in shower
Slide 57 1950 Kohler ad, tub with shower
1952 bathroom with original tile, bathtub, toilet,
sink, and foil wallpaper
1950s bathroom; tub has no shower
Great 1950s house design webpage: http://uglyhousephotos.com/wordpress/?cat=101&paged=4 1950s bathroom in Australia; http://www.skd.com.au/tips/2010/10/24/feature-tiles.html 1952 bathroom; http://uglyhousephotos.com/wordpress/?cat=100
Slide 58 1950s bathroom“Mamie Pink”
http://activerain.com/image_store/uploads/2/6/6/6/4/ar130530517546662.jpg
Slide 59 1963 bathroom; sliding glass door conceals tub/shower combo; tile counter
1960 American Standard bathroom ad; note trendy wood laminate counter &
paneling
1960 harvest gold tub
1960 American Standard bathroom advertisement; http://www.midcenturyhomestyle.com/inside/bathrooms/1960s/gallery/page04.htm Shiny metallic wallpaper in 1963 bathroom; http://uglyhousephotos.com/wordpress/?cat=102 Harvest gold tub, Mesa, AZ; http://uglyhousephotos.com/wordpress/?cat=87&paged=3